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  • Tina Loo 9:50 am on November 29, 2010 Permalink | Log in to leave a Comment  

    Week 2 Wall 

    Climate Change: Are There Winners and Losers?

    The Royal Canadian Geographical Society has recently pulled together projections of both the negative and positive effects of climate change for the Canadian economy and society.  Please have a look at the “Climate Prosperity Diagram”.

    We’ve already noted that climate change will have winners and losers.  Is Canada poised to be a net winner with warming temperatures?  Can/should Canada prepare to take advantage of climate change?  Beyond reducing greenhouse gas emissions, is there anything Canada can or should contribute to global efforts to deal with climate change?

     
    • yongzhewang 12:31 pm on January 9, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      At the current rate of climate change Canada will most likely end up being a net loser with the warming temperatures. According to the “Climate Prosperity Diagram”, the few positive effects of warming temperatures are greatly outnumbered and outdone by the many negatives effects. With a quick look at the diagram, you may say that increasing temperatures may bring about a longer growing season for our vast prairies, but that won’t be of much help if most of that land is at risk of desertification. You may also say that it would be of much help for Canada economically if the Northwest Passage was opened for trade and transport purposes, but that won’t benefit us much if it will cost us more when the shipping through the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence waterways becomes more limited due to lowering water levels. After the negatives balance out the positives, there are still extra negatives left over, resulting in Canada being a net loser when all is calculated. However, Canada does have the opportunity and the resources available to take advantage of the limited amounts of positive effects that climate change brings along. If it can’t be stopped, the best course of action would be to use what’s available while we still have the ability to do so. For example, we can take advantage of the ability to explore northern oil fields, the ability to increase hydroelectric power production in Quebec due to the change in water levels, and so on. We can maximize the positives in order to reduce the net influence of the negatives, and use climate change to our advantage. However, if possible, the best course of action would be for Canada to help contribute to the global battle against climate change, to help delay or prevent any of the above from happening. As a wealthy country, Canada can contribute to the global battle in ways other than reducing our own greenhouse emissions. We have the capability to send resources, people, and technological know-how to rapidly developing countries which are not as focused on the future of the environment as much as their current rate of growth. These countries have the capability to be massive environmental hazards in the future, and Canada would do both ourselves and the world good by sharing what we know or have with them.

      • clairegcrowther 8:44 pm on January 10, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your comment, particularly on how to maximize the benefits by taking advantage of the opportunities given to us by climate change. It will be hard for us to adapt to such a shift in lifestyle, but by taking advantage of these changes we are adapting. Climate change has caused an increase in pine beetle infestation which has damaged the logging industry. Perhaps by taking away efforts to salvage the dying industry, turn our attention to other sources available to us in Canada (like you mentioned: oil fields).

    • clairegcrowther 8:25 pm on January 10, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      As seen in the “Climate Prosperity Diagram”, with even the slightest increase in temperatures, Canada -and the rest of the world for that matter- is deeply effected. When considering whether climate change causes Canada to be a net loser or winner, one must observe both short-term and long-term perspectives. From a short-term perspective, Canada is in some ways a net winner. For example, agriculture will be given a boost. A longer growing season means more crop production. Also, as the Arctic ice sheet no longer becomes present in the summer, the North-West passage becomes available for faster and more efficient trade. While these are positive effects, they are brief. The diagram shows that there is a cap, an endpoint, to these benefits. The temperatures will continue to rise, eventually leading to drought and the inability to produce an abundance of crops. Warmer temperatures mean more evaporation which will cause sea levels to decline, making the North West Passage harder to cross. This leads to the long-term effects of climate change in Canada. Rising temperatures create numerous long-term problems which will effect Canada’s economy, wildlife, ecosystems, and social as well as political relationships. For example, ecosystems will slowly be destroyed and replaced, resulting in a shift across the world. Furthermore, social issues will arise due to lack of resources (such as competition for water). In conclusion, Canada will be a net loser due to the negative factors generated by anthropogenic climate change.
      Since this issue is moving at full speed, Canadian citizens should educated in and ready to adapt to climate change. Citizens need to be aware of the drastic changes that may come in the future and how to be prepared for them.

      • army1080 9:21 pm on January 11, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I like your point that citizens should be prepared to adapt to not necessarily take advantage of rising temperatures. Its something we are going to have to deal with, we just need to recognize it, plan for it and hopefully minimize it.

        • ngoossen 8:12 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          I agree. The thing is that even if we try to do as much as possibly to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, etc. it won’t have an immediate effect. Average temperatures will still rise and we will still need to be able to adapt to the changes before the effects of the reduction in ggs is evident.

    • army1080 9:16 pm on January 11, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      What immediately struck me in reviewing the “Climate Prosperity Diagram” was that all the potential benefits were of an economic context. There were no benefits highlighted in terms of ecological, social, or health concerns. The impacts that are presented as benefits could be viewed as negatives to all those who do not profit by the resulting impacts. Increases in Hydroelectric potential will result in detrimental impacts to rivers. Larger crop yields will facilitate an increased demand for agricultural land (which has its own set of environmental impacts), and the exploitation of the resources in the north is going to help accelerate the rise in temperatures, throw fuel on the fire so to speak.

      As temperatures rise Canada is going to be in a powerful position. Canada is going to be gaining access to resources that the rest of the world is going to be starving for. This certainly puts Canada in the position to be a net winner. However, Canada as a country must look at the impacts of exploiting these resources; continuing to supply the world with excess fossil fuels is accelerating climate change and having detrimental impacts on the rest of the world. The only way for Canada to be a net winner as a direct result of warming temperatures is to be a leader in the development of new technologies that will help future generations minimize the human impact on climate change.
      C.Armstrong

      • alegzdins 10:55 pm on January 11, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that financial considerations seem to dominate federal decisions on environmental policy. This is sadly unsurprising, as our economy treats a clean environment as an externality. As such, the government faces no financial penalties for exploiting more oil. However, perhaps we could use this revenue we are currently gaining from oil sands development to fund research and development into clean, alternative energies?

      • deuper 10:33 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that it is important to invest into new “greener” technology, but part of the problem that needs to be considered can be seen with the electric car. While it seems as though it is clean compared to the average car, we need to think about where this energy is coming. If it’s coming from burning coal, we aren’t doing the environment any favours.
        -Douglas Euper

      • mwanzia 2:49 am on January 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        There is definitely an emphasis on the economic benefits that Canada could potentially receive in the Climate Prosperity Diagram, however there are some implied benefits in a few of the other areas. For instance, consider the measures that one might take in order to protect oneself from natural disasters or disease. The result would be sturdier houses or structures with an increased capability to shield those inside. There is, of course, the matter of affordability. However I believe that the more necessary heating/ cooling systems become, the easier they will be to obtain

    • alegzdins 10:27 pm on January 11, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Canada is poised to be a net loser as the world temperature continues to increase. Many animals are either going to lose their habitats or be forced to migrate north to colder climates. Other animals that previously couldn’t survive in our climate will be able to thrive, which could lead to disastrous results. This has already been witnessed with the spread the mountain pine beetle and could be the case if mosquitoes are able to spread West Nile or ticks are able to spread Lyme disease. An increasing temperature would also cause the ice caps to continue to melt, which may lead to polar bears becoming extinct and cause the sea level to rise further. An increased sea level could lead to faster erosion of the coastline and parts of Canada becoming flooded. Conversely, rivers may start to dry up due to evaporation causing a higher concentration of pollutants and nutrients, which would put our water at risk. The only advantages that Canada would experience from climate change are the access to more oil, gas, and mineral sources as the permafrost begins to thaw and a longer growing season in the prairies. Canada could attempt to benefit from these positive changes but we should really be focusing on preventing future warming and all of the disadvantages facing us before doing anything else. In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, Canada should support any fund that is being set up to help poorer nations adapt to climate change and deal with natural disasters.

      Alex Legzdins

      • adammarkus2 6:46 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Although I agree that every negative effect that you have discussed above is undoubtably detrimental for Canada, I believe that many of the issues involving the ecosystems are irreparable and inevitable. I strongly believe that it is more important for Canada to focus on not falling behind in global trade, relocating infrastructure, and investing in futre technologies. Adaptation in the transport sector will require a large number of adaptive measures to be taken into consideration. Although recent literature suggests that this situation may be manageable, the threat of any damage to this sector would affect the largest amount of people. Systems such as ARWIS (Advanced Road Weather Information Systems), which is used primarily for winter-maintenance decisions, or Automated Identification System (AIS) for navigation, which is used to transmit information between ships and between the shore and ships, must be well maintained and continue to have large amounts of funds directed its way.

    • rach510 10:52 am on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I strongly agree with your point about changing of habitats and environment for different speicies around the world and especially Canada since temperature tends to be a lot lower in Canada, and if temperature gradually increases, there would be a huge impact upon our ecosystem. It is true that the only advantage for Canada due to climage change is having longer growing season and easier access to raw materials on the other side of the world. I agree with you that Canada should support any fund and help poorer nation with this issue, but I also beleive that other countries should also be aware of this factor and also see how climate change would also affect their society, and hopefully the world would be more aware of this issue and act upon solving it together.

    • rach510 10:53 am on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Taking a detail look at the Climate Prosperity Diagram, I believe Canada is poised to be a net loser due to the warming temperature. Referring back to the lecture being given on Tuesday, I remember Tina loo saying how climate change is not only increasing worldwide, but the temperature is alternating differently, as temperature in the pole is increasing, and decreasing in equator. This already produces a great impact since initially marine plants and terrestrial animals living in Canada are used to the cold environmental habitat, the increase in temperature would only alter their living environment and therefore poise a threat to their survival. As shown in the diagram, this might also result in risk of extinction of species that is incapable of alternating such change within their homogenous state and adapt to a different living environment. Increase in temperature not only affects the ecosystem but it also generates risk to people from unexpected differentiation of weather extremes that our society may not be well equip for. As discussed and commented, the increase in temperature only brings an advantage to Canada within a small percentage, and the affect only helps us within a short period of time. In the long run, climate change would most likely only cause negative impacts upon our economy, industries, ecosystem and the society as a whole. I believe that these numbers of impacts and prediction of events should be exposed to the public for a better understanding of what are the consequences that we may face later on if temperature continually increases and alternates, and how small changes like this without resolving would only build up and result in bigger issues later on. If individuals in the society have a better understanding of the issues, then there is a better chance more ideas can formulate and express to help prevent such dramatic change as a society.

      • cadams9 4:22 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I like and concur the interesting take on the temperature fluctuating at the poles and equator and the effect on animal habitats. Also if animals are having a harder time living comfortably or even finding food they may try to turn to human resources. This could cause a hassle for humans. Example bears in Whistler already walk comfortably into restaurant patios, they may become more ferocious and greedy for human resources such as food. Although humans have to not only try to keep the climate stable for themselves but also for animals so they too don’t have an affect on humans.

        • cadams9 4:22 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          -Chris Adams

          • saayadirlewanger 4:43 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

            Although I agree with the point drawn by many concerning the fact that raising environmental awareness among developing countries and providing them funds are significant in order to build a ‘healthier’ planet Earth, I nevertheless believe that it is also important to consider the consequences in Canada by doing so and the reality in the reasons why LEDCs are less focused on acting in more environmentally-friendly ways. By saying this, I insinuate that for example, although Canada is conscious about its ability to financially intervene to the most ‘vulnerable’ in the world with its GDP revenues, for example; the latter ‘donation’ might not directly mean that these developing countries will benefit from it. As it is known, who can make sure that the given funds will be used for environmental improvements and not directly flowing into the hands of a corrupt government or to a disorganized administration? I would like to believe that environmental projects should be one of the priorities in any country; however, developing countries might not be flexible enough as the rich nations to focus on climate change due to their already-difficult obstacles that need to be approached, like starvation, malnutrition or political conflicts. These limitations, I opine, first need to be treated and resolved before the population have enough energy and credibility to walk along the line of environmental consciousness. Moreover, in terms of educating the poor, I acknowledge the many increasing developing strategies for the environment that are taking place in many impoverished countries; however, some forms of environmental degradation such as deforestation is, in some countries, seen a cultural practice to revere their ancestors. As a consequence, although it is essential to share the knowledge and ideas of the Western world, I feel like it is more important to create strategies adapted to the developing countries who have different interpretations on the environment, and to listen to them by giving them a voice as well as primarily making an improved and more secure government in LEDCs in order for them to have a positive response to take these crucial environmental actions.

    • adammarkus2 6:21 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      After researching the affects of climate change that is expected to occur across Canada, by means of the “Climate Prosperity Diagram,” it is obvious that there are many negative effects global climate change, as well as a few positive. Critical sectors of the economy are well illustrated in the diagram enabling a simple dissemination of the situation. In each of these areas Canada is expected to experience and overwhelming amount of negative affects compared to beneficial effects; leading to the assumption that Canada will be a net loser with warming temperatures. However, as compared to other areas of the globe, with a strong economy and a vast amount of agricultural resources, Canada may be viewed as a “winner” in the long-run. Returning the loser supposition, a good example of the offsetting negative affects is that, even in the most promising beneficial effects of the change, although in the service industry access to the Northwest Passage will enable a greater amount of commercial shipping and tourism, undoubtedly posing for a profitable future market, the negative affects of a most costly shipping route, due to lowering water levels through the Great Lakes and St.Lawrence Seaway, may offset these gains. In terms of taking advantage of the change in climate, I feel as if it is evident that Canada should always prepare to take advantage of changing circumstances if there are clear foreseen benefits; particularly situations that are as predictable as climate change. However, it is important that Canada attempt to negate any negative effects that will occur, in both local and global communities. In terms of these initiatives, for the most part, it is up to the Canadian government to support the alleviation of greenhouse gases we produce as a country. Banding with global leaders in the United Nations, funding regional and national initiatives, adopting new technologies, and educating the population are critical steps in being recognized as a significant contributor of change.

      • selenerose 8:17 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with the comparison to there countries that Canada will appear as a “winner”. It is probably one of the best suited countries to deal with an increased temperature. I like the attitude that Canada can handle whatever comes its way, and I feel that the people and animals will adapt and develop new lifestyles that will accommodate a warmer country.

      • yongzhewang 8:43 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your point that educating the population will eventually contribute to the battle against climate change. I see climate change education going down the same path as smoking did in North America. A few decades ago, it was known that smoking isn’t good for your health, but it wasn’t as lobbied and taught in schools from K-12 like today. If climate change goes down the same path where the changes start becoming blatantly detrimental to Canada as a whole, it might even be possible that instead of classes such as Planning 10 in high school, we might have Environmental History 10 or something along those lines. Either way, it will probably still take a few decades from now for people to recognize that something must be done.

      • dgibson 12:46 am on January 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I think that it is easy to say that Canada is in a relatively “winning” position when we compare our nation on a global scale. The main issue with this statement is that we are a country that contributes greatly to emissions of Green House Gasses. Our contribution to GHG emissions is catalyzing the warming and melting global ice reserves. This is causing global sea level rise, which is greatly affecting many small island nations such as the Maldives. We are the cause so are we really winners and now do we have a responsibility to help the nations that we are destroying?

    • cadams9 8:08 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I too like others think Canada will be a loser with the warming temperatures. Like we heard in class every place on earth has its own unique foods they can grow in their area. Canada and other Countries rely on each other for their resources. What would happen if everyone was growing the same food? I think people are not taking enough of an action on these types of things because it scares them. People do not want to think about the earth and how sensitive it really is. Although on the other hand it is not a lack of effort from some people. Vancouver for example, is currently trying to be the greenest city by the year 2020. The goal for Vancouver is to reduce garbage by 50% and build more energy efficient buildings, along with other goals. The most noticeable project underway is more bus lanes to promote public transit and bike lanes. Vancouver has a long way to go to make an impact on the warming temperatures. As we saw in class Canada and BC is producing a horrible amount of carbon dioxide into the air per person. Although Canada may be a winner with an increase in the climate temperature. They may be able to grow different foods. All in all Canada has a long way to go if they want to help the world stop the continuing increase in temperature. People turn their backs on this subject because they think it may not hurt them in their life time or they are scared to think of the consequences that are very possible to happen within the near future.

    • selenerose 8:12 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I think in the situation of of Global Warming and according to the Climate Prosperity Diagram, Canada would be a “winner”, at least compared to other countries/continents. Since Canada is mostly a cold country with lots of land currently unable to be used for agricultural purposes, the increased temperature would open up for more available land for farming and living purposes. Although more mild areas like Vancouver and the lower mainland may lose their fertility for crops, new places up north would become ideal for agriculture. So as some parts of the land become inadequate, other land would be able to be taken over with those purposes. It would be more of a shift in where people could profit and live in Canada. Of course there are the negatives to an increased temperature in Canada. Glacier mountains would lose their size and the perm frost melting times would come earlier and more rapid. This would have negative affects on the wildlife that depend on the ice or snow. Some species may die out, but I feel that new species would come into existence with the different temperature. People and animals would adapt and change their lifestyle to suit a warmer Canada. I feel that since this is the situation we have to deal with, Canada may as well take advantage of it and use all the positive aspects possible -like more warmer land for agriculture and living. Of course reducing greenhouse gasses emissions would help slow down Global Warming, but Canada could stop participating in “non-green” international events or exchanges. For example the Olympics are are a major source of unnecessary greenhouse emissions. Although they’re a much loved tradition, it would be so much more environmentally friendly to not build a new olympic city every four years. The set ups from previous years would work just ass well to host the Olympics.

      • deuper 10:05 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        When you say that “Vancouver and the lower mainland may lose their fertility for crops” i think it is more adequate to say that Vancouver and the lower mainland could expect to grow different crops, then at present, that are more suitable to the rise in temperatures.
        -Douglas Euper

      • yuyu 6:52 pm on January 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I do agree to your point that we should not build new Olympic cities every 4 years. Many people point out that the development of a new Olympic city contributes to the country’s economy, but in the reality, it just accelerates industrialization and worsens the situation. There are movements that consider about the environment, like in the Vancouver Olympic, heat energy from disposable water was used.

    • voyt92 8:17 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      According to the “Climate Prosperity Diagram,” and the discussion above I strongly agree with the vast majority of what everyone is saying. I would say that yes there are a number of things that can help Canada; however, in the long run it can tremendously harm us and the rest of the world with the climate rising we can see how some cultures will benefit and others will not. We must be prepared for what the world will have to do to better prepare ourselves for or rapidly changing climate. If we do not prepare ourselves we may end up in more shock than what we expected.

      -Haley Voytechek

    • ngoossen 8:18 pm on January 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      While I do agree that in general is seems that Canada will come out as a “loser”, I think that a good part of the outcome depends on how well we plan for and adapt to these changes. Obviously if we refuse to inform ourselves and keep relying on certain industries that won’t be as prosperous due to the environmental changes that are happening and will increase in the future, then we will be “losers”. If we are able to adapt and remain prosperous under new conditions then i think that in itself makes us “winners”.
      Conversely, by choosing to just adapt when change happens also might make us losers if that is all we plan to do, rather than trying to prevent or reverse the changes that will happen

    • dgibson 12:34 am on January 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I think that by observing the “Climate Prosperity Diagram”, Canada most definitely appears to be a climate change loser. This “Climate Prosperity Diagram” is effective at covering different factors that will be affected by climate change. Unfortunately, this diagram only shows how Canada will be affected by a changing climate with increasing temperature and there is little reference made to a time scale by which these issues will occur. Observing the cause will ultimately offer the most effective solutions. The “Climate Prosperity Diagram” was very doom and gloom, focusing mostly on negative aspects of climate change. There were however some positive aspects in the area of tourism and industry. While tourism and industry may be beneficial for the economy, they will only add to Green House Gas emissions. In order to fully take advantage of new tourism opportunities, the focus should be on tourism and import/export with a smaller carbon footprint. It is up to Canadians and the government to implement strategies for adaptation and mitigation to decrease emissions of Green House Gasses. This will help to reduce the severity of climate change on varying scales. There is much research in the area of alternative fuels or ways in which to reduce our energy consumption. I believe that there is too much focus on the outcomes of climate change and the ways to adapt such as changing the crops grown in an area. There is a need for a stronger focus on how to reduce our energy consumption and find alternative fuels to really help the world with its changing climate.

      -Darah Gibson

    • mwanzia 2:37 am on January 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      It appears as though Canada is inclined to be a net loser with regards to the increase in temperatures. Although she may benefit from the climate change in several ways, the overall impact is likely to be negative. There are too many aspects that are being compromised: the health and welfare of the inhabitants, the availability of resources, the habitat of many species of animals, and so on.

      Canada should definitely take advantage of climate change, and embrace the potential positive outcomes that could come out of it. For instance, any land that is made viable for cultivation (due to the increase in temperatures) should definitely be put into use, as it would serve to increase production levels resulting in a boom in the agricultural industry. The best way Canadians can hope to contribute to global efforts concerning global warming would be to enforce the use of public transport as a replacement for private cars and motor vehicles. Already a relatively clean, trash- free country, Canada should venture to promote their programs in other countries. Programs and systems separating compost from garbage and recyclable materials like the one at UBC would do so well in other institutions across the globe, and could be introduced as a way of life. Implementing those in educational as well as professional settings could be very successful, considering the children would grow up knowing how to conserve materials in order to preserve our environment.

    • saayadirlewanger 9:30 am on January 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      According to the Climate Prosperity Diagram, I have felt that Canada will be more of a net loser due to the consequences of climate change. Many elements within the diagram show how Canada will face difficulties, such as how important living beings (plants and animals) are becoming extinct and disabling important biological exchange within its surroundings that help regulate the ecosystem’s abiotic factors. Although I do agree how Canada will benefit from its new forms of agriculture and food production that will be enabled as a result of increased temperatures; however, I feel like this could in turn affect the Canadian government. This is so since other countries (that will have no access to the resources produced by Canada) will become dependent on Canada’s foods and materials. As a consequence, Canada will be prone to produce more and thus, trade more. This then would mean that there will be more CO2 produced (especially if agricultural techniques are not shifted since the soil is one of the world’s largest carbon sinks), and this could therefore lead to a further warming of temperatures. Ultimately, after a warming of more than 2 to 3 degrees higher than the present temperature, many important carbohydrates or vitamins, that were of an important source of nutrient to the Canadians, will be lost and they will need to adapt to other foods and are likely to be constrained to accustom to a different diet. Moreover, with the increasing demand of foreign aid by other countries facing more severe aftermath of the global change, although the Canadian could be seen as a winner due to its economic advantages to provide them their services and products, I feel like Canada could be more of a loser in this situation since they will start having an imperialist attitude towards these countries, and thus, will have the duty to ‘look after’ them, making them dependent on Canada. This could result in negative responses from the Canadian population due to its nation being almost too focused on assisting the ‘vulnerable’ and offering their already-limited resources. This social discontentment could perhaps lead to conflict between the population and the government, and perhaps making the nation’s political horizon more unstable.

    • yuyu 12:35 pm on January 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Since the idea of global warming was something catastrophic for me, it was surprising to see that Canada actually had this much advantages from global warming. The prosperity of agriculture and the access to the Arctic region are two big gains. We may call Canada as a “winner” from global warming in terms that there would be other countries with much less advantages, but considering all the problems in these 8 categories Canada is definitely to be a loser. Global warming would change the natural environment drastically and human would have to risk their living environment and lifestyle; what’s the point of not making actions toward preventing? The issue of global warming is understood by many governments, but moreover must be realized by corporate members who really has the authority to change and stop the effects of industrialization.

      • pdawbney 9:51 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I was also surprised by the number of possible advantages for Canada as a result of global warming. I believe that the access to the Arctic for tourism purposes is incredibly positive for the economy as many people would be interested and excited to visit a previously inaccessible area of natural beauty.

    • pdawbney 10:04 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      After reading through previous blog entries on this subject, I am struggling to add any new information or perspectives.
      Both speaches direct their plea for help towards powerful leaders in the Western World. This reinforces the fact that developed countries are the main culprits for climate change and are responsible for producing the highest carbon emissions/using up more than their “fair share” of carbon sinks.
      President Nasheed puts forward the argument that it is “in all of our interests” to take action against climate change and without this action “we (meaning the Maldives as a country) will die”. This is a stark message and he makes the problem relevant to everyone, and delivers his appeal in a way that many people would find hard to ignore or brush off.
      I believe that both Shelia Watt-Cloutier and President Nasheed direct their requests to every single individual, whether they reside in the developed or developing world. The Inuit have a strong sense of community and brotherhood, and I believe they are appealing to everyone to act as a global community against climate change, and only through everyones efforts, can any difference be made.

  • Tina Loo 9:49 am on November 29, 2010 Permalink | Log in to leave a Comment  

    Week 3 Wall 

    Climate Change: a Threat to Environment and Culture

    Watch these videos of two spokespersons of peoples/cultures most immediately threatened by global warming. As you listen, make notes on the following questions:

    • What kinds of arguments do they make in favour of action on climate change?
    • To whom do they direct their appeals for action?
    • How does culture enter into their arguments? Ethics?

    Watch Sheila Watt-Cloutier speech from the fall of 2007.

    Watch Mohammed Nasheed, President of the Maldives, speaking to the UN Climate Summit on 22 Sept 2009.

     
    • rach510 5:13 pm on January 15, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      After viewing the videos by Sheila Watt Cloutier on “Climate Change and Human Rights” and President Nasheed’s “Our country will not exist”, both of them share a similar concept on how climate is changing our society in various ways. Sheila Watt Cloutier’s argument is focus on the glaciers and ice that is melting in the artic. She clearly points out to the fact that, climate change is not all about just melting glaciers and alternation of species in the artic, but it also involves the changing lifestyles of Inuit hunters. In her speech, she strongly argues that many people do not understand the importance of hunting upon the Inuit. In the Inuit culture, hunting isn’t only about killing the animals, but also acknowledging the value of lands, and also the knowledge of hunting culture that is passed down from generation to generation. Inuit children are taught about the wisdom of land, in which is an important process of character building for Inuit hunters. But due to climate changes, young Inuit hunters are unable to learn the same technical aspect of hunting in contrast to previous centuries, hence, as mention in the video, many lives of hunters of lost due to the fact that safe hunting grounds before have become much dangerous due to melting of ice. In conclusion, Sheila Watt Cloutier points out the fact that there are much more aspects that need to be considered within climate change, and that it is an issue that is more than environmental. In President’s Nasheed’s video, he also poised the fact that we, as a nation we should agree to produce enough clean energy and limit the temperature rise around the globe. He emphasizes on the fact that we need to have the clear vision of what the global issue is on climate change and act upon it, if we don’t discard these habits, the ones who will suffers the great consequences in the end is us. In a way, I believe, with such global issues, in the end it does not matter what ethnic background we belong to, if we as a society do not act upon it, this is an issue that we would all be impact upon.

      • army1080 3:38 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        It must be incrediblly frustrating to the cultures in Northern Canada to have their way of life be so detrimentally impacted by Climate Change with no apparent concern from their Federal Government. Canada continually supports the systems that have had a negative impact on Climate Change, even though Canadian residents are currently experiencing its negative impacts. It makes you wonder what value the Canadian government places on the cultures in the north.

        • pdawbney 9:29 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          I agree that it must be incredibly frustrating for the Inuit community in particular to witness such rapid and devastating destruction of their natural habitat. As Sheila Watt-Cloutier stated in her speech, the First Nations People have been living “at peace” with the land for many millennia, and are yet to have rendered any species extinct.

      • Tina Loo 9:25 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Who are these messages aimed at? You? Is climate change a moral issue? If so how is it a moral issue? What’s at stake?

