{"id":493,"date":"2015-07-17T11:14:58","date_gmt":"2015-07-17T18:14:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/?page_id=493"},"modified":"2017-04-04T13:46:43","modified_gmt":"2017-04-04T20:46:43","slug":"topic-1-soil-development","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/module-iii\/topic-1-soil-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 1: Soil Development"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"random-tab-id-274\" class=\"tabs-shortcode  tabs-shortcode-top\">\n<ul class=\"tabs-shortcode-list\">\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Introduction-0\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#VideoLectures-1\" >Video Lectures<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Resources-2\" >Resources<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Selftest-3\" >Self-test<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"Introduction-0\"  >\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>In this topic you will examine how soils develop, and how they can be damaged by inappropriate management actions. Soils are critical to forests. They provide the rooting medium for trees, and to a certain extent determine the productivity of the forest. The development of soils is dependent on a range of factors, including the parent materials, the climate and time. In turn, the vegetation of forests is dependent on the soil, the climate, past disturbances and other factors. Understanding these critical relationships is an important aspect of sustainable forest management.<\/p>\n<p>Under natural conditions, soils develop over time unless that development is disturbed by some external factor, such as a period of erosion following a natural disturbance. Forest operations that fail to respect the soil can also trigger soil degradation, as can land-use practices such as grazing livestock within forests. A more recent concern is that intensive plantation forestry, particularly fast-growing plantations, might exhaust the nutritional capacity of a soil, and this is also examined in this module.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"VideoLectures-1\"  >\n<h2>Video Lectures<\/h2>\n<h3>3.1.1 Soil formation: The parent materials<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_yoe2tarr&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_3kv75bw0\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>3.1.2 Soil formation<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_nlew3owa&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_d056501r\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Resources-2\"  >\n<h2>Resources<\/h2>\n<h3>Textbook Reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Chapter 6 of the course text:<br \/>\nInnes, J., &amp; Tikina, A. (Eds.). (2014). <em>Sustainable forest management: From principles to practice. <\/em>London: Earthscan Publications. ISBN: 1844077241<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Further Reading and Viewing:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Virtual Soil Science Learning Resources. (2011, September 1). The five factors of soil formation [Video file]. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bTzslvAD1Es\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bTzslvAD1Es<\/a> The factors controlling the development of soil formation are provided in this video, filmed in a mountain environment in western North America.<\/li>\n<li>Virtual Soil Science Learning Resources. (2012, March 28). Virtual soil science learning resources \u2013 Introduction [Video file]. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCS07a1P4LLh4oep941lxTKQ\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCS07a1P4LLh4oep941lxTKQ<\/a> This video is part of a series developed for the Virtual Soil Science Learning Resources, which originated at the University of British Columbia (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCS07a1P4LLh4oep941lxTKQ\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCS07a1P4LLh4oep941lxTKQ<\/a>). You are encouraged to look at these videos as they provide an excellent introduction to soils, although the series is focused exclusively on Canada.<\/li>\n<li>Scharf, SCDNR Land, Water, and Conservation Division. (n.d.). Soil Composition and Formation. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/nerrs.noaa.gov\/doc\/siteprofile\/acebasin\/html\/envicond\/soil\/slform.htm\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/nerrs.noaa.gov\/doc\/siteprofile\/acebasin\/html\/envicond\/soil\/slform.htm<br \/>\n<\/a>Understanding soils is best when placed in the context of a particular area. The Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin of South Carolina has been described in detail, and this case study is recommended to establish both an understanding of soil processes (this topic) and biogeochemistry (next topic). The description of the soils of this area can be found at above web link.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Other sources:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Binkley, D., &amp; Fisher, R.F. (2013). <em>Ecology and management of forest soils<\/em> (4<sup>th<\/sup> ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN-10: 0470979461; ISBN-13: 978-0470979464<\/li>\n<li>Coleman, D.C., &amp; Crossley, D.A. (1996). <em>Fundamentals of soil ecology<\/em>. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-179725-2<\/li>\n<li>Lukac, M., &amp; Godbold, D.L. (2011). <em>Soil ecology in northern forests: A belowground view of a changing world<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521714211<\/li>\n<li>Pankhurst, C.E., Doube, B.M., &amp; Gupta, V.V.S.R. (Eds.). (1997). <em>Biological indicators of soil health<\/em>. Wallingford: CAB International. ISBN 0851991580. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/files\/biodiversita\/Pankhurst_1997_Biological_indicators.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/files\/biodiversita\/Pankhurst_1997_Biological_indicators.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Selftest-3\"  >\n<h2>Self-test<\/h2>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 3.1.\"),o(),0))},initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.callIfLoaded(o)||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.scriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",()=>{gform.domLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}))},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"action\",o,r,e,t)},addFilter:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"filter\",o,r,e,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook(\"action\",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook(\"filter\",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,r){gform.removeHook(\"action\",o,r)},removeFilter:function(o,r,e){gform.removeHook(\"filter\",o,r,e)},addHook:function(o,r,e,t,n){null==gform.hooks[o][r]&&(gform.hooks[o][r]=[]);var d=gform.hooks[o][r];null==n&&(n=r+\"_\"+d.length),gform.hooks[o][r].push({tag:n,callable:e,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(r,o,e){var t;if(e=Array.prototype.slice.call(e,1),null!=gform.hooks[r][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[r][o]).sort(function(o,r){return o.priority-r.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){\"function\"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),\"action\"==r?t.apply(null,e):e[0]=t.apply(null,e)})),\"filter\"==r)return e[0]},removeHook:function(o,r,t,n){var e;null!=gform.hooks[o][r]&&(e=(e=gform.hooks[o][r]).filter(function(o,r,e){return!!(null!=n&&n!