{"id":514,"date":"2015-07-17T11:24:25","date_gmt":"2015-07-17T18:24:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/?page_id=514"},"modified":"2017-04-04T13:52:38","modified_gmt":"2017-04-04T20:52:38","slug":"topic-1-maintenance-of-forest-ecosystem-productivity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/module-iv\/topic-1-maintenance-of-forest-ecosystem-productivity\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 1: Maintenance of Forest Ecosystem Productivity"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"random-tab-id-834\" class=\"tabs-shortcode  tabs-shortcode-top\">\n<ul class=\"tabs-shortcode-list\">\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Introduction-0\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#VideoLectures-1\" >Video Lectures<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Resources-2\" >Resources<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Selftest-3\" >Self-test<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"Introduction-0\"  >\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>A basic principle of forest management is to maintain or increase in the productivity of the forest ecosystem. This refers to all products of the forest, including both timber and non-timber forest products. Early forestry, as we saw in Module I, tended to focus on the production of timber, with \u2018scientific forestry\u2019 focusing on establishing and maintaining the yield of timber (known as sustained yield). This remains a focus of many forest operations, particularly plantations, but is becoming less important in the management of natural forests, where other values, such as the maintenance of biodiversity may be more important. Forest managers need to understand some of the basic principles surrounding ecosystem productivity, so that they can focus interventions at those points most likely to create a desirable effect.<\/p>\n<p>There are a number of instances where forest productivity has not been maintained during forestry operations. Many harvesting operations have concentrated on the best trees in a forest, in a process now known as \u201chigh grading\u201d. This is believed to have damaged the productivity of many forests due to the loss of some of the best genetic stock, although the actual evidence that this process is important in the long-term is limited. More often, declines in productivity have been associated with plantation species. In these cases, there has been poor species to site matching, or the available nutrients in the soils have been very limited and easily exhausted. For example, some Chinese fir (<em>Cunninghamia lanceolata<\/em>) plantations in China appear to have been established on very poor soils, and are showing signs of nutrient deficiency. Nutritional problems are particularly apparent on peat soils, as the nutrients in these are entirely derived from the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"VideoLectures-1\"  >\n<h2>Video Lectures<\/h2>\n<h3>4.1.1 Maintenance of productive capacity<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_xkvuec52&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_x44j6dyr\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>4.1.2 Plantation forests<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_brx0orlp&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_c7u10sl1\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>4.1.3 Productivity of plantations<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_dtjfaq8x&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_cc53e53c\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>4.1.4 Environmental concerns and trade-offs<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_sva49ms1&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_yz4n366c\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>4.1.5 Productivity indicators<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_ndwcn6md&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_rdpjayi2\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Resources-2\"  >\n<h2>Resources<\/h2>\n<h3>Textbook Reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Chapter 4 of the course textbook:<br \/>\nInnes, J., &amp; Tikina, A. (Eds.). (2014). <em>Sustainable forest management: From principles to practice. <\/em>London: Earthscan Publications. ISBN: 1844077241<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Further Reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Bauhus, J., Van Der Meer, P. &amp; Kanninen, M. (Eds.). (2010). <em>Ecosystem goods and services from plantation forests<\/em>. London: Earthscan. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/ARD\/documents\/Ecosystem%20Goods%20and%20Services%20from%20Plantation%20Forests_2010.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/ARD\/documents\/Ecosystem%20Goods%20and%20Services%20from%20Plantation%20Forests_2010.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>British Columbia Ministry of Forests. (1995). <em>Forest fertilization guidebook<\/em>. Victoria: BC Ministry of Forests. Retrieved from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/tasb\/legsregs\/fpc\/fpcguide\/fert\/ferttoc.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/tasb\/legsregs\/fpc\/fpcguide\/fert\/ferttoc.htm<\/a> .<\/li>\n<li>Evans, J. (Ed.). (2009). <em>Planted forests: Uses, impacts and sustainability<\/em>. Wallingford, UK: CABI and FAO. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/013\/i0716e\/i0716e00.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/013\/i0716e\/i0716e00.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Evans, J. &amp; Turnbull, J. (2004). <em>Plantation forestry in the tropics<\/em> (3<sup>rd<\/sup>). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN-10:0198509472; ISBN-13:\u00a09780198509479<\/li>\n<li>Grebner, D.L., Bettinger, P., &amp; Siry, J.P. (2013). <em>Introduction to forestry and natural resources <\/em>(Chapter 9). London: Academic Press. ISBN-10:0123869013; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-0123869012<\/li>\n<li>Mackensen, J. (1999). <em>Nutrient management for industrial tree plantations (HTI) in Indonesia: A practical guidance towards integrated nutrient management<\/em>. Eschborn: GTZ. ISBN 3933984378, 9783933984371<\/li>\n<li>Mackensen, J., &amp; F\u00f6lster, H. (1999). <em>Study on sustainable nutrient supply in fast-growing plantations: Ecological and economic implications in East Kalimantan, Indonesia<\/em>. Eschborn: GTZ. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mekonginfo.org\/assets\/midocs\/0002347-environment-study-on-sustainable-nutrient-supply-in-fast-growing-plantationsecological-and-economic-implications-in-east-kalimantan-indonesia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.mekonginfo.org\/assets\/midocs\/0002347-environment-study-on-sustainable-nutrient-supply-in-fast-growing-plantationsecological-and-economic-implications-in-east-kalimantan-indonesia.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mead, D.J. (2013). <em>Sustainable management of Pinus radiata plantations<\/em>. FAO Forestry Paper 170. Rome: FAO. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/018\/i3274e\/i3274e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/018\/i3274e\/i3274e.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Putz, F.E., &amp; Romero, C. (2015). Futures of tropical production forests. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5766\/futures-of-tropical-production-forests\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5766\/futures-of-tropical-production-forests\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ren, H. (Ed.). (2013). <em>Plantations: Biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and restoration<\/em>. New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN-10:1628080906; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-1628080902<\/li>\n<li>West, P.W. (2006). <em>Growing plantation forests<\/em>. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007%2F3-540-32479-8\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007%2F3-540-32479-8<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In addition to this reading material, much useful information can be gained from the Forest Productivity website at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestproductivity.net\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.forestproductivity.net\/<\/a> .<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Selftest-3\"  >\n<h2>Self-test<\/h2>\n<p><script>\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 3.1.\"),o(),0))},initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.callIfLoaded(o)||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.scriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",()=>{gform.domLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}))},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"action\",o,r,e,t)},addFilter:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"filter\",o,r,e,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook(\"action\",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook(\"filter\",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,r){gform.removeHook(\"action\",o,r)},removeFilter:function(o,r,e){gform.removeHook(\"filter\",o,r,e)},addHook:function(o,r,e,t,n){null==gform.hooks[o][r]&&(gform.hooks[o][r]=[]);var d=gform.hooks[o][r];null==n&&(n=r+\"_\"+d.length),gform.hooks[o][r].push({tag:n,callable:e,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(r,o,e){var t;if(e=Array.prototype.slice.call(e,1),null!=gform.hooks[r][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[r][o]).sort(function(o,r){return o.priority-r.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){\"function\"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),\"action\"==r?t.apply(null,e):e[0]=t.apply(null,e)})),\"filter\"==r)return e[0]},removeHook:function(o,r,t,n){var e;null!=gform.hooks[o][r]&&(e=(e=gform.hooks[o][r]).filter(function(o,r,e){return!!(null!=n&&n!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][r]=e)}});\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gform_legacy_markup_wrapper gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='legacy' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_14' >\n<div class='gform_heading'>\n<h3 class=\"gform_title\">Module IV - Topic 1: Self-test<\/h3>\n<p class='gform_description'>\n<p><strong>Quiz Description: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following self-test quiz is designed to check your understanding of important learning concepts for this topic. The quiz contains ten multiple choice questions. There is no time limit for you to take the quiz and you may attempt to take it as many times as you like. After you click the Submit button, you will see your Grade, number of Correct Answers, your answers, and the Answer Key for each question.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quiz Instructions: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While you are taking the quiz, we advise you not referring to any course materials. After you Submit your answers, you may self-reflect the missing points, review relevant contents as necessary, and retake the quiz again until you get the full points<\/p>\n<p class=\"note\">Answer the following questions to see how well you have remembered what you learnt in this topic:<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_14'  action='\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/514' data-formid='14' novalidate>\n<div class='gform-body gform_body'>\n<ul id='gform_fields_14' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'>\n<li id=\"field_14_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>In the ecosystem services concept, provisioning services covers:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_14_1'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_1_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Wild foods, water, timber, fuelwood, biomass'  id='choice_14_1_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_1_0' id='label_14_1_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Wild foods, water, timber, fuelwood, biomass<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_1_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Cultural and spiritual values'  id='choice_14_1_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_1_1' id='label_14_1_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Cultural and spiritual values<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_1_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Protection of the soil'  id='choice_14_1_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_1_2' id='label_14_1_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Protection of the soil<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_1_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Pollination and other biological services'  id='choice_14_1_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_1_3' id='label_14_1_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Pollination and other biological services<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_14_2\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>In forestry, the concept of sustained yield has largely been replaced by<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_14_2'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_2_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Adaptive management'  id='choice_14_2_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_2_0' id='label_14_2_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Adaptive management<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_2_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Precision silviculture'  id='choice_14_2_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_2_1' id='label_14_2_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Precision silviculture<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_2_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Sustainable forest management'  id='choice_14_2_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_2_2' id='label_14_2_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Sustainable