    • clairegcrowther 7:51 pm on January 15, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Both these videos reveal the unfortunate fact that the nations and cultures who barely contribute to the causes of climate change are the ones who receive the worst impacts. It is the developed, wealthier nations who contribute the most, yet they will not have to deal with the most severe consequences of their actions. Wealthier nations will be impacted by climate change, but it is places like the Maldives and people like the Inuit who are the most vulnerable to the effects. Sheila Watt-Cloutier emphasizes in her speech that there needs to be global effort in reducing these impacts. Technologies have been developed to do so, they just need to be implemented. Watt-Cloutier notes that the Inuit do not want to be “powerless victims” of climate change, for they want to preserve their environment for future generations. It is the environment that has shaped their culture, yet it is changing so drastically fast that it has become difficult to adapt. Hunting is a significant part of the Inuit culture, which has become more challenging and dangerous as global warming has melted the ice which they use to transport and hunt on.
      I believe the technologies Watt-Cloutier mentioned need to be implemented to hopefully reduce the rate of climate change. I also think it is important for nations to educate people on these situations. While they may not see the direct effects of climate change, others are suffering.

      • yongzhewang 1:59 am on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your point in that it really is unfortunate for both of the parties in these videos, in terms of the direct effects of climate change for them in comparison to us, especially when considering the disproportionate amount of carbon emissions between them and us. These two groups of people (Maldivians/Inuits) could potentially be wiped out in the next few decades directly due to the effects of climate change, while the worse that can happen to us living in Vancouver would be a slightly warmer summer and a bit more rain. However, we are contributing significantly more to climate change than they are, but they are taking the worst of the hit. It is especially rough considering the effects that us in both Canada and the States can be directly affecting the life of people living half of the globe away.

      • selenerose 8:58 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I thought you made a really good point about the wealthier nations contributing to climate change with less consequences. It is often so easy to be wasteful of resources in a country where they seem so plentiful and are easily accessible. But it is wise to see beyond your own immediate situation and look at the countries that are being affected by climate change in harsher ways.

      • Tina Loo 9:27 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Is Sheila Watt Cloutier’s message the same or different from Mohammed Nasheed’s? Why is climate change a moral issue? Why does Mohammed Nasheed bring up the fact that the people of his country aren’t responsible for acting, but they are doing so anyway?

    • yongzhewang 1:51 am on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      In Sheila’s video, she directs her appeals at both the developing nations and the developed nations, but more specifically at the nations surrounding the Arctic. The source of her appeals lies from first-hand experience of living in the Arctic, and knowing what damage climate change will do to the people there. She talks about how if climate change went uncontrolled, the lifestyles of the Inuit, for one, would be harmed dramatically. She discusses how the Inuit are natural hunters, whom depend on the ice for survival. As an example, she talks about how without the ice, even small streams can turn into torrent rivers as the ice melts, which is deadly and dangerous for the Inuit. The culture and the lifestyle of the Inuit would be damaged alongside with the ice, as when opportunities for hunting go away, it leads to problems for the Inuit culture as a whole not only in the present but also in the future. The Inuit needs the ice and the land not only for hunting, but for every part of their survival, culture, lifestyle, transportation, etc., which is why the warming climate is such a problem for them as well as her. In President Nasheed’s video, he is pleading a similar message to people about the impact of climate change on the survival of mankind. In his case, it is the survival of an entire nation which depends on climate change. He appeals to the wealthy nations whom are primarily responsible for carbon emissions, and asks why they don’t try to do more to prevent or lower emissions. He makes a point in saying that the Maldives is trying to be emission free by 2020, and asks why wealthy nations don’t even put in an effort to do anything, unlike themselves. He is hinting that it doesn’t matter whether their own country disappears or not like the Maldives possibly will, but that even if those other countries are not in circumstances as serious as the ones that the Maldives is in, they are still negatively impacted in some way. It is just that for them, it is unproportionally impacting them in comparison to other countries.

      • Tina Loo 9:29 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I think you’re right that both Sheila Watt Cloutier’s and Mohammed Nasheed’s messages are similar: do you think they are aimed at YOU? Why or why not? Why should it matter to us that Inuit culture is threatened? That the Maldives might disappear? Why is climate change a moral issue?

        • clairegcrowther 9:51 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          In regards to climate change, we need to think of the world as a global community. Also, why is it that we are willing to bring aid to developing nations, yet our way of life at home is harming other people such as the Inuit/ Maldivians?

      • deuper 6:05 pm on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I disagree with you when you say that “she directs her appeals at both the developing nations and the developed nations, but more specifically at the nations surrounding the Arctic.” I believe that her appeal is directed to the developed nations that have to resources and technology to create change and that they should considering the amount of greenhouses gases that they have contributed proportionally to other countries.
        -Douglas Euper

    • army1080 3:26 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Sheila Watt-Cloutier and President Nasheed deliver the same message in their speeches; mitigate climate change or our cultures will die. President Nasheed is very direct in stating this. He makes it clear that this is not a problem that was caused by his country; yet, if the rest of the world continues on with business as usual, his country will die. Both speakers appeal to the major emitters of CO₂ and leaders from developed countries around the world. It’s sad that cultures suffering the greatest impacts from climate change have to plead to countries and corporations profiting from its acceleration to step up and help slow it down.

      Countries and cultures will literally be wiped out as a result of Climate Change. Yet there are nations and corporations who refuse to acknowledge it as an issue. The frustration that these cultures must feel when viewing the world’s response to climate change must be nothing less than infuriating. The President of the Maldives has committed his country to becoming Carbon neutral by 2020 even though his country is not even on the radar as a major contributor of CO2. How frustrating it must be for him to then see major contributors such as the US or Canada opting out the Kyoto accord. For residents of the Maldives it must be viewed as a hostile act toward their country. Developed nations have the resources and technology to initiate change; convenience, politics and greed are the major deterrents in making that change and it is innocent cultures and countries that pay the price.
      C.Armstrong

      • Tina Loo 9:30 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that both speakers deliver the same message, but why should we care about the Inuit or the people of the Maldives? What is it that makes climate change a moral issue?

    • cadams9 7:37 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I agree, if we put ourselves in these people shoes it would be very frustrating. I know I would be. These people must feel so helpless because they are such a small part of contributing to CO2 but Canada on the other hand can help places like this. North America as a whole could help not only themselves but save peoples homes.

    • cadams9 7:51 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      In these video’s we see two places in the world that are calling out to the world to help them preserve their homes. The Inuit and the people of the Maldives have nothing to do but to ask the rest of the world for help as said in previous posts, they contribute such a small part to CO2 emission. When a natural disaster happens in the world people rush from all different places to help the people in need. This is not any different, these people’s homes will be gone if we don’t change our ways.

      The major contributors to CO2 emissions must make a change to the way they live their lives. Canada is one of them. As in the video, president Nasheed reached out and asked the other world leaders to change their habits to help them. All it is, is bad habits that people that have become accustomed to. Large contributors need to help these smaller places and keep there existence.
      -Chris Adams

      • Tina Loo 9:31 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Chris, why should we act on climate change? What is the moral basis for action? Why should we care about these “minority” cultures?

    • selenerose 8:55 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Sheila Watt-Cloutier and President Nasheed’s videos share a similar message, saying that their own cultures depend on their land and how it is now. If climate change keeps increasing, it will change the physicality’s of their home (such as major ice/glacier melting in the Arctic). This affects more than just the physical and economical aspect of the land. Sheila states that the Inuit culture depends on the Arctic’s ice and glaciers for hunting purposes. Hunting for the Inuit is not only a way of getting food, but it’s a part of the ancestral life style and who they are as a tribe. With climate change causing problems in being able to hunt, young Inuit people lose that feature of their heritage and building of character.
      Both speeches are pleas for lowing CO2 levels and creating cleaner energy. They call for the help of the world leaders and people of the planet to realize that climate change doesn’t just cause ‘ice to melt’ or ocean levels to rise, but it affects peoples’ communities and cultures. It changes how we live in this world and how we raise our children, we simply cannot continue living how we have for the past several decades because it only comes back to bite us

      • Tina Loo 9:33 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        The Inuit can go to the grocery store; the Maldivians can move to higher ground – in Australia. I am being provocative, but why should we care about these two groups of people? What is the moral ground for acting on climate change? Is it an ethical issue?

        • pdawbney 9:40 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          As developed countries have contributed much more to climate change (and therefore “human suffering”, in the form of failed crops, extreme weather and rising sea levels) they have a moral obligation to reduce emissions. However, I believe the central problem is the uneven distribution of wealth and power across the world, and that we cannot form a united front against Climate Change without these issues being resolved first.

          • Tina Loo 9:47 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

            is this a comment on the above post? Or your own entry?

            • pdawbney 9:48 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink

              sorry! it was a comment in reply to what I believe the moral/ethical issues are for acting on climate change

        • dgibson 10:29 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          I think that these issues are bigger than just these two groups. Losing one’s culture at the hands of someone else has been an issue for thousands of years and we are seeing it once again. These two specific groups can make efforts to adapt to climate change. It becomes an ethical issue because there are negative social implications with relocation and a forced change of lifestyle. This is a global problem and it can only be mended on a global scale. It is the world’s responsibility to make changes for lower carbon emissions and cleaner fuels, not only the responsibility of the western nations.

          • saayadirlewanger 12:35 am on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

            I agree with your point that it is not only the developed countries that should take the initiative to build a better environment. It is true that it can be a common argument to say that the West is mainly responsible for all of these ‘climate changes’; however, many industrialised nations like India and China are emerging with ever-increasing emissions, further affecting the climate. Nevertheless, although the ‘Southerners’ have a responsibility to change their environmental contribution, I cannot fully believe positively about how they could take some responsibility without the help of the West. Much of the current emerging industrialised nations started to mechanically develop due to the West experiencing the Industrial Revolution before them. As a consequence, I believe that perhaps, it can be realistically difficult for the developing countries to take optimistic actions to reduce their emissions, especially by looking at how the West had also been through this process, so why would the developing countries not have the right to develop industrially, though a little later than the West?

    • dgibson 10:14 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Sheila Watt-Cloutier and President Nasheed deliver similar messages. Both of them live in regions that are vulnerable to a changing climate. The Northern arctic is vulnerable to ice melt that will damage the hunting way of life of the Inuit people. The Maldives is a nation of islands that will be underwater with global sea level rise. Both Watt-Cloutier and President Nasheed fear that their cultures will be lost with a changing climate. These people may die or will be forced to relocate due to climate change. In her speech, Watt-Cloutier targets world governments to enforcement of cleaner energy sources. President Nasheed addresses world leaders at the United Nations. President Nasheed doesn’t think that it is his country’s responsibility to deal with a changing climate but he wants to lead by example and make his nation carbon neutral by 2020. These two speakers touch on the moral issues brought about because humans are catalyzing climate change. Overall Watt-Cloutier and President Nasheed raise important points about their cultures, which allows their points to reach people and catch their attention more effectively. Tapping in to emotions of viewers is effective, however is this ethical and is it credible?

      • Darah Gibson
      • Tina Loo 6:43 am on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Darah, did you feel you were the audience for the message?

      • mwanzia 5:48 pm on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that both of them are delivering similar messages, but what’s interesting is the way that they deliver them. In Sheila Watt-Cloutier’s speech, there was a considerable amount of pathos, while in the President’s speech it seemed as if he was trying to instill a sense of urgency in the audience. I wonder which technique is more effective in getting a response?

    • deuper 10:16 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      President Nasheed makes an argument as to why nations need to take action based on the threat to the existence of their country. It is not only in the interest of the Maldives to take action, but it is should be a national interest globally to take action. Sheila Watt-Cloutier makes her argument for action on the basis that the survival of the Inuit culture is dependent on reducing the warming temperatures by limiting greenhouse gas emissions. She specifically mentions the tradition of hunting and how the process of the hunt personifies the hunt which has been passed down from generation to generation. It has taught them important life skills that are transferable to the Western world. Both of these representatives make a plea because both the Inuit culture and the Maldives have contributed an insignificant amount to the growing problem of climate change and are facing a big threat comparatively to the Western nations that have contributed greatly to the problem. I believe that they are asking for the Western countries to step in and take the necessary action instead of taking, what these speakers believe, the smallest steps possible. This is why I believe that Sheila Watt-Cloutier mentioned that it was now time for nations to implement greener technology in all industries and additionally why President Nasheed said that it was now time for world leaders to throw out the old habits and create change.

      -Douglas Euper

      • adammarkus2 12:35 am on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I really like how you talk about the “smallest steps possible.” I believe the first step is taking advantage of cheaper and relatively old technology to create and facilitate sustainable, green, energy. As a huge technology enthusiast myself I have read many articles on how we can implement, both in communal and personal life, simples gadgets for energy saving. These take the form of installing solar panels to the roofs of our houses to erecting whole solar fields. Its not all about buying a Hybrid car, we can make little yet great accomplishments by buying different lightbulbs, setting up home energy monitors, and even purchasing a specific printer for a student. As these technologies become more affordable it is up to the people of nations and the government to embrace the underlying qualities of the product and reallocate expenditure its way.

      • Tina Loo 6:43 am on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Douglas, why should we care about these two groups of people, the Inuit and the residents of the Maldives? What is the moral basis for acting on climate change?

    • pdawbney 10:51 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      After reading through previous blog entries on this subject, I am struggling to add any new information or perspectives.
      Both speaches direct their plea for help towards powerful leaders in the Western World. This reinforces the fact that developed countries are the main culprits for climate change and are responsible for producing the highest carbon emissions/using up more than their “fair share” of carbon sinks.
      President Nasheed puts forward the argument that it is “in all of our interests” to take action against climate change and without this action “we (meaning the Maldives as a country) will die”. This is a stark message and he makes the problem relevant to everyone, and delivers his appeal in a way that many people would find hard to ignore or brush off.
      I believe that both Shelia Watt-Cloutier and President Nasheed direct their requests to every single individual, whether they reside in the developed or developing world. The Inuit have a strong sense of community and brotherhood, and I believe they are appealing to everyone to act as a global community against climate change, and only through everyones efforts, can any difference be made.

      • Tina Loo 6:44 am on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Did you feel it is in “all of our interests”? Both speakers say “you are killing us?” Did you feel that the message was directed at you? Did you feel acting on climate change was in your interest? If so, how?

    • saayadirlewanger 11:46 pm on January 16, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      By looking at both of these videos, it has been possible to argue that both of the arguments from Sheila Watt-Cloutier and Mohammed Nasheed showed some commons points; such as how both of the speakers would like to mitigate the catastrophic impacts of climate change, and especially stopping the threat the latter is causing on their population and ecosystems. I have felt that their message is addressed to us, as individuals living in the Global North, especially as Mohammed Nasheed declares how the Maldives’ population has no responsibility in making the warming. As a consequence, both of the speeches enable ‘us’ to reflect on our actions and how these can hugely affect our society.
      Moreover, as climate change is, as Sheila Watt-Cloutier portrays it, not merely a warming and a change in global weathers, it is therefore important to understand that climate change will influence many factors, such as the political, economic or especially the social aspects of one society. This is the reason why climate change can be seen as a moral issue. Most of the world’s ‘civilization’ will face hardship to either sustain a standard living by having access to adequate foods, or yet, by maintaining a sustainable economy without being conflicted with other nations since foreign aid interventions are said to increase and thus, are likely to lead to tensions. Besides, according to the article in The Walrus, it is said that ‘civilization is a one-word statement’, and looking at the conditions of the Inuit and the Arctic, it is possible to observe that their civilization or culture are slowly disappearing and damaged. Consequently, another moral issue would be that with the changes in climate, their population will certainly not be able to enjoy some of the fundamental rights, such as the right to life or to basic comforts.

      • Tina Loo 6:46 am on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I think you’re right to say that both speakers give us the same message. What did you think of their strategy in appealing to the world? Did you feel moved to act, and if so why – or why not?

        • saayadirlewanger 11:30 pm on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          I have strongly felt that their strategy was to use pity and the public’s emotions on the story of their precious homeland, as such I have felt that they wanted to make us think on how we would feel if a beloved place (or anything else) would be lost. This is the reason why it put me more awareness that taking appropriate actions are not only to be taken for the sake of making the government proud of its population by being responsive to the change, but especially to respect other civilizations as I would want others to preserve and take care of the environment I live and feel comfortable living in.

    • adammarkus2 12:06 am on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      After watching both videos above it is obvious that the importance of a globalized effort for climate change is considered a more imperative issue to some nations as compared to others. Even if the numbers of losses tally to be more disastrous, the large GHG emitters around the globe continue to neglect the hard facts that global distress due to climate change is a “NOW” issue. Inuit cultures, which base their traditions on the land in which they are surrounded by, are forced to reroute and relocate due to rapidly changing conditions. It is a common theme around the globe that cultures that bear a close connection to their land, where daily habitual facets are completed, are making the biggest and hastily changes to their lifestyles to save the planet. Places such as Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, Costa Rica and Maldives continually support efforts to becoming carbon neutral. An article found here (http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/four-nations-in-race-to-be-first-to-go-carbon-neutral-802627.html) talks about a “race” to be the first carbon neutral nation. Does it not strike you as somewhat odd? These nations, although the first affected, may not even be the most affected. Places such as New York, Mumbai, and London will have the greatest losses worldwide if the there is more land-ice loss. In another video Mohammed Nasheed pleads the world to help save the 350,000 Maldivians who are destined to suffer first, but warns the largest nations that even greater peril is soon to come to their home. This sparked my interest. I went on to search about Nasheed’s 350.org (http://www.350.org/) and the Copenhagen climate change conference of 2009 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/copenhagen). I was shocked to find “Canada” littered throughout… not in a good way. The Canadian government continually supports business ventures in which there is a large amount of CO2 emission. We need to think about what we can do as citizens of this nation to make change now. My suggestion is starting a 350-like initiative. What’s yours?

    • alegzdins 1:08 pm on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Watching both of these videos made me realize how unfair it is that both of these groups are at risk of losing their culture and land due to climate change even though they have contributed so little to global warming. For the Inuit, hunting is a way for their children to learn about their traditions, about the land, and about becoming prepared for the modern world by learning such skills as patience and courage. With the ice cover largely receding in the summer months their access to traditional hunting spots has been limited, the routes they’re using have become extremely dangerous, and the animals they used to hunt are disappearing. The Inuit have been living off of the land sustainably for thousands of years but now their culture is extremely threatened due to climate change. Similarly the Maldives, a small cluster of islands, are under threat of submersion due to the increasing sea level. Both nations are the victims of climate change and have carbon footprints that are negligible compared to other nations but can do nothing to stop the continued warming. Their plea to developing and developed nations to reduce their carbon emissions by using renewable resources and clean technology is completely understandable. These requests have gone unanswered though and I think that they will probably remain unanswered until our culture is threatened in the same way theirs is and climate change is an issue we can no longer ignore.

      Alex Legzdins

      • ngoossen 4:59 pm on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree. I think that many of the world leaders of wealthier countries that are less immediately at risk don’t fully understand the impact that this has and will have on our world. If they did completely understand then they would be doing more to help. Unless they do understand and are choosing to ignore it, but I think even that is a bit too cold, even for politicians

      • yuyu 4:42 am on January 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I totally agree to that point. The developed countries are the ones who made commitments to increasing greenhouse gases and industrial waste. Therefore, we are responsible to be the ones to make a commission to reduce the damage we started. However, by the time developed nations would have realized the issue becoming so severe they can’t ignore, it may be too late to make a REAL shift toward recovering the whole environment.

    • ngoossen 4:55 pm on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Both of these videos show the crucial part the environment has on preserving culture and life. The first video dictates the important role that hunting has not only as a means of survival but as a practical type of school, in which the children of the Inuit community learn wisdom, morals, and build character. As the glaciers melt, hunting becomes more and more difficult making it harder to educate the children in their traditional ways, causing their culture to dwindle.
      The second video clearly shows the swift and fatal impact that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has on Maldive. The speaker appeals to those who will be attending the summit on climate change to take action immediately in reducing or eliminating the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This argument draws on ethics, saying that it would be suicide if they didn’t do the most they could to stop the destruction of their nation.
      The first video appealed to the surrounding wealthy developed nations. She asked them to consider the culture and future of the Inuit nation and how they would be negatively effected should the glaciers melt completely (something that would be positive for the wealthy nations as it opens up trade routes).

      • alegzdins 5:13 pm on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that the Inuit’s hunting is going to diminish as climate change continues but I wonder if their culture will dwindle proportionally or if it will adapt to their new conditions. Throughout history other cultures have suffered due to environmental and social change and have been able to adapt. It will be interesting to see how the Inuit do the same.

    • voyt92 5:02 pm on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      While watching the two videos and reading everyones blog, it is hard to say anymore than what has not already been already said. In saying this, it is hard to see nation after nation being highly effected by climate change. After watching Sheila Watt’s, “Cloutier on Climate Change and Human Rights” as well as President Nasheed, “our country will not exist.” Both these videos conclude that nations and cultures who barely contribute to the cause of climate change are the ones who changes are the ones who receive the worst impacts. It is clear that the two share a similar view on how climate change is becoming an unfair issue. For instance, Shelia Watt states that with the melting ice glaciers melting at such a rapid rate, that this may eventually have a negative impact on the Inuit hunters. Watt strongly argues that many people do not understand the importance of hunting upon the Inuit. The Inuits knowledge of hunting and the way they see culture is passed down generation to generation. If the hunters cant hunt due to the melting of the glaciers than their is no wonder that the hunters life becomes effected because the grounds in which they hunt becomes more dangerous. Watt’s main point in my opinion is that she indicates that the issue with climate change is more environmental. In comparison to Watt we can see in President’s Nasheed’s video he points out we need to produce clean energy and find a way to limit the raise in temperature. He states we must have a clear vision of climate change and change it. In his speech he pleads that it is the survival of an entire nation which depends on climate change, stating that it is the wealthier nations that have a higher impact on CO2 emissions and why don’ they do more to prevent further CO2 emissions. In the end we need to become aware of what is going on around the world and find a way to prevent ourselves from more dangerous climate change.

    • rach510 5:17 pm on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The points that you have made does illustrate the key topics amongst the two videos, and I agree with your argument upon what the two speaker is trying to broadcast to the topic. What I personally think is that many people in the world these days are all so focus amongst the fact that climate change is only affecting environmentally, and it’s good that the fact people are making change for a better environment, but then as a community we should also have a better understanding and knowledge of what other cultures climate change may be affected, because I’m sure, other than the Inuit, climate changes is also affecting many cultural practices at the same time.

    • yuyu 5:40 pm on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The two speeches by President Nasheed and Sheila Watt-Cloutier both indicates about the negative
      impacts of climate change. The speech of Shelia Watt-Cloutier, focusing on the impact of climate change to Inuits, seemed like it was no more than simply appealing to our sympathy. It is enough to alert the impacts of global warming, but I do not think it was effective enough to move or motivate government officials in terms that it did not have a specific solution.The Speech of President Nasheed was spoken toward the government officials of other countries to be aware that the environmental treaties must not be a mere skeleton. I think this is speech was very effective, not because the speaker was a president, but he had correlated global warming with what the industrialized countries made, and alarmed that they may be not existing in the future. I have heard many speeches alarming the danger of global warming, but in my opinion, most of them are too weak to convince the people who actually have the power to change the current situation.
      -Yutaro Miyagawa

    • mwanzia 5:43 pm on January 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Shelia Watt really appeals to the idea of a culture that is in danger or losing important traditions and practices (i.e. hunting). Anyone watching this from anywhere in the world will be able to relate to this point, as we are all witnesses to the spread of globalization, something that one can argue came about due to people’s need to adopt new habits and lifestyles in order to keep up with our constantly evolving world. Not only is the speech directed at the immediate audience before her, but to anyone who is willing to listen. She places a certain emphasis on the children of tomorrow, and the legacy that will be left for them to deal with. “Don’t just think ice”, she encourages, because when we do, then we become detached from the situation. It is very easy to think that if you are not directly affected by the situation, then it is not serious enough. Her suggestion is collaboration. Culture should not be a boundary, but should be viewed as a learning opportunity! On this point, I am in full agreement with her.

      The President of the Maldives clearly states that the goal is for the Maldives to become carbon neutral by 2020. It is evident that he is not content to just speak about the potential dangers that global warming could bring with it, and thinks that the time for action is now. There is a sense of urgency as he appeals to other world leaders to guide their countries in the right direction, and makes a valid point; we may not be specifically responsible for the condition of our earth, but we do have to clean up the mess. He presents his suggestion in such a way that rules out any other options.

  • Tina Loo 9:48 am on November 29, 2010 Permalink | Log in to leave a Comment  

    Week 4 Wall 

    Think Local, Very Local: the Ecological Footprint

    In the 1990s William Rees invented the concept of the Ecological Footprint and along with his then-PhD student Mathias Wackernagel, developed a method to calculate it. Rees teaches at UBC, in the School of Community and Regional Planning. His main interests are in public policy and planning, focusing on the ecological conditions that are necessary for sustainable development.

    Read more about the ecological footprint. There is a good interview with William Rees here.

    Calculate your ecological footprint using this calculator or this one. If you’re keen you might want to do both and compare the two.

    In your response, consider the following:

    • What did you think of the exercise? What was your result and how did you feel about it?
    • What is the ecological footprint measuring?
    • What are the implications of the calculator’s conclusions about your consumption?
    • What kind of result might a Sudanese farmer have? Does he or she have choices? Do you?
     
    • clairegcrowther 11:24 am on January 21, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      My ecological footprint takes up 3.29 Earth’s… I don’t know if it’s a bad thing to say that I am not surprised- while I only take the bus or bike to school and recycle as much as I can, I also drive to Whistler many times a year and purchase foods from supermarkets that are only occasionally local. I do acknowledge that a change in my lifestyle would greatly reduce the size of my footprint. The suggestions given on the website are actually very attainable. For example, plant a small garden in my backyard or buy local, in-season foods, install more energy-efficient features in my home, and buy recycled products. I am more than willing to do all of these things (especially after seeing how many earths my lifestyle requires) if it means a reduction in my footprint; however, are other people with similar lifestyles willing to change as well?
      I think this calculator is a really good idea for people to do because many people think that the Earth is this huge resource-rich globe that will keep producing for us. The truth is that the Earth in fact very small and has resources that we are exploiting to the limit. A change in lifestyle would greatly reduce these impacts.

      • alegzdins 2:40 pm on January 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that their suggestions about how to reduce our carbon footprint are very attainable and I hope that people are willing to change but I’m very doubtful that they will. People like their routines and without tangible consequences they’re likely to keep living how they’re living until the planet has run out of resources.

    • deuper 9:33 pm on January 22, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      My ecological footprint estimated that it would take 3.64 Earths if everyone lived the way I did. This quiz measures the area of land and ocean needed to sustain one’s consumption of resources such as food and energy. In some ways I am surprised considering the amount of local and organic foods my parents purchase, and how little prepackaged food they buy that our family of 5 rarely manages to fill up our garbage can in a week. Then when I consider how far we travel for vacations and daily in our lives to and from sports and work, the kilometers add up quickly. I think this exercise is quite useful by making someone aware of how much they consume and it gives suggestions to enable people to lower their footprint by doing simple things. This can include unplugging small appliances and minimal use of power equipment when landscaping. Implications with this test can include the number of categories for the size of homes. The biggest selection is 25,000 square feet or larger and this then allows for the possibility of classifying homes of 35,000 square feet as the same. Additionally, when selecting transportation types, it doesn’t take in to account the difference between someone who drives an all wheel drive truck or a hybrid car which would affect their footprint. Overall I think this exercise is useful in raising awareness about how much we consume.
      -Douglas Euper

      • yongzhewang 12:39 am on January 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that the exercise definitely could be made better, if it gives more options per question to even more accurately calculate your footprint (for example a 35,000 sq. feet house would fit in the same category as a 50,000 sq. ft house, but there’s a HUGE difference there.) It’s good for giving a snapshot of where you’re at, but I do believe that the results which it gives might be overexaggerated a little bit. 3.64 isn’t a huge amount, but I doubt it is actually as high as it seems.

      • clairegcrowther 12:39 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I was the same with the amount of travel that adds up quickly. While I did not think I travelled very far by car, the small distances contribute a large amount to the ecological footprint. Driving is so accessible for many of us that we don’t think of how much it adds up.