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][r]=e)}});\n\/* ]]> *\/\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gform_legacy_markup_wrapper gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='legacy' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_9' >\n<div class='gform_heading'>\n<h3 class=\"gform_title\">Module III - Topic 1: Self-test<\/h3>\n<p class='gform_description'>\n<p><strong>Quiz Description: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following self-test quiz is designed to check your understanding of important learning concepts for this topic. The quiz contains ten multiple choice questions. There is no time limit for you to take the quiz and you may attempt to take it as many times as you like. After you click the Submit button, you will see your Grade, number of Correct Answers, your answers, and the Answer Key for each question.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quiz Instructions: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While you are taking the quiz, we advise you not referring to any course materials. After you Submit your answers, you may self-reflect the missing points, review relevant contents as necessary, and retake the quiz again until you get the full points<\/p>\n<p>Answer the following questions to see how well you have learnt in this topic:<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_9'  action='\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/493' data-formid='9' novalidate>\n<div class='gform-body gform_body'>\n<ul id='gform_fields_9' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'>\n<li id=\"field_9_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The three basic categories of rock are:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_9_1'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_1_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Igneous, sedimentary and plutonic'  id='choice_9_1_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_1_0' id='label_9_1_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Igneous, sedimentary and plutonic<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_1_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Igneous, metamorphic and plutonic'  id='choice_9_1_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_1_1' id='label_9_1_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Igneous, metamorphic and plutonic<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_1_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic'  id='choice_9_1_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_1_2' id='label_9_1_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_1_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Sedimentary, metamorphic and plutonic'  id='choice_9_1_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_1_3' id='label_9_1_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Sedimentary, metamorphic and plutonic<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_9_2\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Granite is:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_9_2'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_2_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Coarse-grained'  id='choice_9_2_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_2_0' id='label_9_2_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Coarse-grained<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_2_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Fine-grained'  id='choice_9_2_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_2_1' id='label_9_2_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Fine-grained<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_2_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Glassy'  id='choice_9_2_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_2_2' id='label_9_2_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Glassy<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_2_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Pyroclastic'  id='choice_9_2_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_2_3' id='label_9_2_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Pyroclastic<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_9_3\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >A batholith is:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_9_3'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_3_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='A type of prehistoric monument'  id='choice_9_3_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_3_0' id='label_9_3_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A type of prehistoric monument<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_3_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='A type of sedimentary rock'  id='choice_9_3_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_3_1' id='label_9_3_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A type of sedimentary rock<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_3_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='A structure formed by wind erosion'  id='choice_9_3_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_3_2' id='label_9_3_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A structure formed by wind erosion<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_3_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='A magma intrusion that has cooled at depth'  id='choice_9_3_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_3_3' id='label_9_3_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A magma intrusion that has cooled at depth<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_9_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Travertine is:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_9_4'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_4_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='A rock that is normally formed at high temperatures in hot springs'  id='choice_9_4_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_4_0' id='label_9_4_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A rock that is normally formed at high temperatures in hot springs<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_4_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='A rock that is formed at cool temperatures at the bottom of lakes'  id='choice_9_4_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_4_1' id='label_9_4_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A rock that is formed at cool temperatures at the bottom of lakes<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_4_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='A type of igneous rock'  id='choice_9_4_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_4_2' id='label_9_4_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A type of igneous rock<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_4_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='What is left after peridotite is weathered'  id='choice_9_4_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_4_3' id='label_9_4_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>What is left after peridotite is weathered<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_9_5\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Quartzite is a metamorphic rock derived from:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_9_5'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_5_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='Mudstone'  id='choice_9_5_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_5_0' id='label_9_5_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Mudstone<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_5_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='Sandstone'  