forest management<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_2_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Timber supply planning'  id='choice_14_2_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_2_3' id='label_14_2_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Timber supply planning<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_14_3\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>One of the first organizations to produce guidelines for the sustainable management of natural forests in the tropics was:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_14_3'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_3_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='Centre for International Forestry'  id='choice_14_3_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_3_0' id='label_14_3_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Centre for International Forestry<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_3_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='International Tropical Timber Organization'  id='choice_14_3_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_3_1' id='label_14_3_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>International Tropical Timber Organization<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_3_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='World Agroforestry Centre'  id='choice_14_3_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_3_2' id='label_14_3_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>World Agroforestry Centre<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_3_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='The UN Food and Agriculture Organization'  id='choice_14_3_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_3_3' id='label_14_3_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The UN Food and Agriculture Organization<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_14_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>The most important tree species in Germany\u2019s Black Forest are:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_14_4'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_4_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Oak, beech and maple'  id='choice_14_4_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_4_0' id='label_14_4_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Oak, beech and maple<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_4_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Pine, fir and larch'  id='choice_14_4_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_4_1' id='label_14_4_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Pine, fir and larch<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_4_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Oak and pine'  id='choice_14_4_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_4_2' id='label_14_4_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Oak and pine<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_4_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Spruce, fir and beech'  id='choice_14_4_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_4_3' id='label_14_4_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Spruce, fir and beech<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_14_5\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>In 2015, the percentage of the global forest area made up of plantations was:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_14_5'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_5_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='1%'  id='choice_14_5_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_5_0' id='label_14_5_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>1%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_5_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='5%'  id='choice_14_5_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_5_1' id='label_14_5_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>5%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_5_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='7%'  id='choice_14_5_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_5_2' id='label_14_5_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>7%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_5_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='12%'  id='choice_14_5_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_5_3' id='label_14_5_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>12%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_14_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>A few particularly productive stands of trees have achieved a yield of:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_14_6'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_6_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='50 m3\/ha\/yr'  id='choice_14_6_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_6_0' id='label_14_6_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>50 m3\/ha\/yr<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_6_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='100 m3\/ha\/yr'  id='choice_14_6_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_6_1' id='label_14_6_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>100 m3\/ha\/yr<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_6_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='150 m3\/ha\/yr'  id='choice_14_6_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_6_2' id='label_14_6_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>150 m3\/ha\/yr<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_6_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='250 m3\/ha\/yr'  id='choice_14_6_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_6_3' id='label_14_6_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>250 m3\/ha\/yr<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_14_7\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>The term coppice applies to stems that grow from<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_14_7'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_7_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='A stump'  id='choice_14_7_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_7_0' id='label_14_7_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A stump<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_7_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='A branch'  id='choice_14_7_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_7_1' id='label_14_7_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A branch<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_7_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='A fallen stem'  id='choice_14_7_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_7_2' id='label_14_7_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A fallen stem<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_7_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='Seedlings'  