{"id":495,"date":"2015-07-17T11:15:17","date_gmt":"2015-07-17T18:15:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/?page_id=495"},"modified":"2017-04-04T13:48:06","modified_gmt":"2017-04-04T20:48:06","slug":"topic-2-the-protection-of-soils","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/module-iii\/topic-2-the-protection-of-soils\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 2: The Protection of Soils"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"random-tab-id-199\" class=\"tabs-shortcode  tabs-shortcode-top\">\n<ul class=\"tabs-shortcode-list\">\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Introduction-0\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#VideoLectures-1\" >Video Lectures<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Resources-2\" >Resources<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Selftest-3\" >Self-test<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"Introduction-0\"  >\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Once established, soils remain dynamic systems that are always at risk of some form of erosion. This may occur naturally, but often is related to anthropogenic activities. The initiation of erosion is often related to some form of disturbance, with the removal of the vegetation cover being by far the most significant. Erosion is greatest where there is the greatest amount of energy, which in the context of soil erosion is on slopes.<\/p>\n<p>In this module, we will first look at some of the processes occurring on slopes and how these interact with anthropogenic activities. The movement of rock materials and soil downslope is known as mass wasting, and is very important for forestry. The material may accumulate at the base of the slope, or may enter the fluvial system and be removed by streams and rivers. In some cases, the slope system and the fluvial system are coupled \u2013 material may be eroded from a gully wall on the upper part of a steep slope, directly entering the fluvial system, or a landslide or debris flow may transport debris directly into a stream channel.<\/p>\n<p>We will also examine the processes that lead to soil degradation. These vary from one forest area to another, but in some parts of the world are very important. Forestry activities may be particularly important, and can actually lead to some of the erosion processes found in the slope and fluvial systems. On the other hand, forestry activities can also help conserve soil and can help stabilize areas that are unstable for a number of different reasons (such as eroding slopes or moving sand dunes).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"VideoLectures-1\"  >\n<h2>Video Lectures<\/h2>\n<h3>3.2.1 Mass movements<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_93h7y137&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_0shna49e\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>3.2.2 Soil degradation<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_tdpiecih&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_kgb9acfw\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>3.2.3 Reducing soil degradation<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_ethuxe3p&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_4ifrdpij\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>3.2.4 Desertification 1: Dryland forests and desertification<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_palvekjd&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_7k1jh7fp\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>3.2.5 Desertification 2: Causes of desertification<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_tsyxlxhm&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_tr63wyuc\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>3.2.6 Desertification 3: China\u2019s response<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_7qfnfm7g&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_dbhoz65q\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Resources-2\"  >\n<h2>Resources<\/h2>\n<h3>Textbook Reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Chapter 6 of the course text:<br \/>\nInnes, J., &amp; Tikina, A. (Eds.). (2014). <em>Sustainable forest management: From principles to practice. <\/em>London: Earthscan Publications. ISBN: 1844077241<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Further Reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Soil-Net.com, an Educational Resource for Information on Soil Science. (n.d.). <em>Soils: Advanced<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soil-net.com\/legacy\/advanced\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.soil-net.com\/legacy\/advanced\/index.htm<br \/>\n<\/a>Soils are a complex subject, and there is a wealth of information available on-line. A useful starting point is at the above link.<\/li>\n<li>Nietch, C. (n.d.). <em>Biogeochemistry<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/nerrs.noaa.gov\/doc\/siteprofile\/acebasin\/html\/envicond\/biogeo\/bgtext.htm\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/nerrs.noaa.gov\/doc\/siteprofile\/acebasin\/html\/envicond\/biogeo\/bgtext.htm<br \/>\n<\/a>The biogeochemistry of the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin of South Carolina is provided at the above link.<\/li>\n<li>Bonn Perspectives. (2013, April 16). <em>The value of soil<\/em> [Video file]. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=403sT9CGRl0\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=403sT9CGRl0<br \/>\n<\/a>Soil is of course essential not only for forests but also for agriculture. The two are closely related as the degradation of agricultural land can result in pressure to remove forests to make way for more agricultural land. A useful video that links these ideas can be found at the above link.<\/li>\n<li>British Columbia Ministry of Forests. (2001). <em>Forest practices code of British Columbia: Soil conservation guidebook<\/em> (2<sup>nd<\/sup> ed.). ISBN: 0-7726-3991-4. Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/tasb\/legsregs\/fpc\/fpcguide\/soil\/Soilcol.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/tasb\/legsregs\/fpc\/fpcguide\/soil\/Soilcol.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Other sources:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Hope, G., Jordan, P., Winkler, R., Giles, T., Curran, M., Soneff, K., &amp; Chapman, B. (2015). <em>Post-wildfire natural hazards risk analysis in British Columbia<\/em> (Land Management Handbook 69). Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfd\/pubs\/Docs\/Lmh\/Lmh69.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfd\/pubs\/Docs\/Lmh\/Lmh69.htm<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Rollerson, T., Millard, T., Jones, C., Trainor, K., &amp; Thomson, B. (2001). <em>Predicting post-logging landslide activity using terrain attributes: Coast mountains, British Columbia<\/em> (Forest Research Technical Report TR-011). Retrieve from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/rco\/research\/georeports\/tr011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/rco\/research\/georeports\/tr011.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Weir, P. (2002). <em>Snow avalanche: Management in forested terrain<\/em> (Land Management Handbook 55). Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfd\/pubs\/Docs\/Lmh\/Lmh55.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfd\/pubs\/Docs\/Lmh\/Lmh55.htm<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wilford, D., J., Sakals, M.E., Grainger, W.W., Millard, T.H., &amp; Giles, T.R. (2009). <em>Managing forested watersheds for hydrogeomorphic risks on fans<\/em> (Land Management Hanbook 61). Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfd\/pubs\/Docs\/Lmh\/Lmh61.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfd\/pubs\/Docs\/Lmh\/Lmh61.htm<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wilford, D.J., Sakals, M.E., &amp; Innes, J.L. (2005). <em>Forest management on fans: Hydrogeomorphic hazards and general prescriptions<\/em> (Land Management Handbook 57). Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfd\/pubs\/Docs\/Lmh\/Lmh57.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfd\/pubs\/Docs\/Lmh\/Lmh57.htm<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wise, M.P., Moore, G.D., &amp; VanDine, D.F. (2004). <em>Landslide risk case studies in forest development planning and operations<\/em> (Land Management Handbook 56). Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfd\/pubs\/Docs\/Lmh\/Lmh56.