id='choice_9_5_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_5_1' id='label_9_5_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Sandstone<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_5_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='Limestone'  id='choice_9_5_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_5_2' id='label_9_5_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Limestone<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_5_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='Basalt'  id='choice_9_5_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_5_3' id='label_9_5_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Basalt<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_9_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Which of the following is a process of chemical weathering:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_9_6'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_6_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Hydration'  id='choice_9_6_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_6_0' id='label_9_6_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Hydration<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_6_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Pressure release'  id='choice_9_6_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_6_1' id='label_9_6_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Pressure release<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_6_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Hydrolysis'  id='choice_9_6_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_6_2' id='label_9_6_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Hydrolysis<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_6_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Thermal expansion'  id='choice_9_6_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_6_3' id='label_9_6_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Thermal expansion<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_9_7\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The last Ice Age ended about:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_9_7'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_7_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='1,200 years ago'  id='choice_9_7_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_7_0' id='label_9_7_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>1,200 years ago<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_7_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='12,000 years ago'  id='choice_9_7_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_7_1' id='label_9_7_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>12,000 years ago<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_7_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='120,000 years ago'  id='choice_9_7_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_7_2' id='label_9_7_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>120,000 years ago<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_7_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='1.2 million years ago'  id='choice_9_7_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_7_3' id='label_9_7_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>1.2 million years ago<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_9_8\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The combination of the oxides of iron and alumina with silica results in the formation of two-layered clays in:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_9_8'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_8_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Boreal regions'  id='choice_9_8_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_8_0' id='label_9_8_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Boreal regions<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_8_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Temperate regions'  id='choice_9_8_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_8_1' id='label_9_8_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Temperate regions<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_8_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Tropical regions'  id='choice_9_8_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_8_2' id='label_9_8_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Tropical regions<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_8_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Aquatic environments'  id='choice_9_8_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_8_3' id='label_9_8_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Aquatic environments<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_9_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Laterites are typically found in:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_9_9'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_9_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Cold, wet environments'  id='choice_9_9_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_9_0' id='label_9_9_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Cold, wet environments<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_9_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Cold, dry environments'  id='choice_9_9_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_9_1' id='label_9_9_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Cold, dry environments<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_9_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Hot, wet environments'  id='choice_9_9_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_9_2' id='label_9_9_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Hot, wet environments<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_9_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Hot, dry environments'  id='choice_9_9_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_9_3' id='label_9_9_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Hot, dry environments<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_9_10\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Leguminosae family of trees have root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_9_10'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_10_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='&lt;i&gt;Frankia&lt;\/i&gt; bacteria'  id='choice_9_10_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_10_0' id='label_9_10_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'><i>Frankia<\/i> bacteria<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_10_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='&lt;i&gt;Rhizobium&lt;\/i&gt; bacteria'  id='choice_9_10_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_10_1' id='label_9_10_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'><i>Rhizobium<\/i> bacteria<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_10_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='&lt;i&gt;Rickettsia&lt;\/i&gt; bacteria'  id='choice_9_10_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_10_2' id='label_9_10_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'><i>Rickettsia<\/i> bacteria<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_9_10_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='&lt;i&gt;Streptobacillus&lt;\/i&gt; bacteria'  id='choice_9_10_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_9_10_3' id='label_9_10_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'><i>Streptobacillus<\/i> 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