{"id":497,"date":"2015-07-17T11:15:50","date_gmt":"2015-07-17T18:15:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/?page_id=497"},"modified":"2020-09-17T13:20:57","modified_gmt":"2020-09-17T20:20:57","slug":"topic-3-the-hydrological-functions-of-forest","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/module-iii\/topic-3-the-hydrological-functions-of-forest\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 3: The Hydrological Functions of Forest"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"random-tab-id-767\" class=\"tabs-shortcode  tabs-shortcode-top\">\n<ul class=\"tabs-shortcode-list\">\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Introduction-0\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#VideoLectures-1\" >Video Lectures<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Resources-2\" >Resources<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Selftest-3\" >Self-test<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"Introduction-0\"  >\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Many forests occur in upland areas, and so knowing how water flows down a slope is important, as is a knowledge of what happens when trees on that slope are removed. Slope hydrology affects the actions that can be taken on slopes, with amount of care needed increasing as the slope angle increases. Water movement on slopes can trigger some of the geomorphological processes discussed in the final topic of this module, and so understanding how the movement occurs is important. That movement also plays an important part in determining where and when floods will occur, and how trees and forests interact with the magnitude and frequency of floods.<\/p>\n<p>The amount of water that is available to a forest is dependent on the hydrological cycle. So an understanding of the basic components of this cycle is essential if a manager is to understand how forests and water interact. All plants need water to grow and forests utilize substantial amounts of water. A variety of processes are involved, and in this topic you will learn how our understanding of the close connections between the atmosphere and forests is growing. These processes occur at a range of scales, from small catchments to entire continents, and human activities are affecting all scales. For example, deforestation in the Amazon Basin is having an effect on the way that water is cycled across the whole Basin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"VideoLectures-1\"  >\n<h2>Video Lectures<\/h2>\n<h3>3.3.1 Forests and water quantity<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&amp;playerId=kaltura_player&amp;entry_id=0_5fs794c1&amp;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&amp;wid=0_tnwwjwmk\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>3.3.2 Forests and water quality<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&amp;playerId=kaltura_player&amp;entry_id=0_dykzbsn3&amp;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&amp;wid=0_99tj39ct\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>3.3.3 Forests and water biology<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" title=\"Kaltura Player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&amp;playerId=kaltura_player&amp;entry_id=0_2h7e98um&amp;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;localizationCode&#093;=en&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;hotspots.plugin&#093;=1&amp;flashvars&#091;Kaltura.addCrossoriginToIframe&#093;=true&amp;&amp;wid=0_uwa34stb\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" frameborder=\"0\" sandbox=\"allow-forms allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-modals allow-orientation-lock allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-presentation allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Resources-2\"  >\n<h2>Resources<\/h2>\n<h3>Textbook Reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Chapter 7 of the course text:<br \/>\nInnes, J., &amp; Tikina, A. (Eds.). (2014). <em>Sustainable forest management: From principles to practice. <\/em>London: Earthscan Publications. ISBN: 1844077241<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Further Reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Wenner, E., Thompson, M., &amp; Sanger, D. (n.d.). Water quality. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/nerrs.noaa.gov\/doc\/siteprofile\/acebasin\/html\/envicond\/watqual\/wqintro.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/nerrs.noaa.gov\/doc\/siteprofile\/acebasin\/html\/envicond\/watqual\/wqintro.htm<br \/>\n<\/a>Continuing with the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin of South Carolina case study, details of water quality can be found at the above link.<\/li>\n<li>Bren, L. (2015). <em>Forest hydrology and catchment management: An Australian perspective.<\/em> Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN: 978-94-017-9336-0; ISBN: 978-94-017-9337-7 (eBook); DOI 10.1007\/978-94-017-9337-7<\/li>\n<li>Chang, M. (2006). <em>Forest hydrology: An introduction to water and forests<\/em> (2<sup>nd<\/sup> ed.). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor &amp; Francis. ISBN-10: 0849353327; ISBN-13: 978-0849353321<\/li>\n<li>Downs, P.W., &amp; Gregory, K.J. (2004). <em>River channel management: Towards sustainable catchment hydrosystems<\/em>. London: Arnold. ISBN-10: 0340759690; ISBN-13: 978-0340759691<\/li>\n<li>Lu, N., &amp; Godt, J.W. (2013). <em>Hillslope hydrology and stability<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9781107021068<\/li>\n<li>Naiman, R.J. (Ed.). (1992). <em>Watershed management: Balancing sustainability and environmental change<\/em>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97790-2<\/li>\n<li>Ritter, D.F., Kochel, R.C., &amp; Miller, J.R. (2011). <em>Process geomorphology<\/em> (5<sup>th<\/sup> ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. ISBN-10: 1577666690; ISBN-13: 978-1577666691<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Selftest-3\"  >\n<h2>Self-test<\/h2>\n<p><script>\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 3.1.\"),o(),0))},initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.callIfLoaded(o)||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.scriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",()=>{gform.domLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}))},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"action\",o,r,e,t)},addFilter:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"filter\",o,r,e,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook(\"action\",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook(\"filter\",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,r){gform.removeHook(\"action\",o,r)},removeFilter:function(o,r,e){gform.removeHook(\"filter\",o,r,e)},addHook:function(o,r,e,t,n){null==gform.hooks[o][r]&&(gform.hooks[o][r]=[]);var d=gform.hooks[o][r];null==n&&(n=r+\"_\"+d.length),gform.hooks[o][r].push({tag:n,callable:e,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(r,o,e){var t;if(e=Array.prototype.slice.call(e,1),null!=gform.hooks[r][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[r][o]).sort(function(o,r){return o.priority-r.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){\"function\"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),\"action\"==r?t.apply(null,e):e[0]=t.apply(null,e)})),\"filter\"==r)return e[0]},removeHook:function(o,r,t,n){var e;null!=gform.hooks[o][r]&&(e=(e=gform.hooks[o][r]).filter(function(o,r,e){return!!(null!=n&&n!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][r]=e)}});\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gform_legacy_markup_wrapper gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='legacy' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_11' >\n<div class='gform_heading'>\n<h3 class=\"gform_title\">Module III - Topic 3: Self-test<\/h3>\n<p class='gform_description'>\n<p><strong>Quiz Description: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following self-test quiz is designed to check your understanding of important learning concepts for this topic. The quiz contains ten multiple choice questions. There is no time limit for you to take the quiz and you may attempt to take it as many times as you like. After you click the Submit button, you will see your Grade, number of Correct Answers, your answers, and the Answer Key for each question.