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfd\/pubs\/Docs\/Lmh\/Lmh56.htm<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Selftest-3\"  >\n<h2>Self-test<\/h2>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 3.1.\"),o(),0))},initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.callIfLoaded(o)||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.scriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",()=>{gform.domLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}))},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"action\",o,r,e,t)},addFilter:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"filter\",o,r,e,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook(\"action\",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook(\"filter\",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,r){gform.removeHook(\"action\",o,r)},removeFilter:function(o,r,e){gform.removeHook(\"filter\",o,r,e)},addHook:function(o,r,e,t,n){null==gform.hooks[o][r]&&(gform.hooks[o][r]=[]);var d=gform.hooks[o][r];null==n&&(n=r+\"_\"+d.length),gform.hooks[o][r].push({tag:n,callable:e,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(r,o,e){var t;if(e=Array.prototype.slice.call(e,1),null!=gform.hooks[r][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[r][o]).sort(function(o,r){return o.priority-r.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){\"function\"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),\"action\"==r?t.apply(null,e):e[0]=t.apply(null,e)})),\"filter\"==r)return e[0]},removeHook:function(o,r,t,n){var e;null!=gform.hooks[o][r]&&(e=(e=gform.hooks[o][r]).filter(function(o,r,e){return!!(null!=n&&n!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][r]=e)}});\n\/* ]]> *\/\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gform_legacy_markup_wrapper gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='legacy' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_10' >\n<div class='gform_heading'>\n<h3 class=\"gform_title\">Module III - Topic 2: Self-test<\/h3>\n<p class='gform_description'>\n<p><strong>Quiz Description: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following self-test quiz is designed to check your understanding of important learning concepts for this topic. The quiz contains ten multiple choice questions. There is no time limit for you to take the quiz and you may attempt to take it as many times as you like. After you click the Submit button, you will see your Grade, number of Correct Answers, your answers, and the Answer Key for each question.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quiz Instructions: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While you are taking the quiz, we advise you not referring to any course materials. After you Submit your answers, you may self-reflect the missing points, review relevant contents as necessary, and retake the quiz again until you get the full points<\/p>\n<p>Answer the following questions to see how well you have learnt in this topic:<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_10'  action='\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/495' data-formid='10' novalidate>\n<div class='gform-body gform_body'>\n<ul id='gform_fields_10' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'>\n<li id=\"field_10_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Talus is derived from:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_10_1'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_1_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Rockfalls'  id='choice_10_1_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_1_0' id='label_10_1_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Rockfalls<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_1_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Rivers'  id='choice_10_1_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_1_1' id='label_10_1_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Rivers<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_1_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Chemical weathering'  id='choice_10_1_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_1_2' id='label_10_1_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Chemical weathering<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_1_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Wind'  id='choice_10_1_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_1_3' id='label_10_1_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Wind<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_10_2\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Solifluction occurs:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_10_2'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_2_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='In tropical 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\/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_2_3' id='label_10_2_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>In boreal and alpine environments<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_10_3\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >An alluvial fan is formed by:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_10_3'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_3_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='Deposition of material from a stream as it emerges from a narrow, confined channel'  id='choice_10_3_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_3_0' id='label_10_3_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Deposition of material from a stream as it emerges from a narrow, confined channel<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_3_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='Deposition of material under a glacier'  id='choice_10_3_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_3_1' id='label_10_3_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Deposition of material under a glacier<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_3_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='Rockfalls, over a long period of time'  id='choice_10_3_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_3_2' id='label_10_3_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Rockfalls, over a long period of time<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_3_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='Coalescing sand dunes'  id='choice_10_3_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_3_3' id='label_10_3_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Coalescing sand dunes<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_10_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Leaching is a process by which:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_10_4'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_4_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Percolating water removes nutrients from a soil'  id='choice_10_4_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_4_0' id='label_10_4_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Percolating water removes nutrients from a soil<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_4_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Small, worm-like organisms suck the nutrients from a soil'  id='choice_10_4_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_4_1' id='label_10_4_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Small, worm-like organisms suck the nutrients from a soil<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_4_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Plant roots remove nutrients from a soil'  id='choice_10_4_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_4_2' id='label_10_4_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Plant roots remove nutrients from a soil<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_4_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='A process by which nutrients are added to the upper soil layers'  id='choice_10_4_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_4_3' id='label_10_4_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A process by which nutrients are added to the upper soil layers<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_10_5\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >A skyline cable system:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_10_5'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_5_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='Lifts logs clear of the ground'  id='choice_10_5_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_5_0' id='label_10_5_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Lifts