    • yongzhewang 12:23 am on January 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      My ecological footprint, as calculated by calculator #2, is 4.13 earths. I feel that the result that I got is fairly accurate in representing my consumption level. I eat quite a bit, use the car a lot, rarely ever use transportation, and live in a fairly large home. I recycle paper but not much of anything else, and preserving the environment isn’t at the moment at the top of my priority list. All of this leads to the fairly high score that I got on the calculator. Ecological footprint measures the amount of biologically productive land and sea area needed to support the resource a human population consumes & the corresponding waste it produces. The 4.13 score I got implies that my consumption is unsustainable and damaging to the earth, which is quite unsurprising considering the differences in my lifestyle now in comparison to my lifestyle when I lived in China. I redid the test using information from which I could remember from the time where I lived in China, and got the result of 1.14 earths, which is reasonable considering I got everywhere using public transportation and had no car back there, as well as lived in a small apartment with very minimal amounts of fixtures. In comparison, a Sudanese farmer will have probably somewhere around 0.3-0.5 earths on the calculator, based on their housing, modes of transportation, consumption, and income. However, they don’t have a choice, and as shown by the differences in calculations between my lifestyle in China and my lifestyle here, I definitely have a choice and have the ability to change the amount that I consume and use.

      • adammarkus2 5:30 pm on January 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I like how you talk about how you went back to do the test for when you were living outside of Canada. Im assuming the reason that the score is so much lower is because the government and city planners enable a more economical way of living which includes better garbage disposal, smaller residents within a more condensed neighbourhood, and less expensive/more readily available technologies for saving energy as well as water. In my mind it is up to a higher authority to subsidize the purchases of would-be eco-friendly lifestyles. When I think about all of this I also think about the Amish people and how they live with no electricity and work as a community to get things done: like putting up a new building. In this case they would definitely take up less than one earth because the calculator lacks the ability to calculate if you dont use electricity at all, or how your housing was built.

      • deuper 6:56 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        It is interesting how often people speak of China in a negative tone in regards to how much pollution this country produces, but once you consider the size of their population, it is quite small. Per capita, Canada is much worse.

    • ngoossen 12:57 pm on January 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I also got a score over 4 earths. I too live in a large house as I grew up with my parents and 4 sisters. The house was built over 16 years ago so I don’t think many energy efficient techniques were used, but we have updated some of the appliances and water fixtures to be more “green”.
      The difference between your score in China compared to here is very interesting. Do you think that Vancouver should try to be more like China in that respect, by simplifying living spaces and having more transit options?

    • ngoossen 1:06 pm on January 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      My score was 4.64 earths, which was a little surprising. I knew that my house would be a large factor as it is fairly large due to my large family (7 people). As far as appliances and energy efficient fixtures in our house go, we have some but probably not as many as we should. On the other hand, my family is very much into recycling and re-using. We bring our paper coffee cups home, rinse them out, and re-use them (you can really only do this once, as the paper gets worn). I was raised to recycle everything; bottles, yogurt containers, paper, plastic. Pretty much anything that could be recycled, had to be recycled. About half of the things in our house are second hand. My mom volunteers at a thrift store and frequently brings home the “treasures” she finds. I was shocked to find that my carbon footprint was less than the average, but that could be because my estimating skills aren’t very accurate.
      The footprint measures how many earths it would take to support the population living as i do. When you really think about it, it’s scary to think about that. Since the earth is still around (for now) it must mean that there are lots of people with virtually little to no footprint, meaning a fairly simplistic lifestyle, like Sudanese farmers.

      • pdawbney 10:40 pm on January 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that it is an ominous conclusion that so many of us in the Western World are living “extravagantly” at the cost of the earth, especially when compared to others (such as the Sudanese farmers). For me, this again homes in on the issue of how “unfair” climate change is for those living simplistic and sustainable lifestyles, with little or no footprint (as mentioned above).

      • cadams9 10:59 am on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I too have a large family (6 people) and was shocked at my carbon footprint, as we too recycle everything that can be recycled. For our houses to hold our families comfortably they will be larger than average and must have an affect on our carbon footprint.

    • alegzdins 2:22 pm on January 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The carbon footprint measures total carbon consumption based not solely on transportation emissions but also on the energy needed for every part of an individual’s life. My carbon footprint was 4.66 Earths, which is definitely more than I thought it would be. Based relative to our country’s average I’m producing less in all categories except for in the food footprint. I guess that’s not very surprising because I don’t buy local or organic foods but I didn’t realize how large the impact would be. After looking through my results I decided to look through their suggestions for how to reduce my carbon footprint. There are so many things that I could be doing to reduce carbon emission that I never realized would make a difference. Things such as unplugging my computer and cell phone charger when I’m not using them, eating less meat because 18% of emissions are related directly to it, and buying carbon offsets. The implications of my carbon footprint are that I can’t keep living the way I have been because it’s not sustainable. A Sudanese farmer would probably have only a very small footprint because he wouldn’t use large amounts of electricity, he would eat whatever he grows, and he wouldn’t own any form of gas consuming transportation. But if the Sudanese farmer was given access to all of the state of the art farming equipment we have, his footprint would vastly increase as he started to use all of the available resources to his advantage. Reducing carbon emissions is a choice for us and not for other nations. We need to make the right choice and start reducing as much as possible now.

      • dgibson 2:02 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I also enjoyed that this exercise provided simple and quick ways to reduce my ecological footprint. I too should try to eat less meat, or try eating more locally produced foods. Sometimes the price of these energy saving alternatives are off-putting and make them difficult to access. I definitely agree with your point that if the Sudanese farmer had access to the same equipment and technology as us that he would use it. This would substantially increase his ecological footprint to one that’s more similar to western ways.

    • adammarkus2 5:14 pm on January 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I think this exercise is a great way to get people thinking about personal consumption regarding its affect on the planet (ecological footprint). Since the tool is so simply accessible, it enables people to compare themselves to others in local communities (such as a neighbourhood), in other provinces, and even other countries (globally). The tool dispenses a tangible comparison not otherwise available. The earth nomenclature, used for reference, is a striking visual to the users: expressing the tax on the capacity of the earth. I got the score of 3.28 earths, and in comparison to others in this class, who have a range form 3-5, I am on the low end of the scale. I noticed that the main factors in constructing this number were 1. Carbon Footprint: Your dominant mode of transportation 2. Housing Footprint: The energy saving features of your home (building materials, furnishing, cleaning products) 3. Food Footprint: Your eating habits, including where your food comes from 4. G and S Footprint: Goods and Services used (which is a combination of the others). Any number above one implies that the person is using more than the 15.71 global hectares of global land, which estimated to be sustainable for one person. It represents the carrying capacity, for one human being, which our earth can bear at its current growth rate. This amount of land needed for one person surprised me. I would have expected this number to be a little bit lower. I was unable to find the amount of earth needed for a Sudanese farmer, but I can assume that they would consume much less than one earth; maybe even half… This all makes me wonder about the implications that our production of CO2 may be keeping an Ice age from happening in our near future. If we were all to live like Sudanese farmers would we even be alive?

      On a side note, to me the most interesting calculation of “land and sea area needed to regenerate the resources a human population consumer and to absorb the corresponding.” Now that gets you thinking!

      • selenerose 2:41 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your post in the sense that this is a great little wake up call to many people (myself included) about how much we consume in our daily lives. This particular survey was very helpful because it’s breaks down for you so you can see exactly which area you need to work on.

    • pdawbney 10:32 pm on January 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I believe that this calculator is highly useful in aiding individuals to pinpoint areas in their lives which could be modified to reduce their ecological footprint. After using calculator two, I obtained a value of 3.9 earths. Initially, I was disappointed that my value was so high as I make a conscious effort to recycle, switch off electrical appliances when they are not in use and use public transport as much as possible. However, my score is understandable due to the amount of flying I do to visit my family back home in England. I believe that air travel accounted for a large portion of my ecological footprint as a round trip to London is 15,000km. I also believe that my eating habits in Canada could be improved as I rely heavily on convenience foods, and the university cafeteria.
      The calculator is an excellent tool for educating the public. Underneath each question there was an option to “read more” about the particular topic in question. I believe that this is a very useful tactic as a bottom-up approach is most suited to tackling climate change.
      I decide to also take the quiz to determine my ecological footprint for my life back in England, and I was surprised to find that I had a much lower score of 2.83. I expected that my driving habits at home, and lack of use of public transport, would negatively effect my score. However, my eating and living habits appear to be much more sustainable at home, as my family buys local food, compost all food waste, and recycle wherever possible. I think it was an interesting exercise to compare between my two different lifestyles.

      • yuyu 12:54 pm on January 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree to your point that this acts as a good education tool for the public. Especially for elementary school students, “How many earths you would need” is for sure an easy scale to determine whether their lifestyle is friendly to the natural environment. These kind of education is essential for the children these days, because THEY are the ones who are going to face the effects of global warming in the near future.
        By the way, I just wonder if it is ever possible to get under 1.0 with just changing our lifestyles.

    • saayadirlewanger 12:31 am on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I found the comparison of lifestyles from your home in the UK and that in Canada very interesting. As also being an exchange student, I agree that I have a much bigger carbon footprint here in Canada, than I rather would have in my home country, France, or back in my home university in the UK because of better recycling initiatives in those two countries, compared to the confusing recycling methods in my residence here. But again, I feel like although I am environmentally-conscious and I am trying to take the best possible actions to limit my energy consumption, it is no doubt to say that personal experience seems for me, much more important than reducing my carbon footprint, because I am aware of the enormous amounts of energy consumed just by travelling through air, and this is more than one flight of around 9000 kilometres each. My point here is that although people may be perfectly aware of the ecological impacts they create, opportunities, experiences and personal development prospects seem to be too powerful a concept that the priority is most likely taken towards those life-opportunities rather than on the diminution of one’s carbon footprint.

      • rach510 12:36 am on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree upon the fact that all of these little aspects that add up really deals much with our personal experiences and the way we live life everyday, this exercise truly emphasize the fact that little things we do each day truly makes a great impact upon our environment. The calculator truly can help us understand our consumption of resources comparative to other countries and living styles and others, which can teach us to live sustainablly in a way.

    • rach510 12:31 am on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Taking a closer look at the ecological footprint exercise, my result showed me that if everyone on the planet lived my lifestyle, we would need at least 5 Earths, which is a number I was quite amazed of. I think the exercise is quite interesting because many of the options that we were given, it shows me detail aspects some people would take note of, and how these little things can make such a great impact towards our society. I felt as if my results were obviously overwhelming the environment which made me begins to feel cautious of what I may need to do to improve to help sustain our environment. The ecological footprint generally measures an individual’s demand on the Earth’s ecosystems, and it compares the demand with the Earth’s capacity to be able to provide to meet that specific demand. The implications of the calculator’s conclusion of consumption shows that one individual truly can make a difference upon our environment, because if everyone for example has around this same ecological footprint result or more, then there is no way our planet can produce and regenerate such vast amount of resource for everyone on Earth. I believe a Sudanese farmer would have a lower ecological footprint because, since we live in the city, the chances for us to live upon electronics and transportation is a lot higher, and in the suburbs, they are mostly relying on the land, and there isn’t a variety of choices for them. For example, people in the city can choose to walk, ride their bikes or drive, and the consumption of electricity is a lot higher since we have easy access to it, but as a Sudanese farmer, you only have limit amounts of appliances to use, and choices are extremely limited.

    • saayadirlewanger 2:06 am on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      This exercise has enabled me to understand on how just one individual can impact the Earth so greatly. My carbon footprint has resulted to be 3.43 Earths and this primarily surprised me to the extent that if the 7 billion individuals on Earth had the same carbon footprint (which of course, realistically isn’t the case), the planet would have a hard time to continue ‘sheltering’ all us here (on Earth). This therefore means that calculating our footprint will be a good way in enhancing people’s attitude towards their daily actions and hopefully lead to improved measures that will hinder the process of climatic degradation. Moreover, I have felt that although the exercise is a way to spread the urgency of taking environmental actions, that could be either better recycling initiative, more sustainable food choices or energy saving, it will not necessarily make the individual to start making new changes. This is probable, in my opinion, because by looking at the condition of the Earth at the moment, many would think that since the present globe is surviving, there is no much need to take the carbon footprint seriously. Consequently, I acknowledge on the fact the footprint measurement is important for the consciousness of every individual on Earth, I henceforth view that these assessments may not be viewed enough seriously in the eyes of some, unless it will considerably bring advantages to those individuals.

    • cadams9 11:07 am on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      After doing this exercise is helped me have a greater understanding for how much our planet is at stake. My carbon footprint was 4.3. I do live in a large family of 6 people and 4 cars amongst my family. My house is older and must contribute to my carbon footprint as its appliances and such are older. My brother is an electrician and has started to transfer our light switches in our house to dimmer switches. This does not only create a nice atmosphere in the house but helps with our electrical usage. I feel if everyone was asked to take this test it would help them realize that they do have an affect on the planet. Some people are ignorant and do not believe that they are affecting the earth but in reality they may be some of the biggest contributors. This test would be great for all North Americans to take. If there was one thing I could change to help reduce my carbon footprint it would be to stop driving my car and take the bus more . I have a bus pass but become lazy and just drive my car.

    • dgibson 1:48 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I have done this exercise before and I find it an interesting way to quantify individual use of resources. This exercise uses earths needed to sustain an individual’s lifestyle versus stating tons of carbon consumed. I find that this is very useful to visual. I also enjoy that there are options for energy saving that may be brought to someone’s attention if they have never hear of them before. For example, I was not really aware of all the water saving methods for homes. My lifestyle would require 4.32 earths if everybody lived like me. Most of my energy consumption comes from a daily commute to UBC from the suburbs. This lifestyle is bad for the environment, however it is not my choice. The ecological calculator is trying to measure how one uses their environment. I found it very useful and interesting to read the interview of William Rees. The concept of human ecology is very interesting and important to understand when we are discussing anthropogenic climate change and its implications for earth.

      -Darah Gibson

    • selenerose 2:38 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      My ecological footprint result was 3.5, so it would take 3.5 earths to support the whole population of the world if every household lived like mine. I felt quite shocked when I saw my result because I feel that I am a conscientious person and constantly try to be environmentally friendly whenever I can. Although the survey can’t be completely accurate with its results since each person is unique and some of the options don’t fit individual’s life styles, the calculator showed me that I do live a life of extravagance and excessive spending. For example I eat dairy and meat daily, which mostly comes packaged from miles away from where I buy it. I could work on finding local sources for buying food or just cutting back on the amount that I consume. I come from a small town on the Sunshine Coast, B.C. where there are quite a few local farmers who produce vegetables, fruit, meat and eggs. Although that food is close and accessible to my household, it is more expensive so I feel that often we opt out of buying organic, home grown food to save ourselves money. But if a more people bought from local farmers, the increase in business would allow the price to be lowered into a more affordable price and more people could purchase it. It would create a positive cycle.

      • army1080 3:55 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that if more people would buy locally and support sustainable business it would cause a positive cycle. To me, part of the problem is that these small businesses do not have the resources to get word out about their products. Most of the local markets and sustainable living stores I have been to, I found out about via word of mouth.

    • army1080 3:46 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Using the second ecological footprint calculator I received a result of 5.1 Earths. I’m not surprised. I know that I live a life of excess; I replace things that aren’t broken, I put about 30,000km a year on my car and my sustainability habits are sketchy at best. There is a lot that I can improve on through diligence, I know this, and the Footprint calculator was a good reminder.
      The website also provided some options for improving my footprint that I found I couldn’t accomplish. The first option provided to me was to use cleaner transport; where I come from there is a very poor transit system attributed to the low density city center. Houses are typically more then 1-2km away from the city center so there is not a lot of opportunity to walk or cycle. I am left with really only one option which is to drive. The next option provided was to reduce my housing footprint: all of the options provided for doing this seem like reasonable cost effective methods of doing so, however; as a student, I am not in a position to purchase my own house or afford to make restorations to a house I do not own. I, as well as most of the general population, will not get to choose the building materials for the homes we live in. It is up to the owner, the one who stands to profit from our residency that needs to make these decisions. And once again someone is forced to make the decision between sustainability and profit. I do want to take responsibility for decreasing my ecological footprint, but I am easily discouraged by the fact that usually it is someone else who has already made the decisions for me.

      • mwanzia 4:07 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I am in the same position as you, coming from a country where the transport system isn’t as efficient as the one here, compelling most people to use cars as the main mode of transportation. Being a student also has it’s limitations, as we often have to make do with a set number of options when it comes to housing. At the end of the day, the first question we ask ourselves when we’re looking for a new apartment isn’t whether or not it’s made with certain materials, but rather whether the location is convenient and the space is sufficient enough. It is definitely easy to feel discouraged when you feel like there aren’t many ways to accommodate these ecologically- friendly perspectives into such a narrow lifestyle, but there’s no harm in trying right?

    • mwanzia 3:57 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The results that I received were quite shocking; it turns out that if everyone on earth led the lifestyle that I lead, we would need around 5 earths! I have been considering the various reasons why my ecological footprint is as high as it is, and have come up with several reasons (which are in no way excuses, just explanations). Firstly, I come from a country where the economic divide is huge. One can find one of the largest slums in the world in Kenya, and yet our prime minister is one of the richest political figures at the moment, earning slightly more than Obama. Thus the lifestyles of the middle/ upper-middle class citizens are far more luxurious than the lifestyles of people from the same class in many western countries. This can be attributed to the ridiculous levels of unemployment in many developing countries, which then creates job opportunities that are much less common in developed countries. Examples of this are gardeners, maids, drivers, guards and so on. Enlisting this kind of help is viewed as normal where I’m from.
      The issue is that very few people are inclined to change their behavioral habits, mostly because we are not experiencing any drastic changes due to global warming/ climate change. Many middle-class Kenyan citizens also don’t have the independent mindset that is characteristic of the West; they are accustomed to relying on others to do things for them. So what needs to be realized is that independent actions can have an impact and will contribute to a global effort towards sustainability.
      However, our country is more concerned with moving forward, improving the infrastructure of the capital city and so on. If the government pays enough attention to this cause and agrees to fund projects that involve the installation of recycling programs and systems in schools and public institutions, then the people will have a way to engage in practices that contribute to the conservation of the environment. Awareness is the key issue that needs to be addressed.

      • voyt92 4:45 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with you saying people are to inclined with there own lives to try and improve the the lives of others. You are right to say that the government should be concerned and add installation and recycling programs in schools and public institutions, which can help improve peoples habits.

        • voyt92 5:03 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          According to the online test for the way I live we would need 2.95 Earths. I never realized how huge my ecological foot print was until I took this test. However, after reading other peoples blogs; mine seems not to be so bad. Change still can still be made, for instance, I could unplug things when I am done (ie; toaster, phone charger, ipod charger). I can make change, as well with the majority of people.
          When considering recycling and how we can change, other places can change the way my small town did a few years ago. What we do is a recycling system…For instance, we separate our plastic, cardboard, bottles and waste. A little thing like this can make a big difference. We as a whole must change the way we live if we want to keep our planet healthy and stop “climate change”. I feel that the test helps me become aware of how my ecological footprint can have an imprint on our planet.

          -Haley Voytechek

    • yuyu 5:23 pm on January 24, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      This is my second time doing actually doing this ecological footprint. I received a score of 3.30 earths, but I was never surprised with it, because I got around the same score as before. However, the lifestyle I have is ordinary for a citizen in a developed country; eat meat and vegetables, use cars and trains for transportation, etc…. Also, despite I had education of recycling from my youth, I realized that I actually don`t practice them today. What this wants to tell us is obviously that we need to realize how much products and energy we consume, and we need to change our lifestyles to something that is more sustainable. But how? I think personally think that individual powers are not very strong to make a big change to our lifestyles. Rather than that, it should be the corporations who should be making the actions to create a sustainable life for customers.
      A life sustainable would be possible with the newest technologies. For example in energy resources, solar panels and small hydro power generation for personal power generation, or using LED light bulbs for energy savings. I especially have interest in the plant factory http://www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/sme_chiiki/plantfactory/index.html
      which gives us a solution to provide sustainable food resource in any climate region, as well as the distribution of labor for those who have disabilities and the elderly. Since the technologies have been developed enough, now it should be the time to actually to make our lifestyle a sustainable, “eco-friendly” one.

  • Tina Loo 9:47 am on November 29, 2010 Permalink | Log in to leave a Comment  

    Week 5 Wall 

    Are you a walking corn chip?

    King Corn is a 2007 documentary film by two recent university graduates, Ian Cheney and Curt Ellis.  They follow corn from the fields of Iowa to feedlots and supermarkets.  Corn, they realize, is everywhere!  The film is great and a lot of fun.  You can view it through iTunes, where it is available for rental or for purchase.

    Please also view the links in the yellow box.

    What are the implications of all this corn? Should we be worried? About what?

     
    • rach510 2:20 pm on January 29, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      After watching the documentary film King Corn, by Ian Cheney and Curt Ellis, I believe the mass production of corn is an issue we should be worried about. The implications of all this corn includes utilizing them as corn syrup which is used as a type of sweetener in a numerous amount of our daily food sources, and also cattle feed, which affects the beef the population consumes from time to time. According to the data and step by step process we have seen how the corn is produced and distributed across the United States of America, one of the factor that creates a great issue is that fact that most of these mass produced kernels are incorporated in the majority of our food sources that we consume, which in term affects our diet and health. Corn syrup is considered as an inexpensive product; therefore the likelihood for food production companies to purchase them is a lot higher, which links to the fact that corn syrup, is highly incorporated in our food system which is what the taxi driver in the documentary implies that it affects our health nationwide. This issue is affecting our health because according to the doctors, many individuals that consume soft drinks or even other daily food products with a high sugar content, which in this case is either substituted or complimented with corn syrup, increase their chances of contracting diabetes. Another issue that was brought up in the documentary film that we should focus on is the fact that since corn is inexpensive, it is also used as cattle feed rather than regular grazing as it shortens the period to reach market weight. But since corn feed is deemed acidic for cattle, over-eating of the corn feed develops acidosis which leads to stomach ulcers and eventually death if not treated. Prevention and treatment used for acidosis involves injecting cattle with antibiotics, and
      since it is bad for the cattle, it could affect the nutritional content of the meat that a vast number of individuals today consume. What is to say that our bodies will not also suffer the same consequences that of the cattle who are thrown into a diet that is not suited for them which will be reflected in their meat pumped full of antibiotics that will enter our body system?

      • voyt92 11:20 am on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        That is a good point, I think we as a nation should be sure of what we are doing to our livestock as well as agriculture before taking such extreme measures.

      • yuyu 2:22 pm on February 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        That’s true. We have a lot of opportunities to eat outdoors, so we may never know where our food came from, made in what kind of process. I guess people must first know about the reality of our food production as well as the consequences they may lead to.

    • alegzdins 10:16 pm on January 29, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      King Corn portrayed many implications of excessive corn production, most of which were harmful. Butz’s farm bill completely altered the farming landscape in the United States as farmers began to over-produce. As the farmers over-supplied the market, the price decreased and corn began to be used in many food products. This has had severe negative consequences on the land. Constant production has wiped out the soil’s nutrient supply so ammonia-rich fertilizers are needed to supplement production; this ammonia is frequently contaminating the ground water, which is worrying from a health standpoint. Another health issue is the lack of nutritional value in the modern corn that they’re producing and considering it’s in almost all of our food how much nutritional value are we losing overall. Also the large-scale industrialization of crops destroyed the livelihoods of many small and mid size farmers, as they were not able to produce enough to compete with larger corporations. The level of monoculture within the corn agro-industry could be disastrous to our food supply if an outbreak were to ever wipe out the dominant corn species. In particular, climate change is likely to dramatically alter weather patterns and climatic conditions so the production of corn may not be viable in some of the regions that currently produce it. If they’re unable to grow corn, what will we be eating in its place?

      • yongzhewang 11:28 pm on January 30, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        That’s a good question you asked at the end. Thinking about it for a little bit, I feel like that America’s corn dependence is almost up there with the level of the world’s dependence on fossil fuels. Although it is not 100% a necessity, it is vital for many people and businesses, starting, but is not limited to the ranch shown & corn syrup producers. Although we don’t directly “need” the corn, the impacts of prices of the food staples directly involved with the production of corn will cause different food prices to go up. We won’t go hungry, but we won’t be happy either when prices of food items such as beef go up, especially to people whom enjoy it – it’s a lose lose situation.

      • clairegcrowther 12:02 am on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your point at the end: what if an outbreak of something was to occur and farmers are no longer able to produce such a substantial amount of corn? This could become a growing issue, especially with the effects of climate change threatening to shift biomes. This reminds me of the issue of the pine beetle- could something similarly as disastrous effect corn crops in the future?

      • adammarkus2 12:17 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        To add on to your point Claire, I think what you are suggesting is very much like the vanishing of the Norse. They too were over dependent on a few single commodities, and their inability to change old habits lead to their demise. Their unsustainable farming and building practices, combined with preferences and taboos, created a situation where catastrophe was imminent from any slight variation in local environment conditions. If we view our current condition as an idiosyncrasy then I believe there is an uninstructed urgency for change. Adaptation and preparedness will enable suppression of calamitous conditions. We need to take notice of our growing population and its affects, new technologies its influence, and the emergence of new knowledge (facts). Illuminating changes will facilitate the desire for change onset by unexpected populace.

      • selenerose 7:44 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I think you address a very serious issue about the implications grown growth has on our water. Combined with the effects corn has on the livestock and soil nutrients level, it also has negative effects on the water system with all the ammonia fertilizer the farmers use to grow the corn.

    • yongzhewang 11:18 pm on January 30, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      In King Corn, the message which Ian Cheney and Curt Ellis are trying to imply is a fairly obvious one, in that they are trying to say that the mass harvests of corn and the overall abundance & wide range of use for it is causing a lot of harm, even though the benefits which come along with it is now almost a necessity in American life. However, this film is mainly highlighting the negative effects of such large amounts of corn harvests, as they show through their journey. We should be worried for a few different reasons. For one, the corn grown is grown in an astronomical amount, as modern agricultural technological developments have allowed us to maximize our time and productivity of a set plot of land, allowing for a massive, safe harvest of corn without much fear every year. As Ian and Curt takes us to their plot of land, we see exactly how much corn could be grown with the modified seeds which they plant. This in itself is not a large problem – corn is still used as a food staple for many products. However, the issue is HOW the corn is used, as Ian and Curt highlights in the movie. They take a trip to a ranch in Colorado, where they see the first negative effects of the high surplus of corn – it’s being directly fed to a mass of cows in confinement. Although this doesn’t seem to be a problem at first, the corn and confinement leads to cows being fat and unhealthy, which directly translates into profit for the ranchers, but bad news for everyone whom eats this meat on a regular basis. This is one of the first worries for us as consumers. The second negative side effect of the corn is shown when Ian and Curt head to Brooklyn, and they see how the corn-made sweet corn syrup is directly leading to a rise in Type II Diabetes. This is both important and scary for me personally because my family has a history of Type II Diabetes on my father’s side, and it is something worth worrying about for people both with and without a history of diabetes; it’s to note that all of these problems are caused by the easy access and abundant surplus of corn due to modern farming technologies!

    • clairegcrowther 11:59 pm on January 30, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The film “King Corn” implies that our high consumption of products with corn-based material is not only detrimental to our -and other animals- health, but also raises the issue that we are perhaps producing too much corn. It is stated in the film that recent generations are at risk of having a shorter life span than previous generations because of what we eat. The majority of foods we eat today either contain some sort of sweetener, or the animals we consume are on corn-based diets. Risks to our health from this are diabetes. There is also a risk to the animals we consume- such as cattle. Cows are mostly fed corn which produces more acids in their system. This can lead to acidosous, which can ultimately lead to their death. As the taxi driver pointed out “we don’t really think about what we’re putting into our systems”, especially when that item is so inexpensive.
      So why are we producing so much? As pointed out in the film, the answer lies in price. It is substantially cheaper to feed animals and sweeten other foods with corn. For example, grass-fed beef is much more expensive therefore it is not in high demand, so fewer farmers produce it. So many farmers grow just the dominant yellow dent corn. If we depend so much on this one selective type, what happens if we can no longer produce it?