id='choice_14_7_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_7_3' id='label_14_7_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Seedlings<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_14_8\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Thinning from below (low thinning) is done to<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_14_8'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_8_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Favour the most promising stems'  id='choice_14_8_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_8_0' id='label_14_8_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Favour the most promising stems<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_8_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Remove sick and dead trees'  id='choice_14_8_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_8_1' id='label_14_8_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Remove sick and dead trees<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_8_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Reduce the fire hazard'  id='choice_14_8_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_8_2' id='label_14_8_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Reduce the fire hazard<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_8_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Free up the dominant trees'  id='choice_14_8_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_8_3' id='label_14_8_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Free up the dominant trees<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_14_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>By 2020, the proportion of the global industrial roundwood supply coming from plantations is estimated to be:<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_14_9'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_9_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='14%'  id='choice_14_9_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_9_0' id='label_14_9_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>14%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_9_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='24%'  id='choice_14_9_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_9_1' id='label_14_9_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>24%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_9_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='44%'  id='choice_14_9_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_9_2' id='label_14_9_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>44%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_9_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='64%'  id='choice_14_9_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_9_3' id='label_14_9_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>64%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_14_10\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>A landscape dominated by plantation forestry tends to have biodiversity dominated by<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_14_10'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_10_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Edge species and species requiring open areas'  id='choice_14_10_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_10_0' id='label_14_10_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Edge species and species requiring open areas<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_10_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Species requiring interior forest conditions'  id='choice_14_10_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_10_1' id='label_14_10_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Species requiring interior forest conditions<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_10_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Species requiring old growth conditions'  id='choice_14_10_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_10_2' id='label_14_10_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Species requiring old growth conditions<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_14_10_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Species requiring frequent fire'  id='choice_14_10_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_14_10_3' id='label_14_10_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Species requiring frequent fire<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class='gform-footer gform_footer top_label'> <button type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_14' class='gform_button button' onclick='gform.submission.handleButtonClick(this);' data-submission-type='submit' >Submit<\/button><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submission_method' data-js='gform_submission_method_14' value='postback' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_theme' data-js='gform_theme_14' id='gform_theme_14' value='legacy' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_style_settings' data-js='gform_style_settings_14' id='gform_style_settings_14' value='[]' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_14' value='1' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submit' value='14' \/><\/p>\n<p>            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_currency' data-currency='USD' value='RmL93pLoGgPyLb\/dtqopP81ornxwGanab4r2RVoop3sQ8OTc3skYNLKf1aEE5rORZP0AsUxqniceh1QUKLlMDmM4sOiV7EBu\/tT7KGsKQim\/B1A=' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_unique_id' value='' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='state_14' value='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' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_14' id='gform_target_page_number_14' value='0' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_14' id='gform_source_page_number_14' value='1' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' \/><\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"display: none !important;\" class=\"akismet-fields-container\" data-prefix=\"ak_\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_1\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"220\"\/><script>\ndocument.getElementById( \"ak_js_1\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );\n<\/script>\n<\/p>\n<\/form><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":469,"featured_media":0,"parent":62,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-514","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/514","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/469"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=514"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/514\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1250,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/514\/revisions\/1250"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/62"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=514"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}