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Degregori

XV. Rebelling in Other Ways

At the core of this lies an analytical vacuum. He does not see that there are people rebelling in other ways. (Degregori 85)

I found Carlos Iván Degregori’s claim that Abimael Guzmán, in his eventual pursuit of the Marxist Idea instead of Marxist analysis, crucially missed other forms of social mobilization quite significant. Degregori argues that Guzmán came to see himself as the prophet and embodiment of the Sendero movement and began to argue in pursuit of a Marxist ideal, replacing materialist analysis. In his division of the country into simply the revolution and the counterrevolution that prepare themselves for violence, he neglected the fact that during the Sendero movement was the years of Peru’s greatest social mobilization of the twentieth century, probably for similar reasons to Sendero’s emergence—widespread modern and critical education and hugely increased campesino ownership of property following Velasco’s agrarian reform. These were years of many labour, peasant, regional and women’s movements. However, Sendero did not align with these other forms of struggle but denied and denigrated them. Even worse, those who took part in them were accused of betrayal. For the act of supporting the other struggles to connote “betrayal” for Sendero implies for me a rigid discourse, fearful and policing of what might escape it. I wonder if Sendero’s denial of other struggles was necessarily linked to what Degregori claims was its swap of material analysis for the pursuit of the ideal. Before this apparent shift in Guzmán, would these other struggles be recognized as antagonistic, or would they be welcomed in solidarity?

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Degregori Mariátegui

XIV. Feudalism and Modernism

We are not satisfied to assert the Indian’s right to education, culture, progress, love, and heaven. We begin by categorically asserting his right to land. (Maríategui 50)

In his Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality, José Carlos Maríategui argues that the problem of the Indian is essentially socio-economic. He disputes any attempt to reduce it to an exclusively administrative, pedagogical, ethnic or moral problem. “Indian” is essentially a class position: that of farmers and land tenants in servitude to landowners within a feudal regime. He dismisses the concept of inferior races outright as outmoded, claiming it helped rationalize European imperialism. He also rejects humanitarian appeals to “the Indian’s right to education, culture, progress, love, and heaven”—these have not halted European imperialism. This is an interesting and refreshing position, but I wonder if the concept of the Indian has had an influence that extends beyond the economic. Maríategui claims that feudalism is fundamentally opposed to the education of the peasantry—modern education is incompatible with the mechanics of the Indian’s servitude. The problem of the Indian is a problem of land—the alternative to feudalism is not distributing smaller slices of private property (as it largely happened) but communal ownership in the sense of the ayllu. 

The end of feudalism in Peru did not happen in the way Maríategui proposed. I want to put Maríategui’s discussion of feudalism in dialogue with the emergence of Sendero. In the wake of Velasco’s agrarian reform, students in the Peruvian countryside had more access to modern education, including critical and Marxist ideas, than ever before. However, they were caught between ideas of modernity, universality and progress and the “traditional” lifestyles of their families, still feeling the impacts of feudalism. According to Degregori in How Difficult it is to be God, it was this particular tension which motivated a lot of these students to join Sendero, and some to participate in mass murders. While they were seeking liberation from their material conditions, I think they were also, like Maríategui, moved in pursuit of a (perhaps?) higher ideal. It is fascinating that the conflict Maríategui sets up between feudalism and modern education, and by extension, modernism perhaps led to the emergence of Sendero. I wonder if this is a fair assessment.

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