      • dgibson 11:49 am on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Claire, you raise an interesting question. There is definitely a set high demand for one species of corn that has been highly selected and breed. All of these crops could easily be lost if there is a mutation of a pest, making them immune to pesticides, anti-biotics, etc. I think that there would be a major crisis in the food industry but I don’t know if there would necessarily be a shortage of food. The food industry may be forced to adopt something more expensive, and hopefully more nutritious than the yellow liberty corn. Maybe one day Iowa farmers will feed themselves from their own land again.

      • cadams9 3:26 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I like what you said about the public buying the inexpensive items. When i go into the store I know i buy the cheaper items because I want to save money. But is it really worth it? If the corn starch is going into our hair i wonder where else it is going in our body. The economy today is based on high production, high profit. The more you make in the less time the better. Thus causing lower prices as shown in the graph in the video, and on the service more pleasing to the public.

        • rach510 6:00 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          It is true that everyone prefers to buy things a low cost to save money, but one thing I have realize in the society nowadays is that people are more aware of their health, and is willing to purchase food product at a higher cost for a better health. One thing that i also find concerning is when they sprayed the great amounts of fertilizer across the field, and it truly made me worry a bit how all these chemicals would eventually reach our body system through foods, plus, corn is not the only product that requires fertilizer to grow, therefore, with the great amount of chemicals being put into our food, wouldn’t this cause another issue upon human health?

    • adammarkus2 12:08 am on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      After watching the documentary, “King Corn,” it is clear that the government had/has a big role in deciding what we put into our bodies. With the farm program, which enables the borrowing of corn from the Government, more corn means more pay to farmers, thus, inevitably, causing a recurrent overproduction. Furthermore, the actual corn crop has be changed to facilitate such events. Corn is now grown as one single, versatile, type which has more fat (starch) than it predecessors. The drive for high productivity has lead to a loss in many nutritional values the crop once bestowed. These changes have lead to two main issues: the health factor of the current crop and the industrialization of the business. As homesteads are disappearing and the big farms are getting bigger and the small getting smaller, people who have been in the industry for decades are now losing their heritage are forced to find refuge in greater populated areas. As we have seen in predictions throughout this course, the cities are getting larger and larger and the suburbs small and smaller. I can imagine that as the process of agriculture becomes less labor intensive and more industrialized, as it has in history with new technologies such as tractors, there will be little to no people outside greater city areas, and we will all be forced to pay large prices: both monetarily and in comfortably. Another issue of concern is how the crop affects the other food we eat. As noted in the documentary, an emphasis on cattle and their diet, what we ingest, although it may look like on thing, may be assimilate a completely different sustenance base. Many common food groups have adverse metabolic effects and empty calories. This all leads to human kind in general becoming a less capable species. We are what we eat: and if we eat rubbish we are rubbish.

      • alegzdins 2:42 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that corn’s industrialization has mainly been a direct consequence of the government’s actions and that as it has been mass produced it has lost most of its nutritional value. I wonder if, as they continue to genetically modify corn, they will be able to put some of the nutrients back into it or if its nutritional value will continue to decrease.

    • dgibson 2:21 am on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The documentary King Corn brings about some valuable lessons about the way our culture thinks about food. There is a great deal of distance between where the food is produced and where we consume it. Food used to be produced on a fairly local scale, especially meats and produce. In our modern food culture, we often don’t know and don’t care where our food comes from, as long as it is affordable. The distance between our food and us has been brought about by industrial agriculture, meat production and preservation methods. What really struck me in this documentary was the fact that farmers in Iowa were no longer producing food that would be able to feed themselves and their families. Isn’t that supposed to be one of the benefits to having a farm? The use of corn products in almost all food products is having negative health implications across the USA. I am curious as to how similar Canadian farms’ operations are to those in Iowa, and whether we have the same problem of corn in our supermarkets.

      • pdawbney 9:58 am on February 1, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your point that consumers no longer care where their food has come from, as long as it is affordable. I think this is quite a startling point.

    • voyt92 11:15 am on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Considering the fact that almost everything in the North American diet contains corn; for example high fructose corn syrup, corn-fed meat, and corn-based processed foods, it is no wonder the concern for corn production is a concern. In my opinion and what Ian Cheney and Curt Ellis prove to be true, we should be worried about the mass production of corn. The reason being is that corn, is used in our daily diet as a sweetener known as corn syrup. Corn syrup is used more and more because of the high demand and how it can be easily distributed. Knowing that corn syrup is used in things such as pop, and anything with a high sugar count; we know can link that corn syrup is a main cause in type two diabetes among the nation. However, if individuals could control there daily intake of corn syrup than, corn would not be such a big issue.

      -Haley Voytechek

      • deuper 5:33 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that if individuals could control their intake of corn based products then corn would not be such a big issue. But is it the consumer’s responsibility or the producers to limit the the intake? I think that a lot lies on the consumer and that if individuals don’t care enough than nor should the industry.
        -Douglas Euper

    • cadams9 3:21 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      After watching the movie I realized how much corn is actually used. It shocked me. I think we should be worried but also not so worried. America is all about mass production, that is how the most profit is made. Like in others posts we should be worried because there is so much reliance on the corn profit for so many of our different foods. But it was expressed in the movie that if the public wanted less corn used and they would use less. So there is different options. It is still being used because it lowers the cost of food and in the end the public really only cares about how much they are paying. What really scared me is that the cows that are fed so much corn are going to die from it. But yet we are putting it into our bodies? I found it ironic that the man at McDonalds was telling us that as he was eating a hamburger. I found it interesting that the man driving them in NY lost so much weight from just not drinking soda. The obesity in the US is high. I think is due to the corn starch in their diet. If the United States government wanted to help obesity they would need to stop putting so much money into the corn industry.
      Chris Adams

      • ngoossen 3:38 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree, but Canada isn’t so different from the US as we would like to think. True, their obesity and diebetis rates are significantly higher than ours (their unhealthy reputation is grounded in fact), but I think we need to be careful in thinking that we’re so different from America that this isn’t an issue for us.
        Corn is a huge industry in America (i would assume less so in Canada), but we have our own large industries that contribute to the same problem. We also must get a lot of our own corn products from the US, so we’re feeding the problem as well.

        • saayadirlewanger 4:32 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          I found your point being undeniable; I agree that it is an absolute necessity to consider this matter not only as being an US-implication, since other countries, like Canada as you mentioned, also presents similar problems to that with the corn production. As a consequence, could we say that economic sectors just act on their self-interest since they seem to only think about their own profit-making? I think that the present capitalist world prioritizes more on growing economically than on their consumers’ well-being; thus, I believe it important to think what’s the most significant within a society, without making both parties vulnerable; but I would agree that such a consideration is not a straightforward one.

    • ngoossen 3:50 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      One thing that I found interesting was Earl Butz involvement. While our overproducing society looks back at his idea of mass producing for cheap we’re appalled, at least I was, at how that sounded, choosing quantity over quality. But when you think of the time and context of Butz, it makes sense. He grew up in a time when food was expensive and sometimes scarce. Food is a necessity, so it would seem natural to have it as cheap and readily available as possible. What we need to do now is what Butz did: find a solution to counteract the current state of agriculture.
      I know this is cliche (but it’s true). There is so much food in North America for so cheap and our obesity and diabetes rates are so high. On the other side of the world, people are starving. We’re making ourselves fat and sick for cheap convenience.

      • clarke 4:06 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree on that it makes sense for something that is so important in our lives to be cheap and fast for us. While the other side of the world is starving we don’t want to them to adopt our cycle of killing ourselves and the environment. We still need for them to find better alternatives for producing food by learning from our mistakes. The developing world has now certain standards for which they can’t follow the same way Western societies did in the industrial revolution making it harder for them to become a developed country.

    • saayadirlewanger 4:33 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      It is true that after seeing some of all those corns being produced and especially used in so many products that the US (mainly) consumes, the observer can quickly become more attentive towards their food choices as well as being more reflective on their daily eating habits. As already stated on other posts, one of the major obstacles in producing corn is its threat on consumers’ health. Although I agree that there are both advantages and disadvantages in overproducing corn, I opine that this phenomenon is mostly a result of self-interest from the US corn industries. In other words, it is what I would call a ‘As long as we [companies] make profits, there is nothing else to worry about’-concept. By producing a tremendous amount of corn, those companies can earn a lot of capital and will thus be able to expand their business to make even more investment. As a consequence, the question would be ‘who to care about?’ This is so since there will be conflict between the industry and the consumers, who would protest on behalf of their health as well as on the health of the raising cattle (that are at risks of death due to over-feeding of corn). While one segment will enjoy the benefits made while the other would be against these revenues. The importance is therefore to have a strong minister of health that would have the power to influence those industries to lower down their corn yield or perhaps, introduce new incentives?

      • mwanzia 5:14 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with you in the sense that people should become more attentive, but that is much more difficult than it seems. Imagine examining every single product you buy from the grocery store! Perhaps the industry should also make a shift in the amount of products that are corn-based, so that we have more options available to us. Concerning the question of who is more important between the industry or the consumers, I believe the consumers should be prioritized but are also in a position of lesser power, making them vulnerable.

    • mwanzia 5:10 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I get the sense that most people who have watched this documentary, myself included, had close to no idea how influential corn was in the United States. Why? Because people are not nearly as concerned about the substances and materials that are used to produce the food that we eat today. The information is there for us in plain view, inscribed on soda cans and food packages. Most of the time, we just do not bother to check. This documentary also raised a question that I think is worth discussing: is cheaper necessarily better? Should we always opt to take the easy way out?
      It is evident that as humans, we are always looking to improve and to succeed, and oftentimes success is equated with quantity while quality is put on the back burner. The shift from small-scale agriculture to industrial agriculture marked a shift in the energy humans expended, and the amount that was being produced. Letting machines do the work for us resulted in us having a greater output, which seemed to be a wonderful deal except the ecological footprint that we’ve had due to this massive change indicates that this may not be the case. Similarly, why not use corn instead of working extra hard and paying a little more to use another crop/ product that will only produce the same effects? Simple: if it will improve our health and the health of our children, then the cost should not be too much of a limitation. However, this is easier said than done. As we have just seen, corn is one of the fundamental elements of this industry so it would definitely be a challenge to shift it from its central position, or to replace it with something else.

    • deuper 5:26 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The documentary, King Corn, is a great film that discusses the implications of using corn for so many different uses such as feeding cattle and making corn syrup which is a sweetener used in an endless list of food products. There are risks that come with using corn in this manner such as the rise in Type 2 Diabetes. I do believe that we should be worried about these risks especially because it seems like there are so many contributors leading to health problems. To fix this problem I believe it is for consumers to express their preferences in this market by changing their behaviour. If enough people were concerned with this industry and showed their dislike by reducing demand for products that require the use of corn in this manner, then things would have to change. This happened to Nike in the mid-1990’s regarding their use of “sweatshops” and the very poor conditions for the workers. People actually turned away from Nike products until Nike improved working conditions. I believe that the same initiative can be taken today by people to change how extensively corn is used today.

      -Douglas Euper

    • yuyu 5:52 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      From bacons, cookies, beef, cereal, honey, whatever…..No one would have imagined that all of these were made from corn! The documentary movie “King Corn” explains how our daily diet consists of corns as well as the impacts of high-fructose corn syrup to our body. The high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) seems to be like a magical substance which can take the position of sugar as sweeteners with a much lower price, and therefore it is commonly used in various products today. Now that corn has became an essential part of life, I think one problem is, whether we have to accept the excessive use of HFCS as part of human’s food culture, or deny the industrialized food habit and try to improve our entire food culture by eating foods with less HFCS.

    • army1080 7:12 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      “The American government subsidizes a happy meal but not a healthy one”, this was the statement that resonated with me after watching the documentary “King Corn”. I think this is another example of how a mistake in policy led to an unsustainable system being created. The policy of trying to provide the American population with the lowest possible food costs theoretically did work. The current generation has the lowest food cost relative to income on record. The problem with this policy is that mass production of a few select food sources is required to achieve these low costs. The whole theory behind mass production is to get the highest yields for the lowest costs, traditionally this is not how nature works and thus we are being fed unnaturally grown food. All of the food products produced by this corn have to be manufactured in some way. There is no more direct consumption from the earth; everything is processed and produced in mass quantities often losing its nutritional value.

      Obesity is a major problem in the US and it is no secret that this is linked to the US’s dependence on fast foods and processed foods. Corn is a key ingredient in fast food as it is used to process the corn syrup sweetener in Cola drinks and is fed to the livestock that make up the meat portion of the fast food diet. The main reason corn is used in both cases is because it is so cheap. The main reason why it is so cheap is through government subsidies paid to the corn farmers. If the US government did not subsidize the production of corn, the price of corn would go up and other alternatives may be found. Essentially Americas dependence on fast food and cheap unhealthy food choices can be traced back to the products in which they choose to subsidize.

    • selenerose 7:57 pm on January 31, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      It was a little alarming to find out through this film, exactly how much corn there is in the world and all the different ways it plays into our lives! And when you take a look at the negative effects it has on our environment, like the water system, agricultural animals and soil, it becomes distressing to see how dependant we are on corn. Since growing corn produces a large amount of acid, it depletes the nutrients in the soil. This creates a sort of domino effect, causing farmers to put ammonia fertilizer into their land to help the plants grow. And in turn, the ammonia runs into our water systems which can lead to all sorts of secondary problems with other species in that area. Another downfall to having so much corn used in agriculture is that almost every sort of sweet processed food has corn syrup in it which is already causing an increase in diabetes. In this day and age it’s hard to avoid corn in any sort of food! For many domestic animals, corn is a staple in their diet. Cows for example were not made to live off corn, it’s far too acidic for their stomachs and they develop digestive problems, leading to unhealthier cows for human consumption. I think we should be concerned with our current system because it has many flaws in all areas, but on the other hand what would be an acceptable substitute? Maybe people need to start with just becoming more aware of the large amounts of corn they’re eating, and gradually we can find alternative options.

    • pdawbney 10:12 am on February 1, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I found this documentary highly educational as, similar to the blog entry above mine, I had absolutely no idea just how influential corn was as a crop, and just how much of our food contains corn. As I have many food allergies, I pay close attention to food labels and ingredients, and often come across High Fructose Corn syrup as an ingredient. However, I have never before considered the the process behind the manufacture of this corn syrup and its prevalence in my diet. Like many other people, I was under the impression that as HFCS was FRUCTOSE (fruit-sugar) that it could not have as many health implications (a common misconception) so I decided to do some research into HFCS. I discovered that Corn syrup is a glucose-heavy syrup made from corn starch and that there’s is no NATURAL fructose in corn syrup. In 1957, researchers discovered an enzyme that could turn the glucose in corn syrup into fructose. This process was modified and improved upon in the 1970s, making it possible to mass-produce HFCS. HFCS is also linked to health problems such as weight gain, dental cavities, poor nutrition and increased triglyceride levels, which can increase your risk of a heart attack.
      I was also struck by just how un-natural the process was to produce the corn, of which we consume so much. The crop has been genetically modified to increase the yield, and to be resistance to herbicides, and the soil was pre-treated with ammonia (which promises to increase production four-fold). One of the scenes which really struck me was that Cheney and Ellis were unable to eat the corn straight from the field, as it still needed to grow through many processing steps before it could be considered edible.
      This documentary made me realise how ignorant I am of modern food production, and quite uncomfortable about the state of my diet. However, I am at a loss at how I can begin to improve this. I think “selenerose” makes a good suggestion, that awareness is key and that we may need to gradually find alternative options.

  • Tina Loo 9:46 am on November 29, 2010 Permalink | Log in to leave a Comment  

    Week 6 Wall 

    Spotlight on Vandana Shiva, Critic of Industrial Agriculture

    Dr. Vandana Shiva (1952- ) is an Indian physicist, but she’s better known to the world as an environmental activist and writer on environmental issues. For more than 30 years she’s fought for changes in the practice and ideas underlying industrial agriculture.

    Read more about Vandana Shiva. For more information, see:

    • Vandana Shiva, Earth Democracy: Justice, Sustainability, and Peace. Cambridge, Mass: South End Press, 2005.
    • Vandana Shiva, “The Green Revolution in the Punjab,” The Ecologist, Vol. 21, No. 2, March-April 1991.
    • Vandana Shiva, Acceptance Speech for the 1993 Right Livelihood Award.
    • Website for Vandana Shiva’s Navdanya organization.

    For your response, look at this photograph first and think about your responses to it.

    Now look at this one.

    Were your initial reactions to the first picture above positive or negative? Is there something aesthetically pleasing about the ordering of the fields? If so, why? If not, why not? How does the bird’s eye view shape our interpretation of what we see here? Does Shiva’s quote change the way you look at the photo?

     
    • alegzdins 11:39 pm on February 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      How Vandana Shiva is trying to preserve crop diversity is incredible. It is depressing how much damage Borlaug’s ‘miracle seeds’ have done since their infiltration of India’s agricultural society. The hybridized seeds that were introduced work well only under certain conditions, while the original seeds were able to thrive in those climatic conditions readily. Eliminating the original seed diversity in exchange for three new high yielding seeds caused three main problems. The first problem was soil erosion because of the production of the same crop year after year, the second being water shortages because the new seeds required intensive irrigation, and the third being intensive pesticide use because the new seeds are more susceptible to diseases and pests. Starting a second Green Revolution now that the first has failed is a horrible idea. The Indian government should follow Vandana’s quest in seeking agricultural diversity not choosing new hybrid crops.
      My initial reactions to the photo were that it was aesthetically pleasing. The colours were very vibrant, the fields were laid out in a nice parallel direction, and the little patch of trees was rather cute. After the quote was superimposed though the way I looked at the picture definitely changed. All of the land seemed to be tainted because I knew that the monoculture being depicted was polluting the land, water, and atmosphere. Also thinking of farming being ‘centrally controlled by authoritarian structures’ made me feel as though the military would hunt me down if I tried to change how a crop was grown. I can see why there is much unrest between the small landowners who have mostly lost during the Green Revolution and the government who controls what happens with their crops.

      • cadams9 11:21 am on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree, it is depressing how Borlaug’s seeds have hindered India. People in todays society look at the total produced, and in this case it is higher. The public often does not see the negative effects things like this are having. We saw that in the video we saw at the beginning of class today. As for the picture I too thought it was appealing to look at until I read the quote.

        • pdawbney 9:44 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          I think it is interesting how you said that ‘the public often does not see the negative effect things like this are having”. This is so true, as I myself, was incredibly ignorant of modern day farming techniques & the issues of GMO, despite coming from Europe, where this is considered a major issue.

    • voyt92 11:57 am on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      When Borlaug came up with ‘miracle seeds’, it was uncertain of how damaging they can be. It is astonishing how Vandana Shiva is trying to find away to control the crop diversity. I agree that “the Indian government should follow Vandana’s quest in seeking agricultural diversity not choosing new hybrid crops.” In a case like this we can find a way to stop the hybrid crops and prevent certain climate change such as water preservation, and the amount of pesticides used to prevent crop damage from pests.
      Vandana made me realize that we should continue to find other ways to have a successful crop production and step away from these so called ‘miracle seeds’.

      -Haley Voytechek

      • clairegcrowther 12:21 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your last statement- that we need to find an alternative way to produce crops that with these “miracle seeds” which require the sue of fossil fuels. During the Green Revolution, many organizations provided money for the research into these monocultural crops. Perhaps now we need to do even more research into the consequences of these crops, as well as genetically modified foods, and try to find a alternative.

        • dgibson 2:22 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          I also agree that there needs to be a shift in our morals and beliefs when it comes to agricultural practices. There is some desire for change but money is the main focus of these farmers, so it will definitely take a change in their mindset to effectively make better farming practices. Changing beliefs can only be changed by installing new incentives for farmers. Fishing practices around the world are experiencing similar problems. The fishermen all want in on the common property to make money and as a result they are damaging the ecosystems. There needs to be moral changes and well as different incentives for fishermen to effectively fix this problem.

    • clairegcrowther 12:26 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      At first glance of the photo,the bright colours and the organization of the fields really stood out. This photo truly reflects Vandana Shiva’s beliefs on the damages of monoculture. The rapid advancement of the Green Revolution allowed for farmers to feed the majority of the population of the world on only a few varieties of crops. This lack of biodiversity, which Shiva emphasizes, can be problematic. With such a heavy use and dependency of fossil fuels to fertilize, produce, and transport the food, what will happen when those sources run out? In the quote, Shiva expresses how these monocultures are “maintained only through high levels of external control and inputs”, in other words it is not natural like the environment it should be. Furthermore, monoculture is a great risk to pests- if an infestation was to occur, the world could be at risk of famine since our diets are dominantly from these crops. Shiva also says how monoculture negatively affects the land, through erosion and pollution of the “land, water, and atmosphere”.
      These negative consequences may come into effect in our lifetime, and there is clearly something we need to do to change that.

      • army1080 5:51 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree, there appears to be a huge risk of consequences within our lifetime. The scariest may be that infestation can wipe out entire crops that such a large population depend on. My first response to that thought was that it would only hurt the big businesses producing the crops, but I think when looking at it closer the big businesses will be the ones that get hurt the least. They can just walk away when it becomes unprofitable, they don’t own the land or the equipment, they have no dependance on the crop. Its the local farmers and those depending on the crop that will be hurt. Probably why there isn’t more effort being put into diversifying.

        • rach510 10:43 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          I believe the business behind agriculture is highly dependent on the quota the government has set. Because of the high intiatives to meet the quota, the business will do anything in its power to generate the production its allowed.Going green becomes a lower priority. If you as a farmer cannot produced of what is asked. Someone else would. Its a simple theroy of supplyand demand.

    • cadams9 2:02 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      My initial reaction to the first image was that it looked intriguing, but then after reading the quote on the next image it reminded me of all the negative effects that inputs are having on the earth. People do not usually see the negative effects of these things, as the producers of the inputs do not want them to see the negative side. The only effects the public sees is mass production of the product, and on the surface it pleases them as it will make it cheaper and easier to purchase. When I look at the image the fields that are rectangular shape look easier to farm as the big machines do not have to make many turns, but the irregular shaped fields look a little bit more of a hassle to farm. All in all the high levels of input are just eroding the earth and the public needs to see that this is happening and not just focus on the mass production.

      • deuper 5:55 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that the public needs to be informed about the impacts of the Green Revolution other than just looking at mass production. In class I thought that the Green Revolution was a great revolution, but after reading what Shiva had to say about its impacts on pests, water, and small farmers it makes me wonder how beneficial it truly is.
        -Douglas Euper

    • dgibson 2:16 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I initially had a positive reaction to this photo because I think that it looks like a colourful patchwork quilt. The organization and puzzle like pieces of crops are aesthetically pleasing for my eye. The perspective of this photo allows us to see the extent of industrial agriculture and replanting fields. When farmers neglect to leave fields fallow to regain nutrients, the crops stand more vulnerable to pests and disease. We can see from this photo that there is probably a great deal of breeding for a higher yield and a large need for herbicides and pesticides. When I thought about this image more, I realized that it stands for everything Vandana Shiva is against. Her quote really captures this image. Once a farmer realized that he/she could make more money only growing one crop that is what they will do. These visually stunning fields have negative impacts on farmers in India. Many of these farmers cannot keep up with the cost of industrialized farming and they are losing their land, their lifestyle and their lives.

      • alegzdins 9:46 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that the photo stands for everything that Vandana Shiva is against and that it adds even more emphasis to her quote when it is superimposed, It’s very sad that the Green Revolution has led to many farmers losing their way of lives. I hope that the India government recognizes the harm the first Green Revolution caused and try to avoid the same problems when they make future agricultural decisions.

      • yuyu 3:57 pm on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree to what you say about the negative impacts in India. People in poor areas cannot pay the expensive outputs for modernized agriculture which uses various machines and tons of chemical fertilizers. I totally think there are a lot of farmers who cannot continue the western style anymore, and had to quit. This would definitely lead to starvation in the overgrown population of India.

    • saayadirlewanger 3:54 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I agree with your saying that the photograph is a pure representation of what Vandana Shiva is trying to go against since the image portrays nothing but a supernatural way of farming, rather than her ideal and supported way of cultivating in organic ways. Besides, I also find it very important to consider the economic side of monoculture like you did since there is one winner and one loser: while local farmers cannot compete with the low prices set by industries on their production, it is also crucial to denote that these cultivators are most likely to be under privileged in terms of how policies are made at the global and national levels in the decision of what is an ‘efficient’ resource to be used for one sector. Since multinational corporations make up the lead, their capitalist ideologies will not (yet) make the choice of using sustainable and organic ways of farming, but rather will designate fast methods to farm with high technologies and low inputs while still coming up with a high output at the end of cultivation.

      • selenerose 8:49 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I think you raise a really good point about there being a loser and winner. It’s just unfortunate that farmers have such a struggle to “win.”

    • saayadirlewanger 3:55 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      It is true that as for many by looking at the primary photograph, I found the picture to be aesthetically affable to the eyes due to the mixture of the different vivid colours of the crops mingled within the asymmetrical but geometrically-shaped crop fields. Nevertheless, as soon as Shiva’s quotation appeared, it has been surprising to notice such a change in the interpretation of the picture. The thoughts seemed to become more rational in the ways that they provide us a realization of how harmful the monoculture cultivation is. The latter is justified by its overuse of chemical pest controls, like pesticides and fertilisers that not only affect the health of the consumers (due to left-over crop residues), but also lead to loss of biodiversity and of beneficial insects that would normally interact with the pest controls.
      In my opinion, Shiva was able to change my perception of the picture as a consequence of putting the awareness on the ecological and political implications that such cultivation spawns. Her statement allows the reader to become more critical and prudent about the way the photograph is looked at. For instance, it is possible to argue that while at first glance I could compare the picture as being almost similar to a painting of a modern art, my first thought after reading the quotation was transformed into a whole process of seeking all the negative aspects of monoculture, that are the contamination of soil and water by leaching, a general environmental degradation and infertility of lands, as well as the political repression involved in the mechanism.

      • mwanzia 5:43 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I was affected the same way. At first, the picture does seem comparable to an art piece, but once the idea of the influence of power and control are introduced, and the negative impacts that they are having on our land, the rose- colored lenses come off and we are able to see the picture for what it really is.

      • adammarkus2 5:57 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I like how you talk about how Shiva influences critical and prudent views towards this photograph. More over I believe that her overall persuasiveness goes well beyond the realms of photography. I think Shivas goal is to provide the base for analytical dissemination of our catalog of detrimental effects caused by the Green Revolution. Through publicizing her thoughts an opinions she intends to motivate the consciousness in regards to environmental effects relating to land use practices and the governments and large corporations that tend to influence it.

    • yuyu 5:36 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      When I looked at the first photo, it looked like a crop field which exists almost anywhere. The different colors of red and yellow with little change in the color of yellow. However, after reading the quotes of Shiva, I felt sick to imagine that all of these need the intervention of human in order to make a sustainable growth. Without the use of pesticides, fertilizers and machines, they would be so vulnerable. I did think monoculture has an advantage of providing large amounts of food, but now that I read the consequenses, it does not seem to be a sustainable method.

      • yongzhewang 6:44 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Going along with what you said, it’s almost sickening to think about how quickly fields like this will disappear without the vast amount of human technology thrown at it. Just thinking, if we stop using all sorts of pesticides or chemical fertilizers for one harvest cycle, we would probably not produce enough food to sustain even a quarter of the Earth’s population. It’s essential for human life that we have fields like this, but it is also destroying the very environment which we need to produce food at the same time. It’s almost a lose-lose situation.

    • mwanzia 5:39 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      My initial reaction to the first photograph was to think that it actually was aesthetically pleasing, probably because it was neat and organized, but was also vibrant and colorful. The significance of the picture did not really stand out to me, nor did I really register what I was looking at. However, my reaction to the second picture was definitely different because the quote highlights the detrimental effects of having an industrial system that promotes monoculture. When Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace prize in 1970, people were not really aware of the potential damage that the Green Revolution could cause. What was appealing about it was that it seemed to be a quick and easy solution to ‘fix’ extremely difficult problems such as world hunger. Now that we are aware of the effects, it should be our responsibility to search for another solution. However, since so many nations and people are dependent on this form of agriculture, people are reluctant to change. Vandana Shiva has really pursued this issue in a way that many others should have. Her suggestions are logical, because she considers them from many different angles, including the responses that they will evoke from the government.