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quiz Instructions: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While you are taking the quiz, we advise you not referring to any course materials. After you Submit your answers, you may self-reflect the missing points, review relevant contents as necessary, and retake the quiz again until you get the full points<\/p>\n<p>Answer the following questions to see how well you have learnt in this topic:<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_11'  action='\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/497' data-formid='11' novalidate>\n<div class='gform-body gform_body'>\n<ul id='gform_fields_11' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'>\n<li id=\"field_11_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Throughfall includes:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_11_1'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_1_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Rainfall passing through a canopy without touching it'  id='choice_11_1_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_1_0' id='label_11_1_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Rainfall passing through a canopy without touching it<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_1_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Rainfall landing on foliage and dripping off it'  id='choice_11_1_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_1_1' id='label_11_1_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Rainfall landing on foliage and dripping off it<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_1_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Rainfall flowing down a tree trunk'  id='choice_11_1_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_1_2' id='label_11_1_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Rainfall flowing down a tree trunk<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_1_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Both a. and b'  id='choice_11_1_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_1_3' id='label_11_1_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Both a. and b<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_11_2\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>The presence of macropores:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_11_2'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_2_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Inhibits water movement through a soil'  id='choice_11_2_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_2_0' id='label_11_2_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Inhibits water movement through a soil<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_2_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Aids water movement through a soil'  id='choice_11_2_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_2_1' id='label_11_2_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Aids water movement through a soil<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_2_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Prevents water movement through a soil'  id='choice_11_2_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_2_2' id='label_11_2_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Prevents water movement through a soil<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_2_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Has no effect on water movement through a soil'  id='choice_11_2_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_2_3' id='label_11_2_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Has no effect on water movement through a soil<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_11_3\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>The removal of forest from a catchment will augment streamflow if:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_11_3'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_3_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='Forests are very rare in the catchment'  id='choice_11_3_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_3_0' id='label_11_3_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Forests are very rare in the catchment<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_3_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='Average precipitation is &lt;400 mm a year'  id='choice_11_3_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_3_1' id='label_11_3_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Average precipitation is &lt;400 mm a year<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_3_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='Soils are very shallow, &lt;20 cm'  id='choice_11_3_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_3_2' id='label_11_3_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Soils are very shallow, &lt;20 cm<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_3_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='The amount of forest cover removed is more than 20%'  id='choice_11_3_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_3_3' id='label_11_3_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The amount of forest cover removed is more than 20%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_11_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Forest harvesting generally:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_11_4'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_4_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Has no effect on peak flows'  id='choice_11_4_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_4_0' id='label_11_4_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Has no effect on peak flows<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_4_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Reduces peak flows'  id='choice_11_4_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_4_1' id='label_11_4_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Reduces peak flows<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_4_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Increases peak flows'  id='choice_11_4_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_4_2' id='label_11_4_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Increases peak flows<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_4_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Has such variable results that no generalization is possible'  id='choice_11_4_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_4_3' id='label_11_4_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Has such variable results that no generalization is possible<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_11_5\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Spike flows are:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_11_5'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_5_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='A high flow that is associated with thunderstorms linked to forest fires'  id='choice_11_5_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_5_0' id='label_11_5_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A high flow that is associated with thunderstorms linked to forest fires<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_5_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='A particularly severe flood that can happen anytime'  id='choice_11_5_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_5_1' id='label_11_5_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A particularly severe flood that can happen anytime<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_5_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='A period