logs clear of the ground<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_5_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='Lifts one end of a log and drags the other across the ground'  id='choice_10_5_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_5_1' id='label_10_5_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Lifts one end of a log and drags the other across the ground<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_5_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='Winches a log along the ground'  id='choice_10_5_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_5_2' id='label_10_5_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Winches a log along the ground<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_5_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='Rolls logs downhill'  id='choice_10_5_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_5_3' id='label_10_5_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Rolls logs downhill<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_10_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Soil compaction and puddling:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_10_6'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_6_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Increase total pore space in a soil'  id='choice_10_6_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_6_0' id='label_10_6_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Increase total pore space in a soil<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_6_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Increase the infiltration rate'  id='choice_10_6_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_6_1' id='label_10_6_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Increase the infiltration rate<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_6_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Decrease the permeability of a soil'  id='choice_10_6_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_6_2' id='label_10_6_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Decrease the permeability of a soil<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_6_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Decrease the bulk density'  id='choice_10_6_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_6_3' id='label_10_6_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Decrease the bulk density<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_10_7\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The majority of the world\u2019s dryland forests are found in:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_10_7'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_7_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='Asia'  id='choice_10_7_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_7_0' id='label_10_7_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Asia<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_7_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='Africa'  id='choice_10_7_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_7_1' id='label_10_7_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Africa<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_7_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='North America'  id='choice_10_7_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_7_2' id='label_10_7_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>North America<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_7_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='South America.'  id='choice_10_7_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_7_3' id='label_10_7_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>South America.<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_10_8\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Tropical dryland forests are generally found in areas with:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_10_8'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_8_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='&lt;200 mm rainfall a year'  id='choice_10_8_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_8_0' id='label_10_8_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>&lt;200 mm rainfall a year<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_8_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='&lt;400 mm rainfall a year'  id='choice_10_8_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_8_1' id='label_10_8_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>&lt;400 mm rainfall a year<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_8_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='&lt;700 mm rainfall a year'  id='choice_10_8_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_8_2' id='label_10_8_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>&lt;700 mm rainfall a year<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_8_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='&lt;1200 mm rainfall a year'  id='choice_10_8_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_8_3' id='label_10_8_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>&lt;1200 mm rainfall a year<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_10_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Wallum is a type of dryland vegetation found in:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_10_9'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_9_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='India'  id='choice_10_9_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_9_0' id='label_10_9_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>India<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_9_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='China'  id='choice_10_9_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_9_1' id='label_10_9_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>China<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_9_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Russia'  id='choice_10_9_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_9_2' id='label_10_9_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Russia<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_9_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Australia.'  id='choice_10_9_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_9_3' id='label_10_9_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Australia.<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_10_10\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >About how much land is lost to desertification globally every year:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_10_10'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_10_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='500,000 ha'  id='choice_10_10_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_10_0' id='label_10_10_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>500,000 ha<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_10_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='1,000,000 ha'  id='choice_10_10_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_10_1' id='label_10_10_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>1,000,000 ha<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_10_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='12,000,000 ha'  id='choice_10_10_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_10_2' id='label_10_10_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>12,000,000 ha<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_10_10_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='120,000,000 ha'  id='choice_10_10_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_10_10_3' id='label_10_10_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>120,000,000 ha<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class='gform-footer gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_10' class='gform_button button' onclick='gform.submission.handleButtonClick(this);' data-submission-type='submit' value='Submit'  \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submission_method' data-js='gform_submission_method_10' value='postback' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_theme' data-js='gform_theme_10' id='gform_theme_10' value='legacy' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' 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