    • army1080 5:45 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Looking at the first picture I did not have any negative impressions. The fields made me think of small rural towns, just farmers growing food to make a living. It had almost an innocence about it. From the air the fields are also aesthetically pleasing, the symmetry and colors make for a scenic landscape. Even from the ground wide open pastures can be pleasing to the eye.

      After reading the quote I was reminded of the big business in farming. The reminder that it is not the small town farmer profiting from the food production made the image lose its innocence to me. It is just another example of how big business has a grasp on all major industries. Food production used to be diverse, because there is so much diversity on the planet. The large corporations have estinguished this diversity in the order to earn greater profits.

    • adammarkus2 5:45 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      At first I didn’t not see the photograph through the same ecologically analytical viewpoint as Shiva does. However, my knowledge of agricultural practices brought to my attention the scrutiny involved in the creation this particular land area. The birds eye view provides a tasteful way of monitoring current land use Although undoubtedly aesthetically pleasing, to the trained eye, this arrangement is a result of private property seeds and is far from any scenic natural landscape. As Shiva explains through her quote, external control and inputs, specifically by the power of big corporation and government, has forced farmers to construct such intricate layouts of crop. As seen it the photo, there is obvious agriculture diversity, which leads me to the conclusion that this area takes advantage of several evolved crop species. The result of this is that, not only does it lead to the erosions of the earth’s resources, but also affects local cultures. Shiva explains that diversity – biological and cultural – is key to a healthy society. However, the monoculture displayed in this photo is one which has a violent backdrop rooted from political negligence in the form of seed freedom and food fascism. This land use practice is one that is able to product more output, however one must take note that this is not a sustainable practice. We have created a very fragile system in which we grow are food. As this continues we become more jeopardized to a large scale famine. Starvation was a problem in the early 1900s, and furthermore, may become an issue in the 21st century.

    • deuper 5:47 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      My initial reactions to the first photo were positive. The order and structure of the fields with such clear divisions separating them is aesthetically pleasing. The bird’s eye view is important in shaping the interpretation of the photo because it helps Shiva display her point about monoculture. Monoculture is one aspect that was included in the Green Revolution but has brought about many severe problems. Monoculture eliminates diversity, as can be seen in the photo from the fields matching in colour. Reducing diversity increases crops susceptibility to pests and disease. To combat this problem, farmers had to increase the use of pesticides which then resulted in pesticide-resistant pests. This is just one issue raised by the many that is incorporated in Shiva’s quote. Another issue that can’t be noticed just by looking at the photo is how production level has not increased as significantly as proposed by people in support of the Green Revolution once the costs of inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and the additional water required for these high yielding verities to produce as much as possible. Furthermore, small farmers are also suffering significantly as they do not have the resources such as money and large plots of land to be able to benefit from machinery the way big farms are able to.
      -Douglas Euper

    • yongzhewang 6:42 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      At first glance, the picture looks orderly and aesthetically pleasing. The fields look like they are being regularly tended to, healthy, and productive. They are ordered in a Therefore, my first opinion of the field, judging just by the photo, was a positive one. The bird’s eye view gives a good way to objectively see the picture without much bias – you see a field from above. You don’t see what’s from below, what’s inside the fields, who’s working on the fields, and whatnot. Upon seeing the quote, it was quite disheartening that such a picture was actually used as a negative example for the industrialization of agriculture. What you are missing from the bird’s eye view is explained in the quote, where I now see all of the negative effects and impacts of this well ordered and maintained field. Most importantly, the quote emphasizes how fields like this can’t remain like this indefinitely – the pollution and environmental damage which results from agricultural production using fields like such will eventually render these sorts of pretty, ordered, mechanized fields obsolete. The only question now is when this will happen, and what these fields will be replaced by, and whether the human population as a whole will suffer from it. All of these thoughts turned the once pretty picture of the field into a not-so-pretty picture, all due to a single quote.

    • selenerose 8:46 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I find this picture quite pleasing to look at. The colours compliment each other in their mismatched shapes. The assortment of crops reminds me of a puzzle I had as a child, where you had to fit the different coloured random shaped plastic pieces into a circular pan. There were multiple ways of solving it, but it was always a struggle to fit every piece in. This is much like farmer’s crops, with all their different fields, strategically placed in the allotted area of agricultural land. It seems hard to believe that those geometrical shaped fields supply so many people with food. With the invention of the Hybrid seed, a cross breed of four different breeds of a plant, farmers are able to produce larger, more durable crops. Although this snazzy new seed seems like a great solution to famine, there are flaws with its design. Hybrid plants are replacing traditional breeds that are native to the land and more able to fend off pests. Since the variety of breeds is slowly dwindling, if the hybrid seeds got destroyed by a pest, there would not be any other breed of plant left. Therefore, having a variety is a safer bet. Although, it’s hard to fit all the pieces of feeding the world; sustaining the planet and making a living, into the puzzle.

    • pdawbney 10:02 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      My initial reactions to the photo were similar to the ones that have been mentioned above. The orderly organization of the fields, and varying colors make the image incredibly aesthetically pleasing. What also struck me is that this is the kind of image that I am accustomed to seeing in connection with modern agriculture. Only when I viewed the second picture, with Shiva’s caption, did I realize just how unnatural the image is, and the monoculture that it is displaying.
      Ultimately, monoculture leads to a decrease in crop diversity. A lack of crop diversity causes a great number of problems including greater susceptibility to pests, micronutrient deficiencies, water shortage and an increase in soil erosion. In order to combat these problems, modern agriculture requires a large number of inputs such as pesticides, herbicides and fertilizer, on top of the fact that buying new seeds each year is unavoidable. This dramatically increases the costs of farming and pushes it out of the reach of smaller, subsistence farmers, and those in developing countries, such as India.
      I think Vandana Shiva’s work is incredibly important in terms of uncovering the fallacy of the success of the Green revolution, and showing the negative effects it has had on India’s agricultural system. I think it is very important that the Indian Government pay attention to Vandana’s Shivas work, in deciding to chose to strive for genetic diversity, over the high yield which is produced by GMO’s. However, in our current capitalist economy, I think it will be very difficult to persuade those in power that this is a favorable move.

    • rach510 10:43 pm on February 7, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      When I saw the first image of the organization of crops without the sub heading, I realize how the land was structured neatly and all a lined within its own boundaries. Who would have thought there would be such a great impact behind this agriculture sight, and how this plays a major role in pollution of water and land. According to Shiva’s perspective on the green revolution, it is not only ending world hunger but is in fact causing a negative impact upon our society that we might not be able to fix in the distant future. Just as Richard Manning stated, an example that with the production of food we have now, we are able to feed off 6 billion people comparative to the 3 billion individuals we had before machines were invented, this eventually resulted a dependence upon machineries for production of food, if one day we no longer has this access, then we would be undergo a world crises where we have to feed double amount of people without this mass production of food. When I opened up the next image and saw the text written, I realize that the organized crops that are laid out efficiently in order are results of farming through machineries. As Tina Loo mentioned in the lecture, machines have separate the experience from planting and nature, and that if we go back to the 1900s, there would be no way agriculture lands could look so organized without the presence of agricultural advancement and production.

  • Tina Loo 9:45 am on November 29, 2010 Permalink | Log in to leave a Comment  

    Week 7 Wall 

    Spotlight on Wendell Berry: Agrarian Values

    Wendell Berry (1934- ) is a poet, an essayist, a cultural critic, and above all a farmer. He was born in Henry County, Kentucky, the son of a tobacco farmer. His family has farmed in Henry Co. for at least five generations, and he continues to do so as well. Both he and his farm have been enormously productive. He’s the author of at least 25 books of poetry, 16 books of essays, 11 novels and collections of short stories. His writing is grounded in the idea that work should be rooted in and responsive to place.

    We’re looking at him because he’s a prominent opponent of industrial agriculture and a defender of agrarian values.

    Read more about Wendell Berry.

    Given what you’ve read here and the material assigned for the tutorials, think about the following: in what ways does Wendell Berry connect food production, values, and politics in his critiques? Do you see a necessary connection between the three?

     
    • yongzhewang 5:46 pm on February 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Wendell Berry connects food production and values by noting how the different techniques used in food production a century ago directly changed along with the values that we had regarding agriculture, its purposes, and its place in society. He discusses how food production and small scale farming, once seen as a need-to-know and necessary skill to have for most rural dwellers, have been replaced by industrialized, mechanical large-scale farming techniques, which require very minimal contact and knowledge of “old” farming techniques. He notes how the people whom consider themselves farmers today are disconnected with the land, and that the current farming techniques pay no attention to soil erosion or land “wasting”, which is concerning for future generations. Similarly, he connects food production to politics in that modern day food production requires minimal amounts of human labour, with large scale companies “buying out” smaller farms so they can use the land for mass production. The bonding that the modern day farmers used to have with the land is gone, as it is considered unneccesary and even weird by the industrial companies for people to see land as something other than an economic resource. Throughout the articles, he talks about new ideas such as “soil science” which objectifies land even more. Personally, I see a connection between the three. Distancing yourselves from the land helps you justify the rise in production with the land, even though the negative consequences (soil erosion) makes land sustainability hard. I see that the personal connections to the land, the farming communities which previously used to be the bonding force between people in an area is gone, replaced by machinery and people whose only goal is to maximize efficiency and productivity. Politics obviously still comes into play, with government subsidies still given out today for different crops in different countries (corn in America, wheat in China, etc), which encourages this efficiency-centered agricultural system today.

      • adammarkus2 12:36 am on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I like how you talk about politics encouraging an efficiency-centered agricultural system today. I think you are spot on with this point, and as well, it is mentioned in Wendell Berry’s article, but however not fully developed in regards to government action towards the use of subsidies. The section of the article on “Renewing Husbandry” talks specifically about the affects that the tractors (technology) had on agricultural practices. Specifically, Berry talks about how it is the “…nature and character of the farm in its ecosystem and in its human community” that almost exclusively permits this emphasis on production, but however, it is rater “the national or global economy and the available or affordable technology.” The coincides well with your sentence about government subsidies. Moreover, this brings up a good question about who really changes the farm, and how we, as consumers, should attempt to make changes? In my view, swaying politics is the only way to make significant change in the short-run.

    • alegzdins 2:18 pm on February 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Wendall connects food production, values and politics in his critique by saying that only if we think of them as a whole, will we be able to farm sustainably. In the past, farms were run by families who lived on the land and ate the food they produced. Now farming has become an industrialized operation where the food that’s produced is inedible before processing. A large reason for the shift is because of government intervention. Earl Butz’s farm bill and subsidies from the government on corn directly led to the over production of corn and industrialization of agriculture. Due to this I agree with Wendall that food production and politics are directly connected but I don’t think values are as closely related. Based on the Michael Pollan articles we read last week it seems as though most farmers don’t agree with some of their farming practices, such as the hormone injection into steers before slaughter, but feel like they’re necessary to remain competitive in the market. I can’t help but wonder what the agricultural industry would look like if the government hadn’t intervened. Would there still be crop diversity? Or would we have looked to monoculture anyway to increase agricultural efficiency?

      • pdawbney 3:47 pm on February 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I think you have highlighted a key point by saying that the crops which are being produced now are actually inedible before processing. This point really struck home with me, especially when Wendall began to describe how shops “used to be” – when you could buy flour, but not bread or baked goods, and a side of beef, but not a hamburger. It is quite shocking how processed our food is now.

    • pdawbney 4:24 pm on February 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Wendall connects values with food production with the statement that “standards of cheapness & convenience came to substitute for the health – of both people and the land”. What he means by this statement is that the structure of modern Industrial Agriculture is centred around mass production (to be done in the cheapest way possible), to keep prices low for consumers and high for the producers. This economic approach to farming has made our agricultural practices very unnatural, and potentially damaging to our health (coming back to the idea of High Fructose Corn Syrup). Wendall argues that we have completely changed the traditional style of farming, and the way in which we have done so is incredibly unsustainable, and damaging to the land.
      I agree with Wendall, in that I think farming is definitely related to politics, due to the fact that the Industrial Agricultural system only survives due to large subsidies from the Government. Without these subsidies, farmers would be making a NET loss (as the crops sell for a much lower price than the cost of production). Therefore, I feel that the Government needs to be heavily involved in any attempt to reorganise the agricultural system.

      • rach510 8:34 pm on February 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I strongly agree with hte fact that convenience nowadays do come first for majoirty of the people, and that I beleive this is an issue we must truly solve, beacuse not a lot of people are willing to spend so much money on food and make points on what is healthier and what is not, conveniency really holds an important key in the modern culture, and I agree that the government truly needs to work this issue out and think about reorganizing the agricultural system rather than focusing on making profit.

        • rach510 8:34 pm on February 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          Wendell Berry connects the production of food, values and politics in a way that demonstrates how all of these aspects are linked together through societies, and if we have to change one aspect of it, we must change it as a whole since they all hold a relation upon them. One of the example that was given was the problem with food scaling, how food production now is getting bigger and bigger and that the old way of farming no longer exists because the way we values those lands are now completely different comparative to 100 years ago. When farming was done mostly manually back in the days, people tend to have more connection to one another, and was sure of what products they would like to purchase, unlike now, majority of the consumers cannot be 100% sure where their food is actually coming from and what it consists. We are not getting food as organic as they used to be since many pesticides and fertilizers are used. And farmers now are not necessary to understand the land they are farming in since it is so monoculture, there is no need to specialize what soil is good for what food product. In general, there is a significant relation upon the three aspects of food production, values and politics, because these aspects is seem to function as a whole, and if we are bound to change these habits, we must consider and have a better understanding the complex relationship of our food and what we can do to acquire a healthy life style.

          • mwanzia 4:29 pm on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

            I like how you described the relationship between food, values and politics. It is true that you cannot change one without changing another, and I believe that changing values first will lead to a shift in the food being produced, resulting in a shift in politics as the people will have more power by being more involved.

      • clairegcrowther 9:49 pm on February 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with what you said about cheap costs for consumers- not only does this pose a threat to our health (as seen with the taxi driver in King Corn) but also can damage the land we use to produce the food on. With a heavy reliance on fertilizers and pesticides, we are damaging the soil and surrounding ecosystems just to ensure we have a surplus of food.

    • clairegcrowther 9:46 pm on February 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      In his articles, Wendell Berry emphasizes the importance of more local-based, community farms. As he states in the article “Renewing Husbandry”, he believes the world needs to move away from industrialized agriculture on a global scale because we believe we are in an “era of limitlessness”, when in fact there are limits. Community-based, self sufficient farms have a mentality that their land and productivity has limits, and therefore do not exploit their resources. He ties food production and politics together by his example of when “Japan took over the natural rubber supply of South East Asia” in World War II, which effected those who traded with Japan and depended on rubber in the production of materials. This reveals the dependance of industrialized agriculture on foreign supplies, which, when limited, pose a problem to production. This is one of the reasons he believes the government should get involved in supporting agriculture through animal power. There are many benefits to animal power: they themselves can be powered off food from the land (not foreign supplies), and animals can work productively despite the change in seasons. It will take us back to more localized production of food, and therefore an appreciation of the land with limits.

    • adammarkus2 11:57 pm on February 13, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Wendell Berry connects food production, values, and politics in his overarching argument: both food production and consumption need to return to their roots as small-scale productions that re-embrace the family farm. He goes on to show these analyses are essential to disseminate the effects of industrialization and a utilitarian motive to be postmodern. Though his writing he clearly portraits traditional values which stem from an agrarianism standpoint. That is, he regards rural society as superior to urban society. He connects these values to the actions of individuals and households today, expressing that simple living, much like the Amish, can bring us out of the reductionist science and determinist economics instilled many decades ago. Through his relation between politics and his values, he describes an attempt to make the land more productive without husbandry. The theme of husbandry, a connection to the land, is integrated throughout his writing, and furthermore, is intended to provide a base for contradicting the immorality in actions proceeding modernity. As for food production, Wendell Berry highlights that it is the food consumer whom should be most conscious about the food they eat; how and where it was produced. He also expresses that it is not only farmers and some country people who are agrarian, but also urban gardeners and urban consumers. A connection of food production, values and politics are articulated in Berry’s goal to dissuade consumers of having dependability, trustworthiness and healthfulness when using the corporate food system. This is necessary to get his point across.

    • cadams9 9:13 am on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I like how you mention that is the food consumer that needs to be more conscious about what we eat. The grocery stores will not keep an item on their shelf unless it is selling. If we as consumers stop buying these kinds of products they won’t be sold anymore. We as consumers think that it is the producers that need to make a change but the producers won’t make a change unless we do.

    • cadams9 9:20 am on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I see a very necessary connection between these three. I feel as though Wendell Berry helped me understand that people need to do realize these things but, in doing so they need to realize for themselves. We cannot be told by someone we have to realize on our own how to be a responsible producer.
      I feel as the demand of food products increases big companies just produce more product to make money. We do need to realize that if we did try and go back to the old ways I feel as though it would be difficult because of the increase in population in the world. It is a very good idea to make people more aware of these issues but it will take people with a lot of power to change the way we are heading because we are so far in the negative direction. Wendell tells us that we are not respecting the land that is supporting us, and as we do not respect the earth we abuse it. Wendell also explains to us that traditional ways is the way to go. I think we can go back to the traditional way and produce healthier food and keep the earth healthy.

    • mwanzia 4:23 pm on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Since we have already entered the industrial age where politics are so heavily involved in the production of food, it is hard to imagine a time in the near future where we will be able to separate the two completely. Whoever has control of the food automatically has power, control that they will not be willing to give up so easily. Regarding values, they are something that we definitely have to re-evaluate. Should we value quantity more than quality? Moreover, are we willing to continue living the way we do at the expense of our health? Berry emphasizes the idea that we need to become more personally invested in what goes into our food and the processes that it underwent before arriving at the store. Yes, affordability is an issue but we have to remember that as consumers, our wants and needs are what the producers are catering to. If we large amounts of people make the right demands, then that could potentially affect the products and the processing procedures. Knowledge is the key to change, but it’s only what we do with that knowledge that will determine the outcome of things.

      • saayadirlewanger 5:34 pm on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        You have asked a very interesting question about the quantity overweighing the quality. I agree with the idea that the industrial era has become increasingly focused on making more and more capital instead of actually caring about the welfare of a population. Although I understand how important it is for those industries to compete with other companies to be the ones with power and ‘superiority’; I would feel that such thinking is not a ‘healthy’ one for both the consumers and the society, as a consequence, as Albert Howard argued, this is not going to make a ‘healthy nation’ and in the end, there will be no time to fight over who gains the most since there might not be enough resources to compete for anymore, and in turn, mutual cooperation between industries will be necessary?

      • yongzhewang 11:11 am on February 17, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        You brought up an interesting point in that it is hard to see a future in which politics is not involved with food production. I personally can’t see the US government un-subsidizing corn because of its HUGE role in the production of a lot of cheap food. With that being said, so long as the government is involved in subsidizing anything (and not just the US government, other governments at that as well), politics will always play a role in food production. As it is essential to feed the masses, the government will be required to subsidize, and obviously it will stay like that unless something drastic happens.

    • yuyu 4:59 pm on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Wendell Berry seem to make a connection between agriculture, values, and politics through explaining how the relationship of the society to agriculture changed through history. Before the 20th century, many people were dedicated in the production of “food” in terms that people manufactured raw produce into products such as wheat and hamburger. People chose their best local farmers to get the food from, so the connection between ordinary people and farmers were strong. However, through the industrialization of agriculture, people became less close to farming. Here, he concludes that we should come back to saving the biodiversity of products, or poly-culture, and strengthening the connection between people and the land again by ourselves becoming responsible consumers.
      But I wonder, how are we supposed to be “responsible consumers”? I think it is difficult because in an urbanized community, people never have a chance to realize what they are eating and where they are produced.

      • deuper 5:27 pm on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with you about how people don know where there food is coming from and what it takes to produce this food. I believe this is why there is a movement for local grown foods even if they are not organic.

    • deuper 5:12 pm on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Wendell Berry connects food production, values and politics in his critiques. All three have changed simultaneously with the mechanization of agriculture, which was and still is seen as a very positive change until one explores the downsides of this change. Small farms that were capable to sustain the families that lived on the land and the surrounding communities for the most part have disappeared because they weren’t able to benefit from large machinery with their small plots of land so large farms, that were able maximize the use of this farming equipment, ran these farms out of business. These large farms have a much different approach to farming in comparison, and solely look to exploit their land to increase production regardless of how unsustainable their practices are and the environmental effects. The connection that food production has with politics that Wendell Berry says is “The people of…politics have no patience with the local love, local loyalty, and local knowledge that make people…good caretakers of their places. This is why one of the primary principles in industrialism has always been to get the worker away from home.” Politics tends to look in the short run, and by showing disregard to the land that provides them with vast resources they are only creating a greater problem for the future.
      -Douglas Euper

      • selenerose 12:38 am on February 15, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I really appreciate the point you’ve raised about larger scale farms running smaller farms out of business. Obviously small farms aren’t able to keep up to big corporations, especially if they are being subsidized by the government.

    • saayadirlewanger 5:39 pm on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Primarily,Berry focuses on how an neo-agrarian system of production is the answer to creating a sustainable and harmonious life. His critique on the problem of scale and of specialization represents some strong linkages, with primarily, food production. Looking at the problem of scale, Berry makes the connection of how food production is seen more like a means of capitalism that enables the financial growth in one particular industry without putting much concern about the negative consequence this could have on other sectors, like in health or in the environmental side, thus the condition of the soils for instance. Furthermore, in terms of values, Berry connects it with how ungrateful most of the consumers have become. He argues about the threat of how easy the distributive markets of food have led buyers to establish a notion of food as forever-available. This connection is important in the ways in which Berry tries to disallow the escalation of the world to hit a society even more materialistic than it already is. Finally, it is possible to observe an interdependence on politics. By investigating the problem of specialization, Berry notifies that petrol is one of the biggest ‘ingredients’ that is used in the agricultural sector. As it is famously known, petroleum is one of the natural resources that is ‘endangered’ and is a big field of debate that led hundreds of nation-states to fight with each other in order to maintain control and the benefits of this resource. Consequently, this could have an important impact, not only on the time when there will be no availability of the good in order to make productive (though unsustainable) farming, but also, on how conflicts may increase over the years ahead.

      • alegzdins 11:18 pm on February 14, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that consumers have adopted the attitude that they should be able to get whatever food they want right now, regardless of the environmental cost. Petroleum being an input for farming a large environmental factor that I feel needs to be addressed. Conflicts may definitely arise as the price for oil increases as the world’s limited resources continue to diminish.

    • selenerose 12:36 am on February 15, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I agree with Wendall, that farming and politics are related since subsidies often play a major role in a crop’s success. For example Corn crops have been very productive since they are partly funded by the government. This can lead to problems too because certain crops that are not fit for mass human consumption, like corn, have been over produced, thus creating severe health issues like diabetes in many countries. Although it should be each person’s responsibility to eat healthily and maintain their diet, it makes it difficult to even get access healthy, affordable food when high-fructose corn syrup filled foods that are everywhere. The government should intervene when a problem like diabetes becomes a nationwide catastrophe that causes many deaths. The government has control over which areas of crop get subsidized, therefore it has control over which food gets produced and distributed to the public. On the other hand, food production is a very different system from politics and should be treated in a way that is best for the consumers of food, not just the producers. In an age where health has become such a growing concern in most first world countries, food production needs to find a better alternative to creating market of such destruction.

      • yuyu 12:20 am on February 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with the point that you mentioned that food production is totally different from politics, and they must be treated differently. Those who choose which crops to give subsidies to must have a well understanding of agriculture, health and environmental science. However, how much government officials have a full understanding of those fields?

  • Tina Loo 9:44 am on November 29, 2010 Permalink | Log in to leave a Comment  

    Week 8 Wall 

    China’s Industrial Revolution and its Consequences

    China has seen rapid industrial expansion since the late 1970s. During much of this expansion, the focus has been on exports, with profits reinvested in industry and agricultural modernization. But China has also moved into the mass consumption stage of modernization. There’s now a sizeable middle class with Western-style consumption habits, and even industrial workers and farmers have increasing access to electricity, electrical goods, and, to some extent, automobiles.

    China now mines and burns more coal than any other country; researchers estimate that the resulting air pollution causes over a million premature deaths a year. As of 2005, China has become the largest contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions, just exceeding that of the United States. Nonetheless, China’s per capital emissions of 5.8 tonnes are only about one quarter of per capita emissions in the United States.

    In international negotiations, China has fought hard to protect its right to higher per capita emissions, even as it has tried to decrease pollution by mandating more efficient technologies and pollution controls. It remains to be seen whether the Chinese industrial revolution will continue to follow Western patterns, with pollution levels rising with living standards until (1) affluence reaches a sizeable majority of the population; and (2) the downsides of pollution produces a political backlash, with far greater resources going to pollution control.

    Read more about China and modernization. Have a look at Arthur Mols’ article which offers an interesting argument about the effects of China’s rising standard of living. Watch the film Up the Yangtze (which is available for download for a cost through iTunes).

    What does the film say about the meanings of modernization? What choices and consequences does modernization confront the Chinese with? To what extent can what’s happening in the film be explained by China’s embrace of a Western pattern of growth?

     
    • yongzhewang 3:53 pm on February 23, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      After watching the fim, I feel like that the director is implying that the meaning of modernization is the same as having the ability to adapt, adjust, and be able to deal with whatever obstacles society and the government confronts you with. In the movie, we see Jerry and Cindy having to face this problem, with each of them ending up with different results. Jerry personally had the choice to work with modernization, getting the job on the cruise ship to make more money and better his life than what it was before. Cindy, on the other hand, is forced to confront modernity in that once her family is forced to relocate, they will be very strapped on cash, and it is up to her to take the challenge of finding a job to support her family and her future academic studies. As a whole, modernization confronts the Chinese with two things – the choice to move ahead into the future, but the consequence to force you to let go of the past. In the past decade alone, and speaking from personal experience, China has changed dramatically as a whole. Where there used to be villages there are now whole cities. Where there used to be farmland or shacks there are industrial buildings, roads, shopping malls, etc. Although China still calls itself a communist “peoples republic”, just about every aspect of the economic system is the same as the West. China has recognized the success of the economic development in the west, and is trying its best at mimicing it, and succeeding. In the movie, the tourists on the cruise ship serves as a symbol for China’s now pro-west mindset, while the development of the Three Gorges Dam serves as a symbol for China slowly letting go of the past, and allowing modernization to take over.

    • alegzdins 3:37 pm on February 26, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I think that the film is trying to imply that modernization comes at a cost. Modernization confronts the Chinese government with making decisions that will affect their people either beneficially or detrimentally. The Three Gorges Dam is the perfect example of this. The dam is beneficial to those who use the power that it generates and it’s detrimental to those who lived below the flood line and had to be relocated. This example also shows that the adaption of the Chinese is necessary for their modernization to continue. Their past traditions are becoming obsolete because of new technologies becoming available.
      Their growth pattern has somewhat started to mimic the Western pattern of growth because they are becoming more capitalistic. Consuming products, such as cars, has always been a way for the Western middle class to show their status; now the increasing Chinese middle class has started to do this as well. The increase in consumption by China requires an increase in production, which will lead to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Thus it would be better if the Chinese didn’t follow the Western model of over consumption but it’s hypocritical to say that they shouldn’t be able to consume however they want when Western nations do.

      • yongzhewang 10:34 pm on February 26, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        You raise a good point in that it would be better if the Chinese didn’t follow the western model of overconsumption. I can’t imagine a China which the average Chinese person consumes as much as the average American – the pollution in the populated areas of China is bad enough as it is. With that being said, it’s hard to imagine a China in the near future in which the average Chinese person DOESN’T have the western model of consumption. The government is almost forcing development in that direction, and this movie is a good example of some of the sacrifices that the average citizen will have to make in order to achieve that status.