of very low flow'  id='choice_11_5_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_5_2' id='label_11_5_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A period of very low flow<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_5_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='A normal annual variation in stream flow'  id='choice_11_5_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_5_3' id='label_11_5_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A normal annual variation in stream flow<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_11_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>In the Amazon Basin, a blackwater river:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_11_6'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_6_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Has less visibility than a whitewater river'  id='choice_11_6_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_6_0' id='label_11_6_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Has less visibility than a whitewater river<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_6_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Has more visibility than a whitewater river'  id='choice_11_6_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_6_1' id='label_11_6_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Has more visibility than a whitewater river<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_6_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Is more turbid than a whitewater river'  id='choice_11_6_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_6_2' id='label_11_6_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Is more turbid than a whitewater river<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_6_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Has more suspended sediment that a whitewater river'  id='choice_11_6_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_6_3' id='label_11_6_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Has more suspended sediment that a whitewater river<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_11_7\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>A braided river is:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_11_7'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_7_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='A river with multiple channels'  id='choice_11_7_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_7_0' id='label_11_7_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A river with multiple channels<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_7_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='A river with a regular pool and riffle sequence'  id='choice_11_7_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_7_1' id='label_11_7_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A river with a regular pool and riffle sequence<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_7_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='A river with lots of meanders'  id='choice_11_7_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_7_2' id='label_11_7_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A river with lots of meanders<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_7_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='A river flowing across bedrock'  id='choice_11_7_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_7_3' id='label_11_7_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A river flowing across bedrock<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_11_8\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Riprap is:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_11_8'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_8_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='The use of metal culverts to allow fish passage'  id='choice_11_8_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_8_0' id='label_11_8_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The use of metal culverts to allow fish passage<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_8_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Rocks placed on a stream or river bank to protect it from erosion'  id='choice_11_8_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_8_1' id='label_11_8_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Rocks placed on a stream or river bank to protect it from erosion<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_8_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Rocks placed on the bed of a stream to prevent down-cutting'  id='choice_11_8_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_8_2' id='label_11_8_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Rocks placed on the bed of a stream to prevent down-cutting<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_8_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Logs placed on a stream bank to prevent erosion'  id='choice_11_8_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_8_3' id='label_11_8_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Logs placed on a stream bank to prevent erosion<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_11_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are generally lowest in streams draining:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_11_9'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_9_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Urban areas'  id='choice_11_9_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_9_0' id='label_11_9_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Urban areas<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_9_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Agricultural areas'  id='choice_11_9_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_9_1' id='label_11_9_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Agricultural areas<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_9_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Rangelands'  id='choice_11_9_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_9_2' id='label_11_9_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Rangelands<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_9_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Forests'  id='choice_11_9_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_9_3' id='label_11_9_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Forests<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_11_10\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Endothermic organisms are:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_11_10'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_10_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Mammals'  id='choice_11_10_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_10_0' id='label_11_10_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Mammals<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_10_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Cold-blooded'  id='choice_11_10_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_10_1' id='label_11_10_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Cold-blooded<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_10_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Warm-blooded'  id='choice_11_10_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_10_2' id='label_11_10_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Warm-blooded<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_11_10_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Organisms whose temperature is independent of their environment'  id='choice_11_10_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_11_10_3' id='label_11_10_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Organisms whose temperature is independent of their environment<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class='gform-footer gform_footer top_label'> <button type='submit' 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