      • clairegcrowther 9:21 pm on February 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your comparison to modernization in western cultures and the example of cars. An increase in production of cars increases availability, allowing more people to purchase cars. This allows for an increase in GHG emissions, and China already has a problem of this through their industrial processes.

      • adammarkus2 5:00 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        You end off on a very strong point mentioning a contrast between allowing and enabling. As you describe, the increase in per capita GDP for the Chinese middle class is growing which in turn is creating large demand for products previously bought and used by Westerners. Furthermore, this change has both positive and negative qualities. The positive is a greater (average) standard of living for relatively large group of people in the chinese middle class. This includes enabling access to many of the western world standards luxuries. The negative is the gross amount assets the chinese government are willing to give up to reach this level of modern living, which includes both physical and human capital. Wrecking cities and human suffering is considered an item of equal or lesser trade value the the Chinese government. Not only will modernity create destruction to the physical environment and the people in it but it will also affect the natural environment and everything in it. Should we allow this and can we control this is a good question and one that I think will only be answered with furutre technologies.

    • army1080 1:46 pm on February 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The film “Up the Yangtze” illustrated China’s embrace of the western pattern of growth. I think it was symbolic how children of the traditional Chinese culture were serving western tourists to make a living. It illustrated how the younger generation is forced to learn the ways of the modern world to ensure their survival as well as their families. Modernization in China will have severe consequences to many people. Damming of the Yangtze River is an excellent example; there will be 2 million people displaced by the flood waters resulting from the dam’s construction. Many of the displaced population formerly inhabited the area in traditional settlements; their income and food came from living off the land, they grew their own food and got their water from the river. After relocating they are now forced to pay for all of their food and water. With no skills to adapt to the modern way of life they have very few options for making a new life. It appears as though the Chinese government views this as a necessary progression to strengthen their economy. Modernization undoubtedly benefits China’s upper class but has negative impacts on various lower classes. It was surprising how little regard China’s government has for the lower class and those experiencing negative impacts from the progression of modernization. In Canada, government projects that negatively impact residents typically face enormous opposition and often result in settlements; the Canadian government must strive for a high level of morality and good conduct when proceeding with projects. This does not appear to be the case in China, there is a lack of respect for the common person and the environment. The past has clearly illustrated modernization will have drastic negative consequences when allowed to progress without ethical guidance; given China’s current stance on their ethical approach to modernizing the country I suspect there will be many more negative consequences.

      Craig Armstrong

      • rach510 9:16 pm on February 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your argument about the fact that how Damming the Yangtze River is destroying the population’s tradition upon that era and how young children have to sacrifice their own background knoweldge for adapting a western culture mind set. This process is seen as unavoidable, beacuse in the film, before the parents sent their children off, they were upset about how it seemed so powerless for them, and the only way for them to adapt to the modern way of life is through these process that generates such sacrifices upon thier tradition.

    • rach510 9:17 pm on February 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      In the film, modernization is define as being able to acquire a rapid advance in production, and can produce as many exports as possible to make profit for the country and also create the cycle of production and consumption that leads to a long term economic growth, but having the ability and access to do so, the country must pay the cost for doing so and deal with the consequences and negative impacts that might affect their society. The consequences of embracing the Western pattern of growth may only help China in the short time of production for making profits but in the long run, it would only cause negative impacts upon the country due to the fact that Western history production are completely different than the Chinese cultural history background. The modernization theory is said to identify five discreet stages of how countries around the world develop, but we have to consider the fact that this process is virtually impossible, because we cannot put every country into one model and ignore historical culture, for example, China’s embrace of a Western pattern of growth is not only causing increase of air pollution but also having to sacrifice citizens history belief to reach this status. Another critique towards this process is the fact that the environment does not fit in towards this theory at all, by following this method of rapidly expanding their industries, China had become the largest contributor to global CO2 emissions, just exceeding that of the United States. This consequence makes me wonder whether if it is a good thing when a first world nation such as the United States encourages countries such as China to strive to become as “developed” countries would have a good impact towards our environment. It is definitely good that there are more middle class people that can live a western style consumption habits and have increasing access to electricity, and people are living a more well-rounded life, but how will our planet be able to survive if one day everyone achieves to the stage of mass consumption according to the modernization theory?

      • dgibson 10:54 pm on February 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I really agree with your point that the process of modernization must be unique for each nation. It cannot be expected that all cultures and societies will follow the same path to economic success. The world could simply not sustain China reaching economic success and modernity via the same process as the Western world. I also like your point that a middle class is a positive thing. If there is a smaller gap between classes, it may be better for poverty in China. This is evidence for future economic success in China.

      • deuper 12:47 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        One important thing to keep in mind is that although China has become the largest contributor to global CO2 emissions, per capita they are lower. Its really easy to focus on their total emissions but once one considers just how many people actually live in the country it is a lot more reasonable. And for people living in developed countries who have benefited from exploiting resources, its easy to scrutinize the use of “dirty” energy by developing nations.
        -Douglas Euper

        • voyt92 6:00 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          I agree with what your saying how can we sustain life on this planet if one day every nation meets the stage of modernization? We should find better alternatives, I think every nation has a right to reach modernization, but at whose extent? It is hard to declare this and I think we as a whole should find methods that allow both countries to develop, but develop at a steady pace.

          -Haley Voytechek

    • dgibson 10:44 pm on February 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      “Up the Yangtze” demonstrates that there is a western definition of modernity. The director showed many Americans enjoying cruises along the Yangtze River. These American tourists were pleasantly surprised by the “progress” and “modernity” of the China they were viewing. The film’s demonstration of modernity has both positive and negative aspects. Even though Cindy was sad to leave her family, modernization allowed her to experience an opportunity that her parents could not provide. Her parents were living in a hut, couldn’t read or write, and had no money. Cindy’s job on the cruise ships allowed her to independently make an income and learn a different language. However modernization of the Three Gorges Dam to supply electricity for industry and the middle class is the cause of Cindy’s family to relocate.
      The Chinese are in an interesting position. They are becoming increasingly industrialized and are transitioning towards western modernity. They feel as though they deserve the same experience of modernity as the Western world. There is an increasing middle class and more consumerism. I do think that it would be easy to fall into the trap of heavy energy consumption and further consumption of oil, gas and coal in the future. However, I think that the Chinese should take an opportunity to learn from the flaws of Western modernization and energy consumption. Perhaps the Chinese can invest more money in cleaner energies and create its own definition of modernity.

      • army1080 10:48 am on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that the Chinese have the opportunity to improve on the current model of Western Modernization. If they recognize the flaws with the current system and choose to improve upon them, they will be in a good position to redefine what modernization is. If they decide to continue with the status quo I fear that over consumption will greatly contribute to the global energy shortage.

      • ngoossen 2:51 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree as well that Western Modernization’s flaws should be learned from and improved upon if other parts of the world are working towards a similar model.
        I also agree that the film shows both sides of modernization and doesn’t necessarily reach a clear conclusion on whether it is more good or damaging.

    • adammarkus2 11:00 pm on February 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The film, “Up the Yangtze,” shows that the means to reach a modern-state society can be devastatingly detrimental to many and advantageous to some. When the Chinese government thinks about modernization they think about energy power, not the health of their people. The great famine of the 1960s, which took the lives of almost 40 million, had long lasting effects on the China. However, starting in 1994, leaders of the Chinese empire made things even harder on their people by forcing millions to relocate in order to provide an everlasting source of renewable power. Building the Three Gorges Dam seemed to be a logical step in catching up to the capabilities of the west. Ultimately, the land that the people once knew was being harvested for a future China. As said by Mr.Yu, the farmer, “even my grandfather [wouldn’t] remember the china he once knew.” To the Chinese government the loss of innocent lives, destroyed infrastructure, lost culture, and the wrecking of a beautiful/prosperous landscape are just things considered as casualties of modernization. The actions of Chinese political leaders clearly show a disregard to the environmental catastrophe. As shown in the film, the Chinese are willing to give up their land in exchange for monetary power. Consequently, many people who once relied on this land are left with their pockets empty. Starvation, homelessness, and an untrusting population will continue to be major issues throughout China if they continue to exploit their lower class citizens and allow for a greater gap between the rich and the poor. Although China’s middle class is growing, the general consensus is derived from ill-informed, unconfident, and price sensitive buyers. To truly be modern, or even post modern, china must feed the “high and growing levels of environmental consciousness and awareness, especially among the more educated.” A move away from, what seems to be, a highly dictatorship governmental system and a push more towards the left is my suggestion. What’s yours?

    • clairegcrowther 11:18 pm on February 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The Three Gorges Dam was constructed to enable economic growth and modernization. However, it comes at the cost of the relocation of many citizens who lost their homes due to the flooding of the dam. This film shows the struggle of these displaced citizens, like the Yu family, who must sacrifice what little they have in order to help the nation prosper. China’s modernization was captured in the film in many ways. I believe one of the most powerful examples was how families living off the land along the Yangtze had to send a child to work on the cruise boats in order to send money back to their family, since their parents do not have the skill or education to do it themselves. Rapid modernization with the Three Gorges Dam does not allow much time for these families to find an alternative. Instead of attending high school to further her education, the Yu daughter must work in order for her family to survive. This example reveals that while the Three Gorges Dam may increase productivity, it comes at the consequence of displacing many people who have little if any alternatives.

      • saayadirlewanger 12:44 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your point on how the Chinese state acts according to its self-interest instead of being more conscientious about its citizens. This form of capitalism seems to have become the dominant way of thinking in China, and according to the attitudes from a one-child egocentric boy, it has been clear that the one child policy might not be as efficient a strategy as it can be thought. I also opine that, states should focus on the welfare and stability of its people rather that centralizing on the welfare of its GDP.

      • mwanzia 3:42 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I wonder if it’s worth it. Must development really come at the cost? When we think about how the West has progressed and where it has progressed from, I don’t think many would sacrifice where we are now and what we have so that others did not have to suffer. The same might be said for many Chinese who are benefitting from the Dam project. Would they sacrifice their own comfort for the comfort of others?

    • deuper 12:32 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Up the Yangtze is a great movie for displaying some of the struggles the people of China have faced as the country has tried to push towards being more modernized. Although the modernization has brought about significant inconvenience to many citizens, especially, the lower class because millions have had to relocate due to the construction of the Three Gorges Dam and are losing pretty much everything they had including their way of life. China obviously feels that these changes are necessary and obviously will help millions more than they are affecting. And while these changes are causing and allowing the people of China to raise their emissions per capita they are still lower than it is for North Americans even though the countries total emissions are higher. This is where the issue of state sovereignty arises because China should be able to benefit from their resources especially since the developed nations were able to do so without any scrutiny. I believe they should do so in a manner that would limit their emissions versuses if they were to do so as cheaply as possible. Doing so would not only be beneficial for the environment but also for the citizens because of the poor air conditions already.
      -Douglas Euper

      • pdawbney 5:09 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your comment that China should be able to benefit from their own resources, especially considering the fact that developed nations have previously done this. However, I believe it is a difficult point to argue, as we now possess the knowledge about the patterns and causes of global warming, and it would extremely careless to let it carry on unchecked.

    • saayadirlewanger 12:46 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The documentary has allowed the spectator to provide the cognizance on how the 21st century has come to pressure the Chinese states (though it is applicable to the world as well) to follow the path of modernization if they want to see an acceleration in their economic power. Throughout the film, it has been possible to perceive the ways in which China has come to endorse the Western type of modernization. I have felt that this has especially been put forth by the contrasting effects the camera uses from showing a poor and low standard living environment to a developed, middle-class urban centre, as well as juxtaposing the differences between the conditions where the daughter of the Yu family works in with the dining area where the tourists enjoy their vacation, together with their lack of adversity in granting tips to these young Chinese workers. The movie seems to be willing to show the viewer that in China, seeking capital is more important than the pursuit of ‘personal happiness’. As a matter of fact, there is a need to acknowledge that many individuals are against capitalist projects, such as the Three Gorges Dam ‘wealth provider’ since it results in millions of people needing to be relocated elsewhere. However, since many Chinese families cannot afford education for their children and their need to be financially supported, many individuals of the future generation have in mind that ‘money is what will make their happy’. This is proved by the contentment of the boy Jerry by receiving 30 dollars from a tourist. By receiving the fund, he seems to develop his greediness even further and start thinking that money is the ‘power of happiness’ and if other youngsters start thinking in the same way, it will be very likely for the next Chinese generation to become an even more energy and capital hungry society, that will result in more environmental and social degradations, which could possibly result in conflicting domains in the long run if this idea of capitalism is not eroded.

    • mwanzia 2:40 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      One of the major consequences that the Chinese have to face due to modernization is the displacement of people, and all of the subsequent problems that may arise from it. Families, just like the one that was featured in “Up the Yangtze”, feel the need to send their children off to work at an early age so that the family will have enough money to get by, thus the child misses out on receiving a full education not to mention the enjoyment of youth and freedom. It is also difficult to adapt to a new way of life, and as the instructor on the ship mentioned to his students, living in a modernized city means learning English. Learning a whole new language that is completely separate from one’s native language is a difficult task, but is a skill that could be very useful in a developed country.
      The Chinese government had a difficult choice to make when considering the Three Gorges Dam project because while it would directly affect the lives of around 2,000,000 people or so, it could turn out to be a huge success for China in the long run and perhaps that is what is more important. The project itself could affect millions of people all over China in the long-term, while only a portion would be affected in the short-term. This film shows that China not only wants to adapt the Western pattern of growth, but to exceed it.

    • ngoossen 3:06 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Modernization means a change from old to new, which means that they have to sacrifice old ways in order to become more “modern,” in the Western sense of the word. One example of this is when the narrator says how one of the villages that needs to be relocated is the birth place of a great General from the People’s Liberation Army who started off as a peasant. As China modernizes, this town will be lost along with a lot of the history that went with it.

      On a side note, I love the irony of the Western tourists. The narrator comments how he feels they are here to see an old world version of China that no longer exists, yet when the tourists are interviewed they are pleased with how modern and “Western” China is becoming (which is cause for much of their culture to be gone).

      • selenerose 8:11 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Great point about the tourists! It almost seems ironic how people can come in as outsiders and comment how good it is that a country is losing its tradition.

    • yuyu 5:27 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      In the movie “Up the Yangtze”, modernization was shown in both aspects of the development of new culture, as well as the obsolescence of the old lifestyles. The children shown in the documentary try their best to succeed and adapt themselves to the modernized society. The young girl earned a chance of learning English and experienced the way of working in the service industry, but I do not think this would have been possible if her family had kept on as an agricultural family.
      The poor and the elderly are having a difficult time because they are deprived of their land, home, work, through the expansion of Yangtze river, and they too, have to adapt to the new “modernized” culture. Due to less rainfalls, they would not be able to support their family only with agriculture, and need to do some extra work.

      Personally, the talk between tourists and the Chinese guide seemed silly because the tourists were asking whether everyone gets to live in the new house, and the guide just concluded by saying “all (the people) are happy”. The guide also said “seeing is believing”, which implies that the negative consequences of modernization is hidden in China.

    • voyt92 5:55 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I think in the film “Up the Yangtze,” we are able to see how modernization has taken a tole on China. We are able to realize that modernization comes with a price. The term modernization can be defined as “to accept or adopt modern ways, ideas, or style.” China has begun to develop Western pattern habits. However, the consequences of developing the Western pattern of growth may only help China in a short for making profits but in the long run, it would cause a lot of negative impacts upon its nation because Western history production are completely different than that of the Chinese. China’s embrace of a Western pattern of growth is having both a negative effect on air population, and as well as the Chinese citizens. Researchers estimate that the resulting air pollution causes over a million premature deaths a year. Every sense the Chinese have developed Western habits, there has been a significant difference in CO2 emissions, As of the year 2005, China has become the largest contributor to global carbon dioxide, exceeding that of the United States. If developing countries continue to modernize themselves like Western Countries, will our societies sustain life and growth? Will we be able to handle such a huge uptake in CO2 emissions?

      • voyt92 5:56 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        -Haley Voytechek

      • yuyu 6:13 pm on March 4, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I do agree to your point that the modernization in China is actually polluting the natural environment. I thought that the Chinese government developed the Yangtze dam to increase energy and reduce CO2 emissions, but actually the system of hydroelectric generation was said to destroy the natural life cycle of the river, leading to further environmental problems. The Chinese government and corporations should be more conscious about environmental issues .

    • pdawbney 6:00 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I think that the film “Up the Yangtze” was very informative and educational about how the modernisation of China is affecting its poorer residents. I was quite moved by the scene where Yu Shui’s parents were explaining to her why she had to go and work on the ship instead of following her dreams to go to University. It shows the stark difference there is between the older and younger generations; in the sense of what level of industrial modernisation they grew up in. The parents seemed quite upset that they did not have the skills to survive in the new environment, as if they would be willing to learn to move with the times. While the relocation of her family was certainly a negative product of the construction of the dam, I believe that it is incredibly positive that Yu Shui was given the change to work on the ship, as she had the chance to improve her English, which will open many doors for her in the modern world/the modern China. I believe that China will follow in the footsteps of developed countries towards a Western way of life, and I believe that, in general, it will be a positive move for the country.

    • selenerose 8:09 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I thought “Up The Yangtze” was a great documentary because it cleverly displayed the conflict between China’s traditional way of life among its citizens and the modernization that is taking over the country. It was easy to feel sympathy for the woman who had her home and family on the edge of the river which ended up getting destroyed since the dam caused the water level to rise so high. Seeing that made me feel like it was wrong to try to industrialize every part of China, but on the other hand the modernization has to increase to match the growing, global demand for exports. I think that the industrialization of China is not entirely a bad thing. It will, and has already, created a better functioning country with more opportunities for citizens to take up jobs and start their own businesses. This will lead to a more exponential growth in the economy for China. On an environmental view point this is not so positive because an increase in industrialization would equal an increase in its already high pollution rates. It also means that China’s traditional way of life is getting swept away in the modern revolution. “Up The Yangtze” depicted that development very well with the Chinese family on the river having their home get flooded. Change can bring good, but with it sometimes comes sadness.

      • alegzdins 8:57 pm on February 28, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that the change depicted in the movie was very sad. I felt very sorry for the girl’s parents who are in a situation where they don’t have enough education to survive in a modern era and for her who can’t follow her dreams because her family doesn’t have enough money. Even though the production of the Three Gorges Dam destroyed their home, it has forced them to move forward into the modern era which will eventually be beneficial. It was just hard to imagine that time while watching the movie.

  • Tina Loo 9:43 am on November 29, 2010 Permalink | Log in to leave a Comment  

    Week 9 Wall 

    Edward Burtynsky: Envisioning Industrial Metabolism

    The Canadian photographer Edward Burtynsky has made a career of photographing the inputs and outputs of industrialized societies: production, consumption, and waste. There is an excellent film, called Manufactured Landscapes, documenting his work—if you can rent it, it’s worth watching. If not, have a look at the following selections of his photography: China (manufacturing, recycling), Ships (ship breaking, ship recycling), and Oil (extraction, transportation). Post your reactions below!

     
    • yongzhewang 12:33 am on March 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      After looking at the three sections given, as well as some of the other sections in his site, two things stand out to me the most – the extent of the role that technology plays in the modern day life, and our ability to utilize both the old and the new for future purposes. Looking at the pictures of manufacturing in China, and from reading multiple articles about the subject as a hobby, it’s easy to recognize the importance of “people power” in economic development. Technology and production of new technology plays a vital role in making our world fresh and new, and gives us something to look forward to in the future. Likewise, the pictures of oil extraction and transportation also support that fact. The usage of fossil fuels has only started in the past century and a bit, yet it has become an essential part of life in the developed world. If any proof is needed, one can simply take a look at the steps that western governments will take to protect oil interests in other parts of the world – but that’s a whole other topic altogether. Either way, the pictures accurately depicts how western society is almost completely integrated with the consumption of fossil fuels, which is something alarming, considering it is something which is limited and will run out in the not so distant future. On the other side of the spectrum, the pictures from Ships and recycling in China gives us a much brighter outlook on human ingenuity, more specifically our ability to use and reuse. The ships/recycling pictures show us how we can take something which has already been used and considered useless by some people, to disassemble and be turned into something useful in the future. The oil pictures also help prove that fact, as fossil fuels are simply decomposed organic matter which have undergone transformations over a long period of time. Either way, the pictures were actually quite enjoyable to go through, even the ones not assigned for this specific response.

      • cadams9 1:39 pm on March 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I too enjoyed going through the photos. I also saw the role that technology plays in our everyday lives. It was also occurred to me that everything will keep growing with growing technology, and it does not seem as though we are going to stop anytime soon. I think it is in our human nature to want more and more than we can have. This is shown in these pictures cause everything just continues to get bigger and better. I like what you said about the recycling of the ships and the ship parts. Recycling is a great part of pushing our planet to be more green and I was glad to see those pictures in there.

    • cadams9 1:50 pm on March 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The thing that stood out to me in these pictures was the mass amount of everything. Whether it was the roads or the recycling parts. Everything was huge. I think the human mind wants more and more. The world today is creating things that are just bigger and better than the previous one. What stands out the most in this is electronics. New phones, new computers, everything is beating out the last one. These pictures caused me to think of what life was like 100 years ago. If we showed someone back then a picture of these roads they would tell us we were crazy. We see pictures of people flying around in cars. We think that is crazy but is it actually too far away? These pictures were enjoyable to go through and mad me think a lot more of the masses of everything that is produced. Also the mass amounts of people that were on the production lines, they almost looked like robots.

      • pdawbney 3:57 pm on March 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your comment that everything Edward Burtynsky photographs is on an enormous scale. The scale of these projects in Canada is so much larger than those I am used to seeing in England, and this really stood out for me.

      • clairegcrowther 10:19 pm on March 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with what you said about how humans constantly want to improve what they having, always wanting more. As you mentioned, with advancements in electronics, things have been made possible that we would not even consider a century ago. Even thinking about the camera that captured these incredible pictures in not only shows an advancement in electronics, but enables us to see moments like these around the world.

      • army1080 11:33 am on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Your point about how the previous generation would view these pictures made me think about how we will view future images. Our population continues to increase meaning we will require larger and a more massive quantity of what we already have. Will we be able to handle our future growth?

    • pdawbney 4:18 pm on March 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The first thing that struck me when viewing these photographs was how beautiful they all are, despite the fact that they are depicting scenes where man has altered nature (a change which has negative and ugly connotations.) Even the rail-cuts seem like they fit quite well into the side of the mountains, and I believe that the architects were mindful of changing the landscape as little as possible.
      However, when I ventured further through the sections and viewed the “oil” and “transportation” pictures, my opinion definitely changed. I believe one of the most powerful pictures shows a parking lot in Houston, Texas. The sheer number of cars is shocking, as is the way that they are displayed in such an orderly fashion, which is so unnatural and so HUMAN. I also find the “end of oil” pictures quite upsetting, as oil fields have just been abandoned, leaving the landscape permanently scarred due to the exploitation of what nature put there.
      I believe that Edward Burtynsky’s project is an incredibly effective medium through which people can visualize the way that nature is being transformed by industry. Many people turn a blind eye to these shocking effects as they have become accustomed to, and comfortable with, the consumer lifestyle of the Western World.
      I think Edward Burtynsky’s quote (taken from the statement/bio page) summaries this quite well:
      “They (the images) search for a dialogue between attraction and repulsion, seduction and fear. We are drawn by desire – a chance at good living, yet we are consciously or unconsciously aware that the world is suffering for our success.”

      • selenerose 8:31 pm on March 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with you that “many people turn a blind eye” when it comes to destroying parts of our planet, but Burtnsky’s photographs force you to see the problem in perspective of how large and shocking it really is.

      • dgibson 12:30 am on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I was also really bothered by the end of oil photos. Any instance where there is an abandonment of industry is so horrifying. Oil extraction has completely changed the landscape of these areas. Perhaps changing the use of the land, making efforts to clean it up or restore ecosystems would be more useful. That’s a great quote and I definitely felt those emotional tug-of-wars when I was viewing the images.

    • selenerose 8:31 pm on March 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      All of Edward Burtynsky’s photographs are very striking to look at. They capture the eye with their bright colours, crowded scenes or vast shapes. It is disturbing how the beauty of most of these pictures is a result of human destruction to natural land, such as the rock cliffs that have been sliced into in a zig zag pattern, or even just the colonization of civilization such as in the photos of the city with all the overpasses crossing one another. When living in a city it is often difficult to really get a sense of how big it is and what it looks like from the outside. I think what makes Burtynsky’s photography so inviting to look at is the fact that he puts large abstractions, such as a massive city, into an easier to see perspective. From an outsider view, we can see the flaws of such modernization and how it is polluting the environment and disrupting other species’ natural habitats. Along the lines of gaining perspective, the photo of the pink-dressed factory workers standing in rows at the assembly line gives the viewer a chance to see a sight they often don’t consider. Many people purchase items that are made in some sort of factory or sweat shop, but they don’t actually think about what kind of an environment that is. Burtynsky opens people’s eyes the situations that often aren’t given the same amount of attention as a pretty sunset, but are equally as captivating.

      • rach510 9:24 pm on March 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with you on how Burtynsky really focuses on putting facts into large abstractions for us to easy understand and grasps the main points of these photos. And I agree with the fact how these photos really captures the modernization process and how it is polluting the environment and disrupting the society!

      • adammarkus2 8:41 pm on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I like how you talk about how the photographs are inviting. I feel the same way. Burtynsky really enables the viewer to grasp the reality of current social, political, environmental issues. He questions our current lack of sustainable activities and considers the damage of our future society.

      • yongzhewang 2:21 am on March 8, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        It’s true that people often don’t think about where there things come from. If you think about it, considering a good 80-90% of our daily made products are made from the workshops pictured in China (some in better conditions, some in worse of course), it really opens our eyes how much we take some of the stuff we have for granted.

    • rach510 9:20 pm on March 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Taking a closer look at Edward Burtynsky’s work, what truly fascinates me the most in these photos is the emphasis on the amounts of materials that is being produced. As you glance at all these photos, all of the products, manufacture goods, boats or recyclable wastes are all piled up numerously! These pictures truly show how China is striving its best to accomplish and become a “developed” nation by producing more and more of the world’s good and have eventually lead off in becoming the habitat for a diverse group of companies and millions of busy workers. These pictures demonstrates the speed in which China is rapidly developing and how it’s desire in becoming the central role of global supply chain in our world today. These pictures also show how technologies take such a vast proportion of our world industry today, and how mass production simply cannot work without the reliance on sources of new technology. But as I look through these photos, I also realize the sad and negative impact in which these industries are doing to the country, as described in one of the descriptions “China’s youthful peasant population is quickly abandoning traditional extended family village life”, this shows how families may be forced to change their ancient living styles and are demanded to adapt to this new modern society’s practices. With all these industrial factories, the waste that is being exposed to the environment is also massively destructive. This not only creates a negative impact towards China’s environment but also harming the health of workers, such as the process of decomposing and recycling E-waste that exposes workers and also the environment to great amounts of toxic elements. Through these pictures, what really amazed me is how China is growing so rapidly but also concerns me on how these impacts of industries could harm greatly their own society and the environment around them.

    • clairegcrowther 11:29 pm on March 5, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      What struck me the most in these photos was the amount of everything- from the recycled wires and phone dials to the very size of the ships. The ships got me thinking of the barges that come in and out of Vancouver’s port everyday, from a variety of places. All these barges require resources to make them (made by machines and people), are carrying a large quantity of resources themselves, as well as fossil fuels to power them across vast oceans. The variety of products offered to us in this city are made possible by fossil fuels- to transport the goods, as well as produce the very goods themselves. The amount of goods offered in the city of Vancouver alone is hard to imagine- let alone the amount of imports and exports of China.
      After looking through these photos, I realized how little of the natural environment was captured. This shows the significance of industrialization and development, and it’s effect on our world.

      • ngoossen 11:35 am on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        The ships also got me thinking of the ships that come into Vancouver, and in particular lead me to think about the stacks of shipping crates that are stacked up by the Knight Street Bridge. The mass quantity in one area alone also struck me when I thought of that being multiplied throughout the world.

    • dgibson 12:25 am on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I found these images beautiful but with an underlying darkness. The photographs of recycling in China were incredible. I found it really interesting that recycling has been turned into an industry in China. However, it was troubling that the western world was trading toxic electronics to be recycled in China instead of filling landfills in the West. I find this is quite disturbing because the energy wasted transporting waste completely defeats the point of recycling. This is also another example of the west living in a luxurious consumer society and damaging developing countries. The second group of photos that intrigued me were of the oil sands in Alberta. These images hit closer to home and issues that I feel strongly about. Oil extraction in the oil sands is an extremely ecologically damaging process. To make matters worse, there will be construction of the Northern Gateway West Line to move crude oil from Alberta to Kitimat. The intention is to trade this oil in Asian markets. Construction of this pipeline may damage many valuable and vulnerable ecosystems such as the Great Bear Rainforest. The extraction of fossil fuels from the oil sands fits with Crosby’s view of human history. We are letting our hunger for energy take priority over the environment. The pipeline will further contribute greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change.

    • army1080 11:20 am on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The photos that had the greatest impact on me were the transportation photos from Los Angeles. Having just written a paper on the effects of single occupancy vehicles on the environment, the photos supported my argument that single occupancy vehicles have played a major role in rising global temperatures. The volume of traffic flow required to instigate projects of that scale is mind boggling. The amount of money, resources and land that has been consumed in facilitating this transportation network goes to prove the importance of vehicular travel in the US. We all know that the automobile is responsible for a large portion of global CO2 emissions, these pictures represent the effort that some Cities have gone through to facilitate its use. Also illustrated is how the automobile has contributed to extensive urban sprawl. Los Angeles is the City developed around the automobile. Roads were developed and suburbs expanded around them. The end result is a million vehicles on a million roads meeting at a million intersections. It is impressive in terms of the engineering and the resilience of man to overcome the constraints that nature imposed. But it is also a representation of how misguided principles can result in our ingenuity being quite destructive. I think the overall message from all the pictures is that we need to pay attention to what we are doing. The common theme of the photos is that they capture the resultant image from an industrial process. Although it is impressive what we can build the end result is often ugly.

      • alegzdins 11:54 am on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I hadn’t thought about the transportation photos in the way that you described but I totally agree with your analysis. The way some cities have been developed makes cars a necessity instead of an option. Showing how intricate the roads are just shows our dependence on them which makes these feats feel more depressing than impressive.

    • alegzdins 11:27 am on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      I did not have a chance to watch the film Manufactured Landscapes but I did look at most of Edward Burtynsky’s photographs and they were very moving. The way he frames his photos really shows the sheer volume of products that are produced, consumed, and recycled in our industrialization society. Another thing I noticed about his photos was that they showed how human development has shaped the landscape; from building railway tracks, to roads, to factories. One photo that really struck me was of the chicken processing plant in China where all of the workers were wearing pink and the rows of them went as far back as you could see. To think of the number of people who have given up their previous lifestyles to become workers in this factory is mindboggling. It reminds me of the English Industrial Revolution where everyone went to work in a factory to keep the manufacturing going. The question of how ethically the factories treat their workers now as opposed to then comes into question. Are the workers being paid fair wages? Or are they taking whatever is offered because they have no other options? Another photo that really struck me was the photo of the rigs extracting oil in California. To hear the fact that about eighty million barrels of oil are produced each day is very hard to envision, but to see the rigs used to produce just a small fraction of that really put it into perspective for me. The damage that is being done to the land just so we can have the easiest and most efficient lives possible is nuts.

    • ngoossen 11:49 am on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The photos of the oil fields reminded me of the tunnels that many ants make (). It’s striking the similarities between how tunnels are essential to how they live and how much we rely on oil. it’s where ants are sheltered, store food, reproduce, etc. For us, oil is an essential part of our lives. It fuels the trucks, ships, planes, etc. that bring us products and food, and often times those products are made using oil in one way or another. Almost everything is either made from oil or requires oil to reach us.
      The recycling pictures looked more like junk yard pictures than the idea of recycling in a more Western sense that I have in my head. When I think of recycling I think of the green triangle symbol or clean, empty plastic containers, so seeing stacks and rows of old machinery and parts wasn’t necessarily shocking, but it contrasted my usual imagery on recycling.

      • saayadirlewanger 3:32 pm on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I found your point interesting on how looking at the pictures could make you aware of how much oil we use, and I have felt the same. It is true that oil is important in our every lives, we find them everywhere from the transports to the products we use. Besides, I liked your perception on how these images offered you another insight of the recycling system. It is true that these photographs do not show the stereotyped images of what Western people think, but actually represent the other realities present in the world (in an artistic way), and I think this is a good way to put environmental awareness to those who see Edward B.’s work and it might as well allow people to react for the protection of the environment?

    • saayadirlewanger 1:46 pm on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Throughout my observation of the photographs taken by Edward Burtynsky , I have felt like the latter wanted to represent some form of ‘oxymoron’ within his own pictures. By saying that, I insinuate that when the images are perceived at first sight, it is possible to feel a kind of aesthetic beauty. This can be identified with the vibrant colours that are being emphasised in his photos, as well as the position in which Edward B. takes the snapshots, where the element photographed always appears to make the observer think about the meaning of it. On the other hand to this artistic side of the photograph, there is another more obscure and realistic side of it. This is the way in which these portraits can, I could feel, represent some form of irony. It seems like Edward B. wanted to show how human actions, that are especially coming from the process of industrialization and monetization, has led the current world into a slave-like, power-hungry and economically greedy society. The way he allows one’s mind to think this way can be thought of being as a consequence of the ways in which he makes all or at least, most of his depictions as if they were surreal, as if coming from a world of fantasy, as well as making one to think that these images are coming from a science fiction movie. By representing his pictures in this way, I believe that each individual will be able to reflect on what they saw and compare it to their real life surrounding. Although not every person on earth will be able to claim that they live in such a ‘world of originality’; nevertheless, it will be possible for this individual to make connections with how these actions and consequences showed through Edward B.’s photos can be linked to the environment we all live in.

      • mwanzia 4:42 pm on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Your response reminds me of the way many people responded to the picture of fields, and the same picture with Vandana Shiva’s quote written on it. It’s difficult to have a negative reaction to some of these pictures at first because we are geared to think that some of those constructions and practices are beautiful or just a normal way of life when in reality, they are just representative of our uncontrollable and destructive urge to build and expand no matter the cost.

    • mwanzia 4:36 pm on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      If there was ever any doubt in anyone’s mind about the human tendency to move towards growth and expansion, it cannot possibly exist after seeing Edward Burtynsky’s photography. Even if I had previously known how capable humans are, I was still stunned to see it visually before me. The pictures concerning oil caught my attention the most, especially the one taken in Bangladesh with the men standing among oil barrels, the ground below them smothered in it. It’s funny because when I see hundreds of cars and airplanes side by side, it still seems organized and contained, not much of an issue. However, seeing it in such a raw state is fascinating because the reality of it is unsettling. That may have been Burtynsky’s objective, to show the viewer images that they see everyday in a different light, and images that the viewer doesn’t get to see for exposure. It makes me wonder whether we have the ability to restrain ourselves, to be satisfied with what we have instead of always yearning for something larger, better and more “developed”.

      • yuyu 10:17 pm on March 12, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Truly we do not get to see this kind of images because corporations do not intend to show the consumers or customers to show the reality. Today, it is possible for people to make CG graphics of such pictures like hundreds of cars or airplanes, but seeing it actually as a photograph does have a large impact.

    • yuyu 4:48 pm on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Looking through some of the pictures, I felt astonished by how the contrast of people, products, machines, and all the consequences of industrialization could actually make “landscapes”. Also, I do think it is important to actually have a chance to actually visualize the human impact on the environment. The pictures from oil extraction plants was most interesting for me, in terms that a paved plain is continuing forever with hundreds of pumps sucking up oil. This signs of industrialization is very interesting, because it seems to show how humans took over the nature and totally changed the landscape. People have progressed their industry and technology so that they could conquer nature, but they must realize that humans are actually the ones who are altering the nature and the landscape.

      • deuper 5:26 pm on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that it’s really important for people to actually visualize the human impact on the environment and that’s part of the reason why these photos are so moving. We are so busy in our daily lives that we never stop to think what the consequences are and the photos really take advantage of this opportunity to show people.
        -Douglas Euper

    • voyt92 5:03 pm on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Looking at the pictures and how they are divided into three sections, the sections that stood out to me is the ” oil” and “nature transformed.” In the section oil we can see three different forms of transportation. Which include boat, car and plane. When we looking at these forms of transportation we can see how they relate too the other two sections; however, the section that stood out to me would be “nature transformed” we can see how the use of oil has transformed our nature… when we look at the pictures we can see the damaging effect CO2 emissions can have on nature and its landscapes. Edward Burtynsky has captured the effects of emissions perfectly through his pictures.

    • deuper 5:22 pm on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      All of the photos by Edward Burtynsky are very grasping. One cannot simply ignore the changes humans have caused to our natural environment when viewing the various sections the way we are able to do in our everyday lives. The photos made me, and probably many others who consume beyond a sustainable level, really think about the implications our actions are having upon the environment. The photos of the oil sands are interesting to look at along with the oil fields but the process of extracting the oil and using the oil are having such negative impacts on the earth that it’s hard not to feel slightly disgusted and have a momentary will to change our ways. The sections of recycling were also eye opening to see how something most of us would see as complete junk are of value to others and some people actually try to make a living by finding and collecting scrap metal and such. In addition to the recycling photos, the fact that China recycles many countries electronic waste and the workers in these factories have exposed themselves and the surrounding environment to many harmful elements such as lead and mercury is quite concerning and should not have carried on for as long as it did.
      -Douglas Euper

    • adammarkus2 8:33 pm on March 6, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Edward Burtynsky is an artist. Furthermore, he is a creator of representation, and an architect of meaning and emotion. As he says, he attempts to “lead with images.” To elaborate, he believes that the images he captures have stronger influences in facilitating change compared to the illustration of these images through other mediums. Time and change is a common theme in his portfolio of work. Through his work, he attempts to depict the effects of industry on nature. He captures the breadth of consumerism through its causes on the visible landscape. Emotions of panic and repulsion, I assume, are common reactions to his pieces. What I see in his photography is a cliché of the word “sustainability.” To define this term he captures the opposite spectrum: desolation and death. Burtynsky questions our current view of sustainability. He shows areas of our world that have become unlivable or undesirable under the influence of modernization. Though the pictures he shows the mistakes that human kind have made and continue to make.
      In a video, which was show at TED talks, Burtynsky shows a Chinese assembly line worker putting something together. He explains that people in these position work 10-hour days doing monotonous work. Furthermore, he talks about how industrialization of the manufacturing industry has only made it easier to exploit such people. As he says, we have not used this change in technology to replace such activities, but rather made it simpler to commodify.

  • Tina Loo 9:42 am on November 29, 2010 Permalink | Log in to leave a Comment  

    Week 11 Wall 

    The Organic City

    Read this account from the New York Times about “The offal and piggery nuisances”, a raid on pig-keepers, in 1859.

    What sort of broader contexts do we need in order to understand what’s going on in this article? Who is behind the crackdown on piggeries? Who gains and who loses with the passage of sanitary laws that forbid pig-keeping the city? Think about how the following concepts interact in the article: social class, smell, health, and authority.

     
    • alegzdins 7:52 pm on March 19, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      To understand this article we require more context about the living conditions of the city and how many people supported moving and destroying the piggeries. Since the Commissioner of Health and the Superintendent of Sanitary Inspection were the leaders of the raid, I think that it was probably for the good of the city. However, how the group of men went about destroying all of the pens even after the pigs were gone seemed excessive to me. I think that the destruction was to prove the point that the upper class had more power and authority than the lower class; especially since the lower class lost from the passage of the sanitary laws, while the upper classes gained. With the removal of the piggeries, the smell and disease that went along with them was removed, freeing up more desirable land upon which the city could expand into. I also think that the poor class were the losers in this situation because their livelihoods and sources of food were taken away from them during the raid probably without any form of compensation.

      • cadams9 12:18 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with you with reference to the removal of the pigs being excessive. I also like the point that the upper class gains.They gain because they have more power. Usually the upper class gains because they have more power and also more money. This is usually the same in the world today. The Government can do what they feel. For instance a new highway going through Delta was put in through peoples property whether they liked it or not.

      • pdawbney 4:59 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I also agree with the comment you made about the removal of the pigs being excessive – particularly that you attributed this to the upper classes demonstrating their power and dominance. I think the issues of higher class dominance is a central theme of this article.

    • deuper 8:34 pm on March 19, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      In order to have a better understanding of this article I think we need a better understanding of how many people were affected by the side effects of piggeries in a city and the how easy or difficult it was for these pig farmers to adjust to a new way of life. The people in charge of the crackdown and that carried through with the plans was the Superintendent of Sanitary Inspections, Health Wardens, Meat Inspectors, policemen and several other groups of men. It is not clear whether or not these groups of men were the ones to start the movement against piggeries, but I believe that the people who were likely the biggest advocates of removing piggeries and offal-boilers were the rich upper class. I believe this because of who are the winners and losers of these sanitary laws. By the sounds of the article, there were no rich people that had piggeries, only the poor people owned and were willing to live in the same quarters with these animals. The rich undoubtedly gained from these laws because with the removal of piggeries the revolting smell and a large contributor to the unsanitary conditions within the city were gone. Although there is limited information in the article, from my perspective the actions taken show how authority and the upper social class can mirror one anothers intentions making it seem like there is something necessarily wrong with being poor.
      -Douglas Euper

      • alegzdins 1:29 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that we’re missing a large amount of background information to fully understand the implications of the pig raids, but that the upper class was most likely the winners. I think that the raid gives the impression that keeping animals in the home for food is shameful not showing that there is something wrong with being poor.

    • clairegcrowther 9:57 pm on March 19, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      To better understand the issue at hand in the article, I think we need to know how big of an inconvenience the piggeries were, and if getting rid of them was worth having to put many out of employment. It is clear in the article that it was people of a lower class who ran the piggeries, and that it was a nuisance to people of higher class. Because the people of the higher class had more power, they were able to get rid of the piggeries. The people with the authority were the Commissioner of Health, and the Superintendent of Sanitary Inspection who had City Inspectors backed by police to get rid of the piggeries as they were an inconvenience to those of higher class. According to the article, they gave only a few days notice to the piggeries to get rid of their hogs, and if they didn’t the police and inspectors would intrude. Not only did they take the pigs away, but they destroyed the buildings too. Today it would not be justified to destroy homes and places of work because of a mere inconvenience to society, especially since no alternatives or aid were given to those who lost their main source of income.

      • rach510 10:05 pm on March 19, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that the Heath Inspectors only gave the farmers few days notice before intruding into their barns which shows that lower class farmers had fewer rights, but in a way the commissioner of health is doing so only for considering the health of the citizens, but its just the way they are dealing with the situation is seem as if they are taking advantage and not making any considerations of the poor farmers.

    • rach510 10:00 pm on March 19, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      By taking a closer look at the article, in order to have a more in depth understand of the situation we must acknowledge and understand the location and background of this town. One thing that strike me first through the reading is how poorly sanitized and unorganized these pigpens are, which brings a concern to me that if these pigs were produced and being sold off to butcher shops and how pigs in these circumstances may have an increase chance of catching diseases that may later on affect human’s health when consuming these products. The ones that are behind the crackdown on piggeries are the higher elites such as the health inspectors, policemen in the town. As described that most pig pens were torn down and pigs of these peasants were sent to the pound. Through description of the article it showed that people who owned these piggeries farm lived in poor condition which states that majority of the pig owners were most likely lower class farmers. “The odors thereabouts were decidedly disagreeable” represent that unsanitary environment of the pig pens, which connects to an assumption that farmers too were living in poor conditions having to withstand this environment. I personally believe no one loses with the passage of sanitary laws that forbid pig keeping in the city because I think everyone has their own benefits, even though farmers may not be able to acquire their usual income, but at some case they wouldn’t have to suffer and live in such conditions. If it was through a better way of reconstructing this problem, I thought maybe a better solution was to improve the environmental circumstances of these pig farms rather than destroying them and forcing farmers to move out of their quarters for the expansion of the city.

      • yongzhewang 10:06 pm on March 19, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        In my opinion, it is much easier for the authorities to simply shut it down and force the people whom raised the pigs to get them out. They can easily set a timeline, and don’t have to worry about assisting the pig farmers financially or physically if they require help with whatever “improvement” methods they could come up with. In the end, it all comes to incentive, and there is just no incentive for the people ranked above the commoners to waste their time to help them out.

      • clairegcrowther 8:44 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with what you said about finding a better solution than completely destroying the farmers pig pens and abandoning them. Perhaps some aid in finding alternate employment or helping them make their piggeries more sanitary.

    • yongzhewang 10:04 pm on March 19, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      In order to understand what’s going on in this article, we need to either 1: understand the scale of the problem and the impact it has on the neighbours of the offenders and the offenders themselves, or 2: visualize the impact of the offense. Either way, it’s hard to grasp fully the impact of the pig hold to the community and the families themselves just through text themselves, especially when the text itself is hard to read. Behind the crackdown was the Superintendent of Sanitary Inspection, Commissioner of Health, and a bunch of policemen. With relatively high level ranks being involved in the action, it seems to suggest that this was supported by the upper class residents of the city, while not so much with the lower to middle class. With the action, most of the benefits goes to the upper class people, as they don’t have to deal with the smell, sanitation, sounds, and overall annoyingness of the dirty pig shacks. On the other hand, the lower to middle class people whom raised these pigs had their sources of livelyhood damaged, as selling 50-200+ heads of pig isn’t easy to do given the 3 days time they had, and the article stated how some of the pigs died as well – that’s money they can ill afford to lose. Either way, the action symbolized the triumph of the powerful over the powerless, in a way which we will rarely see today in western society – the rules of law will no longer just let the police randomly decide to take away our property without VERY good reasons. As we do not fully know the scale of the intrusiveness of the event, we can pass very little judgement on whether it was a justified removal.

      • dgibson 3:51 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with you that it is very difficult to reach a conclusion of whether these actions were justified. There is a lot of context missing from this article to completely understand the social situation. I don’t know if it’s fair to make a conclusion that the upper class were just using their power to rid of the gross piggeries. I think that these actions were driven by the worth of the land and the desire for more by the upper class.

    • voyt92 10:24 am on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      To understand the article more fully we need a better understanding of the what exactly is going on in this town. We need to understand how this town was effected by the piggeries. Piggeries were seen as an inconvenience, because they were not sanitary, yet if they were to get rid of them many would be left unemployed. It seemed that it was more of annoyance to the people of the upper class than to the people of the lower class, due to the fact that the lower class were the ones in charge of these piggeries. They were told they had a couple of days to take care of this piggeries problem and if they didn’t Police would become involved. If they didn’t take care of this problem than buildings and farms would become destroyed. It is clear to me after reading the article that the upper class had more authority of those in the lower class. In today society I would hope this would not happen, I would hope that no home or farm would be destroyed because of this “piggeries” case.

      -Haley Voytechek

      • mwanzia 4:20 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I also feel that they didn’t have enough time to get rid of the pigs, and that this was definitely a problem raised by the upper class more than anyone else. The problems of those in power are always prioritized, and that is something that hasn’t changed in many places today.

    • yuyu 10:42 am on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      In order to understand the full context of this article, we do need a better understanding of why piggeries were taken place in such an urban area, and why they must be removed. The article simply said “City Inspector” so I would assume that this was simply taken place in 19th century New York. These days in New York, huge numbers of European immigrants flew in, and were crammed into tenements. The tenement units did not have any toilets, and people simply threw out their excretions in the street. That itself was unhygienic, but they kept chickens, pigs, and lambs in their cramped rooms, which also accelerated the uncleanliness of the city.
      The ones who are starting the “crackdown” seems to be “the Superintendent of Sanitary Inspection”. The idea of sanitation was very new those days, and government intervention in public hygiene started from the 1832 Cholera epidemic.
      As a hygienic issue, leaving the problem of piggeries will be a lose for everyone in terms that it will spread odors as well as diseases. However, these pigs were actually useful because they ate the garbage on the streets. Also, butchers profited from selling pork and sausages from these meat, while people in the slums benefited from buying cheap meat.

      I found a documentary clip which explained the hygiene in 19th century New York. This clip helped understand the article.
      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wy_ynQtguvY

      • saayadirlewanger 1:56 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with you, the documentary facilitated the comprehension of the article better and was really interesting. It is an essential question to ask why these piggeries were brought in cities, and I find it interesting how we can straight away think of how unnatural it is to link pigs and urban areas together. As a consequence, the people who lived in cities in the 19th century were better able to make connections between cities and the nature than we can, on the 21st century. This is because we are now living in a society with high technological innovations while the good old days depended on animals to facilitate them to live a better life.

    • cadams9 12:18 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      To further understand this article we would need more background information. Things like, why the pigs are being removed and where they are going. The City inspector is ordering the pigs to be removed from the city but the police are becoming involved in the process. The people that gain from the pigs being removed from the city are those living amongst them. The smell would have been intolerable. From living on a farm when I was younger and having a pig, the smell is not pleasant. The people that lose are obviously the owners of the pigs. They have them for a reason and would like to keep them but are no unable to do so. When I was reading the article I could not help but to wonder where all of the pigs were being sent. I would assume outside of city limits with to places that are meant for pigs to be held. With reference to authority in this article, it is very obvious that people with more power get their own way. Much like our government today, they want something, they have the money to do it, and they will do it.

      • ngoossen 12:29 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I also wondered about what they would do with the pigs they rounded up. All the article says is that they took them to the pound, but not what that entails. Would farmers come and adopt or buy them? Or something else?

      • yuyu 11:50 pm on April 1, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        You make a good point about how it looks like the government today. I do understand that there is are very good reasons (hygiene, smell) for taking away pigs, but for the people in those days, it would have been very shocking to be deprived of their valuable food resource.

    • ngoossen 12:55 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      To understand the article you need to know why there were so many pig establishments and why they were being removed. The fact that the article was written shows that the piggeries were a significant issue in the city.
      In the article, you can tell that the people at the piggeries are of a lower class by their language. The smell at the piggeries is described as unimaginable, many times worse than those in the city would have been able to smell at certain parts when the wind was blowing from the west. The authorities are portrayed as determined, though come off as looking comical when the author describes multiple officers carrying the pigs when they would not go where they wanted them to be rounded up. It’s evident that many of the piggery owners didn’t take the authorities seriously and had little respect for them. The ones that respected the authorities heeded their warning and got rid of the pigs and pens. The ones that didn’t knew that they were coming anyways to get rid of everything and saved themselves the work of taking down their pens and selling or killing their pigs. Either that or they didn’t take them seriously.

    • saayadirlewanger 1:42 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      It is not an uncertainty that the crackdown on piggeries was enhanced by the Commissioners of Health and the Superintendant of Sanitary Inspection committees, who viewed the piggeries as nothing more than a ‘polluting’ and disease-amplifying entity. Due to the increase awareness on the sanitary issues exacerbated by the mass of excrement left on the streets as well as the increased willingness to build a more ‘modern’, well-organized community in terms of neighbourhood respect (in this context disregarded as a result of pig nuisance), both of these powerful agents had all the necessary legal justifications to claim that those who owned piggeries should be banned in cities. In this context, it is possible to discern, as most have responded, to the question of hierarchy in the process of decision-making. The position of losers can undoubtedly be given to those who own the piggeries since they will need to get rid of their source of protein as their surviving fundamental; thus making the state a winner due to their wish of making a more ‘pure’ community being granted. Nevertheless, I believe that it is the opposite. The poor who relied on their animals to grow as a consequence of a continuous garbage-feeding may be characterised as ‘winners’ since they will be able to improve their health conditions and will be able to get their protein from other animals that would have fed on other more ‘nutritious’ foods than remnants (rotten) foods. Thus protecting them from viruses like typhoid, and making a safe city to live in. While on the other hand, the state might be a loser due to the now increased implementations to take as a consequence of the disappearance of the pigs. They will need to find a way to sort all of the garbage emitted by its inhabitants, financially invest for developing dumping strategies and to establish new trade routes for the increased demand in meat as a consequence to this new ‘pig-removing policy’. The latter can be beneficial; however, it is what creates capitalism, thus making a state more resource-hungry, contributing to the decrease in resources, which could then lead to tensions between trading partners, hence leading to a loss in revenues.

      • deuper 3:49 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that there are aspects in which the poor could be seen as winners because of their improved health conditions, but overall i believe that the poor were losers. They obviously weren’t concerned with their living conditions that resulted in diseases and were focused on providing for themselves and their family and that was taken away from them.
        -Douglas Euper

      • adammarkus2 4:35 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I like how you incorporate a commerce viewpoint into your analysis. I agree that there will be negative effects to the economy in terms of diminished resources and a losses in total revenues. To add on to your point, I believe that these losses will contribute to the degrading living standards of the lower class (those who are most dependant on the animal byproducts). In turn, those who will benefit from the “pig-removing policy” will be the larger corporations, whose low end products will see greater demand. This shift has many hypothetical effects, but I believe that the end result will leave the poor poorer and the rich richer.

    • dgibson 3:42 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      In order to understand this article, we need to be aware of the living and political conditions in New York at the time. It seemed to be a politically supported raid of the piggeries so; these piggeries could in fact have been unsanitary in close living conditions. However, this could have simply been an excuse to raid the piggeries. New York isn’t a city that allows for a lot of expansion; it’s very large and it’s very crowded. It is very likely that the city’s government just wanted the land to build up housing or business. I think that almost everybody gains from the stopping of piggeries in an urban environment. For the public, it will be cleaner and not smell as much. For the government, it allows them to make money by relocating piggeries and selling the land to developers. For the authority, it shows that they are capable of their job and secures their position of authority. This event was likely not great for the pig farmers. For most, pig farming was probably the only job that they know how to do and without it they would have no jobs. So, these raids would have forced the owners of the piggeries to sell their land in the city and relocate to somewhere more rural. This creates a stronger urban centre for New York and forces a social class shift by ridding of farm workers.

      • clarke 4:00 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that there would have been a social class shift as the farmers moved out of the cities and thus allowing more houses to be built for the urbanization of the city. This would create much more upper class and lower class beggars in the city. The farmers who moved out of the city could also gain much more land on the outskirts of the centre and produce more and a larger variety to feed the city.

    • clarke 3:55 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      To understand this article better we need more understanding about the situation that was going on at the time in New York. Why were these pigs being rounded up and being moved out. The people cracking down on the piggeries are all political authorities so there may have been some reform on change here towards cleaning up the cities and modernizing it. By removing the pigs from the city it become much more sanitary improving health and smell which was unpleasant for the population. This was a crucial step for urbanizing a major city like New York is. It takes away the social aspect of it all though. The poor were the ones with the pigs and now they don’t have that. It also created more awareness about waste and where it went. Pigs eating the waste also created a lot less pollution than the ways waste removal moved to after. For authority of the removal of the piggeries, the upper class and political parties wanted this clean up of the city and to remove pigs and gain sewers. The lower class didn’t have a lot to say as in the article it didn’t seem like it was their choice to do so.

    • mwanzia 4:12 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      This article provided detailed information about the series of events that took place on the day that members of the Commissioners of Health and Sanitary Inspection got together to destroy piggeries all over the city. However, what the article didn’t include was contextual information; what state were the pigpens in and why were they so? Was sending the pigs to the pound any better? Couldn’t there have been an alternate solution to this problem, one that taught the owners how to maintain their piggeries instead of demolishing them?
      As someone reading the article 153 years after it was published, these are the questions that run through my mind. From what I gathered, it appeared that the lower class were the most vulnerable as they evidently relied on the pigs to give them some income, and had the most to lose. There was even one family that resorted to keeping one of the pigs in their house to hide them from the Commissioners of Health. The latter, on the other hand, had the most to gain because through this display of authority, people would realize their potential to get what they want no matter the cost. One benefit from all this, it appears, would be the elimination of the smell. It is mentioned throughout the article, and is described as bad enough to “knock a man down”.

    • adammarkus2 4:20 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The context of this article stems from motives directed at the stringent abatement of harmful externalities. These motives are passive, and as well are permeable through multiple sectors of governance. However, they had previously been unique to geographical locations. A general understanding of the social, cultural, and political views surrounding offal is important to understanding this article. Offal refers to the internal organs or entrails of animals that are usually discarded after butchering or skinning. At a time, all had not generally accepted the use of this sustenance. As illustrated in the article, sometimes the use of offal was considered criminal and came under disproval. Forcible abatement by order of the city inspector, with coherence to the commissioner of health, was an accepted measure in order to improve “living standards” in New York at that time. The intent of this action was to mitigate unsanitary practices that may have caused adverse “health” affects to some individuals in the surrounding community. The sanitary laws in turn produced both winners and losers. The losers were low-income members of society (low class individuals) who relied on the abundance of cheap animals byproducts. In addition, the main use of offal was as a fertilizer, fuel, or pet food, all of which enabled those in the lower class the ability to maintain an unadulterated standard of living. The winners were larger corporations (higher class individuals) who gained demand for their cheaper products, and as well, those who may be been subject to externalities, one of which was highlighted as horrid smell. Undoubtedly, sensitivity to social class was neglected in this issue. The role of authority was used in a way that further deteriorated the living standards of the lower class. Would/do we still put up such authoritative action?

    • pdawbney 5:45 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The removal of the pigs was unnecessarily violent, especially considering that it was being carried out by members of the upper class (who were supposedly socially superior, and therefore “well behaved” and respected). The party of men were said to be carrying “pistols, clubs and daggers; and pickaxes or crowbars to destroy the pens”. This violence is portrayed in a quote from a piggery owner’s wife – that it was “very shabby for gentlemen, gentlemen wouldn’t do it” (referring to tearing down piggeries despite the pigs already having been removed).
      Another fact that clearly displays the dominance of the upper classes to me, is the fact that Mr. McCormick backed down, despite having made repeated threats towards “anyone who touches his pigs.” When faced with the reality of the Inspectors, and the subsequent police involvement, Mr McCormick allowed his pigs to be taken with very little fuss. Essentially, the removal of pigs was definitely favourable to the upper classes who were beginning to come around to the “flush and forget” mindset (in this case, the removal of garbage with little knowledge of what happens afterwards.)

      • selenerose 9:49 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        Yes it seems excessively violent to carry such weapons when investigating/shutting down a pig farm. It looks like they used their weapons as a way to give themselves power and appear superior to those of the middle class who owned the piggery.

    • selenerose 9:46 pm on March 20, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      To better understand this article it would be helpful to know what area of the city this piggery was situated in and the the purpose that is served in contribution to the surrounding area. It seemed that a main reason for the facility to be shut down was that it was unsanitary and potentially dangerous to the people who lived near by. The main concern being diseases and infections spreading from pigs to humans and other animals. The status of the pigs living in the piggery seemed to be of concern as well, since it mentioned how they were crammed in small dirty pens that weren’t providing necessary living requirements such as shelter and accessible water for each pig. The article also mentioned a high number of piglet mortality rates since upon investigation into the piggery, the raiders found dead baby pigs in some of the pens. It seemed that the demise of the piggery was due to the expansion of the city and that piggeries were not appropriate to have in a large urban area. With the sanitary laws farmers lose some of their freedom to do whatever they want with their animals. They have to regulate their living standards and spend more money and time on housing and cleaning of the pens. On the other hand, the citizens that live near the piggery gain a cleaner, healthier lifestyle without the odour of the pigs and the potential diseases that could be spread from the animals. Most of all the pigs gain a better life with the sanitary laws because they get the right to have cleaner lives.
      -Selene Rose

  • Tina Loo 9:40 am on November 29, 2010 Permalink | Log in to leave a Comment  

    Week 12 Wall 

    The Social Ecology of New Orleans: the Impacts of Hurricane Katrina

    Many people have argued that Hurricane Katrina was not a natural disaster. It affected certain socio-economic groups more than others; in other words, some people were more vulnerable to the hurricane’s destructive force than others.

    Was this the case? This is what you’ll explore in this mapping exercise, developed by scholars at Columbia University.

    Familiarize yourself with the general layout of New Orleans and the effects of Hurricane Katrina by examining the following map of flood depths produced by the New Orleans Times-Picayune. You can also play with this map, which shows the progress of the flooding. Just click on the button that says “Replay the Interactive Graphic.”

    What neighbourhoods were most heavily hit by flooding? What ones weren’t?

    Having got a sense of the geography of flooding, you will now explore the socio-economic status of the different neighbourhoods affected by Katrina. You’ll do this by using the interactive Brown University Mapping System for Katrina. (If you get error messages, just click “OK” to get rid of the error messages and then refresh your browser. That should work!)

    Once you are on this site, do the following:

    • Begin by finding Orleans Parish on the map. Click on Orleans Parish several times until the outlines of the city fill the screen. You’ll probably have to click 6-8 times, depending on the browser you’re using.
    • Look at the left-hand side of the screen and locate the drop down menus for “category” and “variable.” The categories include “Population and Immigration,” “Race and Ethnicity,” and others.
    • After selecting a category, select a variable from the drop down menu that’s immediately below. For example, if you’ve chosen “Race and Ethnicity” as a category, you might select “percent minority”, “percent black” and other variables. Once you click on the desired category and variable, the data will be superimposed on the map. A legend will appear in the lower left-hand corner of the screen that will help you interpret the colours on the map.
    • Now that you have an understanding of the areas of the city most affected by Katrina, you should spend some time exploring the demographic features of these neighbourhoods. What was the poverty level, education level, race, and per capita income level of the neighbourhoods that were hardest hit by Katrina?

    Can you draw overall conclusions about the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the areas most heavily affected by Hurricane Katrina?

     
    • dgibson 1:51 pm on March 26, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The regions that were hit the hardest by Hurricane Katrina were Eastern New Orleans, the Lower 9th Ward, Arabi, Chalmette, Lakeview and Gentilly. These areas were built on vulnerable land that is adjacent to bodies of water and obviously weren’t well protected for a disaster such as this one. Eastern New Orleans and the Lower 9th Ward have a 75-100% African American demographic and a per capita income of less than $10,000. These areas were impoverished and occupied largely by uneducated people. The Lakeview and Gentilly regions aren’t as impoverished but they also experienced a great deal of flooding. These regions have mostly college-educated professionals and Lakeview has a per capita income of $25,000-35,000.
      Hurricane Katrina was a natural disaster that was worsened by the co-existing socio-economic issues. The areas that were hit hardest by the hurricane were financially neglected by the government to protect. Better levies and dykes could have protected these areas. The groups occupying Eastern New Orleans and the Lower 9th Ward weren’t in the financial situation to deal with a disaster such as Hurricane Katrina. These people did not have the insurance or health care to deal with their situation. To make matters worse, this disaster happened in one of the most powerful countries in the world and barely any aid was sent their way. It is clear that Hurricane Katrina was more than just a natural disaster. Better city planning could have seriously lessened the physical and social damage done by Hurricane Katrina.

      • yongzhewang 6:32 pm on March 26, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        The levees which were meant to hold back the floodwaters broke, which was one of the main reasons that Katrina did so much damage. It really does seem like that it was the city planners job to be ready to cope with a natural disaster like Katrina (considering New Orleans is hit by hurricanes quite often due to its location), and the damage wouldn’t have been nearly as bad had the levees held. I agree with your point that the damage was worsened due to the socio-economic issues – I just can’t see the same scenario happening say if the hurricane hit Vancouver, or Stockholm, or some other city with a larger population of educated and economically sound families.

        • army1080 2:18 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          Typically cities have a group of delegates that is responsible for emergency preparedness, usually consisting of police, fireman, city officials, government officials, search and rescue, etc. It is up to this group to prepare plans for disaster situations, and they typically meet a few times a year to run through disaster scenarios. Having sat through one of these drills I can tell you that there is no way to fully prepare for disaster scenarios. Even the most prepared cities will encounter unforseen impacts of disaster and be unprepared in dealing with them. Ultimately it is the responsibility of residents to be prepared. In the case of New Orleans being prepared meant being able to evacuate.

        • ngoossen 3:36 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          I agree that generally Vancouver would be more prepared, at least for the most part. The issue is that there are so many homeless people in Vancouver who would have trouble evacuating or finding refuge anywhere. One of the deceiving things about Vancouver is that there aren’t as many residential ghettos is Vancouver (rather there are more commercial “sketchy” areas) as in New Orleans or other areas, but there are just as many if not more poor and homeless people. We sometimes don’t notice it as much because we don’t see larger areas with visibly poor housing. There’s the odd small area, but they aren’t as infamously known as “ghettos” as they are in NO.

    • yongzhewang 6:29 pm on March 26, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The regions which seemed to be hit with the biggest depth of the flood were the northern parts of Gentilly, Lakeview, Eastern New Orleans, Lower 9th Ward, and Arabi. Most of the communities in the southern regions of the areas listed above were hit with relatively lighter floods. The reason the Northern areas were flooded were because they were directly on the banks of Lake Pontchartrain, while some others were directly on the banks of the waterways leading into the city from the Mississippi River.
      In respect to the demographics of the flooding, it appears that the areas of northern Gentilly, Eastern New Orleans, and the Lower 9th Ward were all predominantly African-American (75%)+. Apart from that, these regions, which were heavily hit, also had a median house income which were extremely low at around $25000-35000, and had a good portion (30%+) of the population being in poverty. The college education level for those three regions listed were also about 25%, which meant that the people in these regions weren’t the most educated group within the city. All of the factors above contributed to the deadliness of the disaster, as it appeared that the life they lived beforehand was quite harsh, and it didn’t help that many of them did not have the economic ability to cope with the extent of the damage. While there were also rich neighbourhoods hit (like Arabi, western Lakeview), the demographics, income, poverty, and education level of the people there made it so that they were at least financially capable with coping with the aftermath of the disaster. Therefore, the ones whom took the brunt of the damage of Katrina were the people living in the abovementioned neighbourhoods, whom it was simply not in within their power to recover from the disaster.

      • clairegcrowther 10:18 pm on March 26, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with your comment on recovery. Recovery on an emotional scale is already hard, let alone recovering financially when income was already so low in many of these areas.

      • dgibson 11:08 am on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        The 25% college educated populations was interesting to me as well, especially after Tina’s lecture today. She mentioned that many of the residents in the poorer, more populated regions of New Orleans did not believe the scientists and politicians telling people to relocate. Perhaps with more education about their urban environment, these people would have been more willing to leave their homes. I live in Ladner and there are similar conditions. Our entire town is built on silt deposits from the Fraser River and is below sea level. We too have a dyke system in place to prevent flooding of our land. I think it is extremely important to educate people about the risks of living in their urban space.

        • pdawbney 11:31 am on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

          I thought this was interesting as well. I also think that residents of poorer regions may have been more reluctant to leave their homes as they have to work incredibly hard to build and maintain them – and they might feel like their home is all they have. They would also be quite stubborn to accept advice/orders from politicians & scientists, as they are perceived to be (and are actually) much higher up on the social ladder than these residents.

      • adammarkus2 3:17 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        To add to your comments, I think that it is really interesting that the income bracket denoted above ($25000-35000) is generally average, or above average, in most western demographics. It is surprising to me that with this income, thus tax revenue, the local government was not able to provide sufficient levees. I cannot imagine that the income brackets in the southern-eastern areas of New Orleans have governance with larger disposable income on such necessities. Questionable.

    • clairegcrowther 10:16 pm on March 26, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The neighbourhoods most heavily hit by the flooding of Hurricane Katrina were Lakeview, Gentilly, Eastern New Orleans, Lower 9th Ward, and Arabi. The population was fairly dense in the areas, which heightens the damaging effects of the Hurricane. The majority of the population in Eastern New Orleans, Lower 9th, as well as parts of Gentilly was African American. Also in these areas, about 20-30 percent of the population was living in poverty, with hardly anyone earning over $30 000 annually. Furthermore, the unemployment rate in these areas ranged from 5- 25 percent, and only a small percentage of the population was college-educated.
      Hurricane Katrina had devastating effects, which were amplified by the fact that many of the people effected were at such a low socio-economic status. With a large population and a large natural disaster, government aid would have been crucial in bringing New Orleans back to life.
      The heavy damage in these areas is not surprising, considering New Orleans is situated beside a body of water which is susceptible to hurricanes. The canals and dams built to protect against these natural disasters clearly were not enough; perhaps the consequences were not well predicted. The result of Hurricane Katrina left many displaced, injured, or dead. On an economic scale, the costs to rebuild the city must have been huge.

      • cadams9 10:36 am on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I too found it interesting that the areas hit the most with this hurricane were heavily populated and a high population having such a low income. I like how you bring the point of the government being essential in the rebirth of this city and I too think it is a must.

    • cadams9 10:44 am on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The ares that were most affected by Hurricane Katrina were, Easter New Orleans, Lower 9th Ward, Arabi, Lakeview and Gentilly. Theses regions had some of the highest populations adding to the devastation of Hurricane Katrina. I also found it interesting the range of people that were college educated in these areas. In a whole you should make more money than those who do not. Although in some of these parts there is a relatively high unemployment rate. The effect that this hurricane would have varied for many different people. Of course it would have been devastating to everyone but I feel a lot harder for some people to get back to where they were than others. Like the above post mentions, government help is essential for bring this city back to what it was.

      • saayadirlewanger 2:48 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree with the fact that government intervention is necessary for the vulnerable population, especially those who live in ‘poor neighbourhoods’ areas, were the security and quality of living are disastrous. As it has been cited today at the lecture, most residents in those residential areas cannot or are reluctant to leave their house due to high crime rates. As a consequence, I believe that although the government should provide its residents better living conditions by investing in flood-preventive constructions, it is primarily a necessity to solve social problems, like crimes, and build a more secure community for its residents.

    • saayadirlewanger 2:49 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      According to the map of flood depths, it is possible to first denote that the sphere where the damages were the most severe was found to be along the coast bordering Lake Pontchartrain, spreading from the Eastward cities of Camp Leroy Johnson to Metairie and Kenner, and going Westward, close to the city, Laplace while still extending further. The devastation was also prolonged inland, though areas close to the Mississippi River were not as affected as the other locations. Consequently, the first remark to mention is that the most densely populated districts of New Orleans have been those who were impacted the most by hurricane Katrina. These areas are found just along the coast of the Lake. It is also striking to denote how this location presents a mixed category of residents. Although it seems to demonstrate a high percent of college educated residents, ranging from 53-100%, the area is also demarked by a high poverty level, where those of minority age below poverty are the most present. The average population poverty areas are found eastward, which is also a highly damaged region. The latter data is not surprising, this zone happens to display a population poverty percentage of over 40%, where the average per capital results to be a range from 0-10000. On the other hand, although high per capita income households have been affected by Katrina, especially those who were clustered near Metairie; most of the high income earners were located on the other side of Mississippi River, with an annual remuneration of over 35000.Consequently, it is possible to put the assumption that areas mostly affected by the hurricane were those who were the most vulnerable in economic and social terms. Most were from racial minorities or were uneducated/unqualified residents living in areas poorly maintained while those more privileged had better protection in terms of the locations where they lived.

    • army1080 2:53 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The areas that were most heavily hit by Hurricane Katrina were the low lying areas typically with higher densities, lower incomes and a higher percentage of minorities. Other areas with residents of a higher income bracket were also hit hard; Mother Nature is not biased. The areas that suffered the least amount of damage were those areas that sat at a higher elevation. Not coincidentally, the people living in these areas had higher per capita income; rich people do like to live on hills after all.

      The people that were hit the hardest weren’t hit the hardest just because they lived in the low lying areas, they were hit the hardest because they didn’t evacuate. This is where the socio-economic characteristics come into play. The people that didn’t evacuate had a choice, they could have evacuated, there was plenty of warning and if they really wanted out they could have gotten out. But to those in the lower income bracket their homes represented their lives, it wasn’t a matter of abandoning a home and possessions it was a matter of leaving their lives and livelihoods. They had a greater desire to stay at home and save what they could, they were willing to fight for their possessions, fight for their lives. Those in the higher income bracket had the luxury of taking the perspective, “insurance will deal with it”. They were leaving possessions, homes, replaceable objects, not their lives. Both income brackets were hit hard, both income brackets suffered great loss, but it was those who lost all they had with no way of replacing it that got hit the hardest.

      • clarke 4:22 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that the cities who were hit the hardest were all based off where they were located. The richer areas that were hit had more resistance to the hurricane and flooding obviously compared to poorer areas with lower quality buildings. Death and injury rates would of been greater in the poorer cities as well even though they were struck with similar flooding as a richer area just due to weaker infrastructure and available health care.

    • adammarkus2 3:08 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      For this blog post I find that it is important to start off with a clear summary of what actually happed during hurricane Katrina: the most affected areas were very clearly that which were highly stricken by poverty, and were classic examples of the demographics seen in areas in which people with low incomes reside. Some characteristics in these areas were a large population of senior, foreign-born middle-aged, and uneducated people (to levels equivalent to a high school diploma). The areas, which included East New Orleans and Lower 9th, although not highly dense in population, held a large portion of the population. Among these areas there was a high percentage of vacancy, luckily. Minorities, which include a large majority of the Black, Hispanic, and Asian population, were mainly located in the northeast and were struck by the hurricane first. Lake view and the mid city areas, which are for the most part highly affluent, were all affected, however, many hours after areas with less preparation and available emergency services.
      In conclusion, after using the tools on both the websites provided above, it is likely that the affluent areas, which include the inner city and downtown core, had stronger levees. Unfortunately areas with low-medium income were affected the most. The area of Orleans Parish has a very small percentage of foreign-born people. Many of the people living in the suburbs, the areas most affected, were highly immobile: they were typically families that had either/or both an elderly person or children of young age. New Orleans is in general a place that has traditional values/characteristics. The extent of the tragedy caused by Katrina was exacerbated by the fact that many of the citizens in this area have a facilitated living condition by the local and national government. As with many places which have a very narrow political system, errors are catastrophic.

    • ngoossen 3:46 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      While Hurricane Katrina did hit the marginalized citizens harder, I would still consider it more a natural disaster than not. With or without the Hurricane, the socio-economic problems would still exist. The hurricane just helped bring those issues more to the forefront than before. People obviously knew that there were impoverished areas, but Hurricane Katrina helped to exemplify how much of a concern they should be because of the greater damaged caused in those places.

    • pdawbney 3:55 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The flooding seemed to have the harshest affects on the neighbourhoods of Gentilly, Lakeview, Eastern New Orleans and Lower 9th Ward.
      Gentilly and Eastern New Orleans not only border Lake Pontchartrain, but they also straddle the Industrial Canal, which was the first waterway to leak. Additionally, the London Alley Canal is located on Gentilly’s western border, and the Inter-Costal waterway on Eastern New Orlean’s southern border, meaning both neighbourhoods are surrounded by water on three sides. When you consider these facts, it is hardly surprising that these neighbourhoods were among those that experienced the most flooding.
      Considering the demographics, the areas that were hit hardest were usually the areas that were the most densely populated, which greatly increased the devastation and difficulty of recovery. Additionally, the majority of the populations of Gentilly, Eastern New Orleans and Lower 9th Ward are African-American, do not have a University education and earn below $25,000 a year. Surely it cannot be a coincidence that these “disadvantaged populations” happen to inhabit the areas that are most prone to flooding. New Orleans is located in the gulf coast region, which is notorious for hurricanes. The levee system that was in place means that the city was prepared for a hurricane such as Katrina, and it looks like they might have placed these disadvantaged populations in the most vulnerable areas. Some “upmarket” neighbourhoods, such as Broadwater and Mid-City escaped the flooding as they are landlocked protected by these poorer communities) or only have water on one side.

    • clarke 4:17 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The cities hit the hardest in Hurricane Katrine in New Orleans were Lakeview, Gentilly, Lower Ward and Eastern New Orleans.
      From how the hurricane hit in the low lying state with many water ways these cities were expected to have major flooding. The cities that didn’t have as bad flooding were more central and not by waterways that could flood.
      The cities that did flood had high density of the population and with the majority being black. And with the exception of Lakeview in the majorly hit cities , the majority were poverty stricken minorities. Lakeview however doesn’t have high minority rate or poverty rate and has high eduction rate.
      It would be interesting to see which cities repaired them selves and what state they are today. If some of the poorer areas became nicer when they rebuilt back the city or if conditions became worse. Crime rates in relation to areas of flooding would of been interesting too to see. It would make sense if they did go out as already being in poverty people were already scrambling for resources.

      • deuper 4:43 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I agree that it would be interesting the comparison of what these neighbourhoods are like today in comparison to what they were like prior to the flooding and why or how these cities managed to accomplish certain things of why they ended up doing nothing.
        -Douglas Euper

    • deuper 4:36 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The neighbourhoods that were the most heavily hit by the flooding were Lower 9th Ward, Lakeview, Gentilly and Arabi. The residents of these areas were mainly minorities with low levels of income. These neighbourhoods occupy the lower lying areas of New Orleans which would seem rather intuitive as higher income residents would want to purchase more desirable land, or in other words, land that wouldn’t be at risk of flooding. But regardless of the city planning, there should have been proper protective measures to limit the affect of disasters such as Hurricane Katrina. Had the residents of the severely hit neighbourhoods been wealthy, I believe that the necessary measures to protect these neighbourhoods would have been taken which would have drastically reduced the severity of this disaster. This disaster has now only worsened the socio-economic gap between the rich and the poor and additionally, has divided the city, because the minority group has a lot or resentment towards the government for the lack of aid and slow initiative. On a side note, from last week’s reading assignment, the local government was considering whether it was worthwhile to restore these areas because of the danger to the residents and the cost to do so. But if this is their concern, why had they not been better prepared?
      -Douglas Euper

      • rach510 7:02 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        i agree that they should have been proper protective measures to limit the affect of the disaster, at some point it seem that they could predict this would be a class 5 hurricane, that is why they tried to evacuate the city, but if the government were more willing to put some more money into fixing the levees and upgrading them to be able to withstand a class 5 hurricane, then i believe the disaster wouldn’t have been this devastated!

    • yuyu 4:58 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The most severe regions of hurricane damage seems to be Mid-city, Eastern New Orleans, Lakeview, Gentilly, and the Lower 9th ward. Most of these regions have flood levels higher than 8 feet, since New Orleans is actually a region with low land.
      The map seemed to indicate that regions which had 75-100 percent of black population also had a correlation with the areas with lower per capita income. There were also low rates of Asian and White people, but higher rates of Black and Minorities. Also Mid-city, Bywater, and Lower 9th ward seemed to have a low household income of around $0-25000 per year despite the serious damage of the hurricane in these regions. Especially the Mid-City area has high poverty rates over 40 percent.
      What can they have done to prevent the disaster? Surely improving infrastructure costs money, and those money are usually spent not for prevention for natural disasters. I guess this was inevitable because of the citizen’s socio-economic level and the countermeasures that were made into the society itself.

      • selenerose 9:38 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        It is a good question you pose about what they could have done to prevent so much disaster. In the occurrence of a major hurricane there is not much that you can do to totally stop damage, but precautions could be taken to lessen the effects.
        -Selene Rose

    • rach510 7:00 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The cities that suffer the largest and most severe impact would most likely be the Mid-City and Eastern New Orleans, Gentilly and Lakeview. As describe, the city of Orleans itself is said to be located below sea levels and the only thing that is preventing the city from flood are the built levees. This scenario was considered and bound to be a potential problem in which the city is laid out because some parts of the New Orleans are below sea level and storm surge is often found in these locations. I believe that if the government was more willing to pay and re-construct the cities system, the death toll rate wouldn’t have been so high, but this is when the socio-economic characteristic takes a main part of this problem. If looking closely at the details, New Orleans contains a high statistical number of African Americans, and that majority of the population acquires a low income rate, which depicts the fact that these environments were poorly maintained and people who live here generally lived in poor living conditions.
      Hurricane Katrina had left a devastating effect upon individuals of New Orleans, leaving millions without homes, deaths, which came up to a total damage estimated of $81.2 billion. Due to the fact that the location that was hit was populated with individuals living in with a low socio-economic status, it automatically limits their ability to acquire for help. I believe that if the government had decided to upgrade the levees, and initiate to help the city planning earlier since they have already predicted the storm; such disaster wouldn’t have been such devastated.

      • alegzdins 7:53 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        I do agree that further preventative measures should have been taken to ensure that damage that was caused was limited. I also agree that the main reason that New Orleans incurred a large amount of damage was because of its location and poor city planning. I hope that they have chosen to rebuild the city in a smarter fashion, instead of just rebuilding the levees the same as before, to limit the amount of damage that will be caused if another hurricane hits them.

    • alegzdins 7:37 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      The areas hit most heavily by Hurricane Katrina were Eastern New Orleans, Gentilly, Lakeview whereas the Uptown, Westwego, and Gretna weren’t. The demographics of the people most affected were below the poverty line, not college educated, black, and had a low income level. Also the areas that were hit the worst were the most populated and contained many residents over the age of 60. From the demographic map I do think Hurricane Katrina hit a certain demographic harder than others but I’m not convinced it was because of their socioeconomic status. The hurricane was a natural disaster and New Orleans as a city had been developed in a way that worsened the potential for damage. I do think that they could have used stronger levees to prevent some of the flooding, especially in areas around the lake, but geographically the areas that got hit badly were near the shore and below sea level. What I think hurt the people affected by Hurricane Katrina the most, was how slowly it took to rebuild the city. In regards to that I do think that the socioeconomic status played a role.

    • selenerose 9:36 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Judging from the maps on websites we can determine that the areas most affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 were Arabi, Eastern New Orleans, Gentilly, Lakeview and Lower 9th Ward. These are all regions that were shown to have had over ten feet of flooding in them. They are located near large bodies of water like the ocean, the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain, which made it easy for that water to be spilled over the levees and flood the cities and towns. Some of these areas such as Lakeview and Gentilly, are more wealthier than the others, consisting of higher educated people who earn higher yearly incomes. These areas were better able to handle the effects of Hurricane Katrina because regions had more money to restore cities and more individual people had health insurance. The poorer regions, such as Eastern New Orleans and Lower 9th Ward, suffered more from the affects of Katrina and had a harder time dealing with the damage because they were not financially equipped nor did they have adequate health coverage. There are differences in the socio-economic status of the two regions, which affected how they managed to cope with the disaster. The poorer areas were mostly made up of African Americans, who were generally at a lower income and education level than the wealthier areas of New Orleans. For obvious reasons, this abled the weather regions to restore their cities faster and help their citizens survive.

      • yuyu 11:56 pm on April 1, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

        As you say, the factor of wealth seems to affect the speed of how damaged areas could recover from a disaster. I do wonder whether this law of “wealthier regions restoring faster and surviving better” is similar in disasters in other countries.

    • voyt92 10:24 pm on March 27, 2012 Permalink | Log in to Reply

      Looking at the map it was clear to see that the areas that were most highly affected by the rapid floods were Lower 9th Ward, Lakeview, Gentilly and Arabi. Unfortunately for these areas they were considered the lower class-people seemed to be below the poverty line, black, not as well educated and had a low income level. There was a low number of white people and Asians; but a high level of black people. These regions, also had a low house income which is around $25000-35000, leaving around 30% of the population in poverty. Aside from the lower class, it seemed that the upper class citizens bought property above the flood levels, most likely because the upper class can afford to build property and buy property that is above these flood levels. Buying and building property that is safe from flood areas seemed to separate the lower class citizens from the upper class citizens. What happened New Orleans should defiantly be classified as a natural disaster. Unfortunately New Orleans is set in an area that is triggered to worsen when floods happen because of there flood levels. After seeing what happened in New Orleans and learning from there mistakes. It should be clear that New Orleans has to develop a safety plan from the next hurricane that will hit. They need to be prepared for the worse. New Orleans cannot stop a hurricane from coming but they can do there part in trying to save New Orleans.

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