{"id":516,"date":"2015-07-17T11:24:47","date_gmt":"2015-07-17T18:24:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/?page_id=516"},"modified":"2017-04-04T13:57:12","modified_gmt":"2017-04-04T20:57:12","slug":"topic-2-maintenance-of-forests-contribution-to-global-carbon-budgets","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/module-iv\/topic-2-maintenance-of-forests-contribution-to-global-carbon-budgets\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 2: Maintenance of Forests\u2019 Contribution to Global Carbon Budgets"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"random-tab-id-344\" class=\"tabs-shortcode  tabs-shortcode-top\">\n<ul class=\"tabs-shortcode-list\">\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Introduction-0\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#VideoLectures-1\" >Video Lectures<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Resources-2\" >Resources<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Selftest-3\" >Self-test<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"Introduction-0\"  >\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity at the current time. Global temperatures are expected to rise beyond levels that ecosystems can adapt to, and significant changes seem likely. All human activity will be affected, and this is prompting serious international collaboration on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n<p>Forests have two major roles to play here. Firstly, significant emissions are generated by forest degradation and deforestation. It is in the interest of forest managers to stop and even reverse these losses, although the problems are largely associated with the agricultural sector and its expansion as the world population both increases and seeks steadily better levels of nutrition. Reducing emissions from forest degradation and deforestation (known as REDD) has become an important policy tool in many countries, especially as there are a number of added benefits (referred to as REDD+).<\/p>\n<p>The second area that forests can play a major part in reducing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide is through maintenance and enhancement of carbon sinks in forests. This involves both ensuring that carbon losses are minimized as a result of harvesting (including looking at the entire life cycle of forest products), and increasing the amount of carbon being sequestered in forests by increasing the area of forest, and lengthening rotation times. All activities are important, but they will only work if the forests themselves can adapt to the changes in climate that are accompanying the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"VideoLectures-1\"  >\n<h2>Video Lectures<\/h2>\n<h3>4.2.1 Carbon in forests<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_k5jigcfz&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_5vgjugwa\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>4.2.2 Climate change<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_hh0ue09h&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_kfraesod\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>4.2.3 The Framework Convention on Climate Change<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_xpnvpb6d&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_qd3eizpz\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>4.2.4 REDD+<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_3pbgw8gg&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_gb7a5nqq\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>4.2.5 Global carbon cycle indicators<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_iguu0feo&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_3ncfjijj\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Resources-2\"  >\n<h2>Resources<\/h2>\n<h3>Textbook Reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Chapter 8 of the course textbook:<br \/>\nInnes, J., &amp; Tikina, A. (Eds.). (2014). <em>Sustainable forest management: From principles to practice. <\/em>London: Earthscan Publications. ISBN: 1844077241<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Further Reading:<\/h3>\n<p>Note: of all the topics dealt with in this course, this is the one that is changing the most rapidly. Large amounts of new material are being generated, and it would be impossible to keep this reading list fully up-to-date. You are advised to do your own internet-based searches to get the very latest material. The UN-REDD site (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.un-redd.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.un-redd.org\/<\/a>) is particularly helpful.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ajonina, G. et al. (2014). Carbon pools and multiple benefits of mangroves in Central Africa: Assessment for REDD+. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unep.org\/pdf\/REDDcarbon_lowres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.unep.org\/pdf\/REDDcarbon_lowres.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Angelsen, A. (Ed.). (2009). <em>Realizing REDD+: National strategy and policy options<\/em>. Bogor Indonesia: Center for International Forestry research(CIFOR). Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/2871\/realising-redd-national-strategy-and-policy-options\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/2871\/realising-redd-national-strategy-and-policy-options\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Ashton, M.S., Tyrrell, M.L., Spalding, D., &amp; Gentry, B. (Eds.). (2012). <em>Managing forest carbon in a changing climate<\/em>. Dordrecht: Springer Science. ISBN-10:9400722311; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-9400722316<\/li>\n<li>Bregman T. et al. (2015). <em>Achieving zero (net) deforestation commitments: What it means and how to get there<\/em>. Oxford: Global Canopy Programme. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/globalcanopy.org\/publications\/achieving-zero-net-deforestation-what-it-means-and-how-to-get-there\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/globalcanopy.org\/publications\/achieving-zero-net-deforestation-what-it-means-and-how-to-get-there<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Broekhoven, G., &amp; Wit, M. (Eds.). (2014). <em>Linking FLEGT and REDD+ to improve forest governance<\/em>. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Tropenbos International. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.etfrn.org\/file.php\/222\/etfrn55-webfinal.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.etfrn.org\/file.php\/222\/etfrn55-webfinal.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ecosystem Marketplace. (2015). <em>Full circle: REDD and Indigenous people &#8211; Past, present, and future<\/em>. Washington DC: Forest Trends. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ecosystemmarketplace.com\/articles\/full-circle-redd-and-indigenous-people-past-present-and-future\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.ecosystemmarketplace.com\/articles\/full-circle-redd-and-indigenous-people-past-present-and-future\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. (2013). A Guide to the FCPF Readiness Assessment Framework. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forestcarbonpartnership.org\/sites\/fcp\/files\/2013\/june2013\/FCPF%20R-Package%20User%20Guide%20ENG%206-18-13%20web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.forestcarbonpartnership.org\/sites\/fcp\/files\/2013\/june2013\/FCPF%20R-Package%20User%20Guide%20ENG%206-18-13%20web.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Robledo Abad, C. (2015). <em>Technical guide on the quantification of carbon benefits in ITTO projects<\/em>. ITTO Technical Series 43. Yokohama, Japan: International Tropical Timber Organization. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.itto.int\/sfm_detail\/id=4328\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.itto.int\/sfm_detail\/id=4328<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Janson-Smith, T. and Marsh, H. 2013. <em>A corporate primer on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). The context, key technical and policy issues, and private sector involvement<\/em>. Conservation International, Washington DC. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/theredddesk.org\/resources\/corporate-primer-reducing-emissions-deforestation-and-forest-degradation-redd-context-key\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/theredddesk.org\/resources\/corporate-primer-reducing-emissions-deforestation-and-forest-degradation-redd-context-key<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kellom\u00e4ki, S., Kilpel\u00e4inen, A., &amp; Alam, A. (Eds.). (2013). <em>Forest BioEnergy Production: Management, carbon sequestration and adaptation<\/em>. New York: Springer Science. ISBN-10:1461483905; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-1461483908<\/li>\n<li>Lanius, D.R. et al. (2013). <em>Aligning biodiversity compensation and REDD+: A primer on integrating private sector conservation financing schemes in the tropics and sub-tropics<\/em>. Amsterdam: IUCN NL. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/financial\/privatesector\/g-iucn-reddcompensation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/financial\/privatesector\/g-iucn-reddcompensation.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lorenz, K., &amp; Lal, R. (2010). <em>Carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems<\/em>. Dordrecht: Springer Science. ISBN-10:9048132657; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-9048132652<\/li>\n<li>MacFarquhar, C., &amp; Goodman, L. (2015). <em>Demonstrating \u2018respect\u2019 for the UNFCCC REDD+ safeguards: The importance of community-collected information<\/em>. Oxford: Global Canopy Programme. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.globalcanopy.org\/materials\/demonstrating-respect-unfccc-redd-safeguards-importance-community-collected-information\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.globalcanopy.org\/materials\/demonstrating-respect-unfccc-redd-safeguards-importance-community-collected-information<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ravindranath, N.H., &amp; Ostwald, M. (2008). <em>Carbon inventory methods: Handbook for greenhouse gas inventory, carbon mitigation and roundwood production projects<\/em>. Dordrecht: Springer Science. ISBN:\u00a0978-1-4020-6546-0 (Print)\u00a0978-1-4020-6547-7 (Online). doi: 1007\/978-1-4020-6547-7. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6547-7\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6547-7<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Sharma, B.D., Vu Tan Phuong, &amp; Swan, S.R. (2013). <em>Generating forest biomass carbon stock estimates for mapping the potential of REDD+ to deliver biodiversity conservation in Vietnam<\/em>. Ho Chi Minh City: SNV \u2013 The Netherlands Development Organisation. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.snvworld.org\/download\/publications\/carbon_stock_02-10-13.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">www.snvworld.org\/download\/publications\/carbon_stock_02-10-13.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Selftest-3\"  >\n<h2>Self-test<\/h2>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 3.1.\"),o(),0))},initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.callIfLoaded(o)||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.scriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",()=>{gform.domLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}))},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"action\",o,r,e,t)},addFilter:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"filter\",o,r,e,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook(\"action\",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook(\"filter\",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,r){gform.removeHook(\"action\",o,r)},removeFilter:function(o,r,e){gform.removeHook(\"filter\",o,r,e)},addHook:function(o,r,e,t,n){null==gform.hooks[o][r]&&(gform.hooks[o][r]=[]);var d=gform.hooks[o][r];null==n&&(n=r+\"_\"+d.length),gform.hooks[o][r].push({tag:n,callable:e,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(r,o,e){var t;if(e=Array.prototype.slice.call(e,1),null!=gform.hooks[r][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[r][o]).sort(function(o,r){return o.priority-r.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){\"function\"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),\"action\"==r?t.apply(null,e):e[0]=t.apply(null,e)})),\"filter\"==r)return e[0]},removeHook:function(o,r,t,n){var e;null!=gform.hooks[o][r]&&(e=(e=gform.hooks[o][r]).filter(function(o,r,e){return!!(null!=n&&n!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][r]=e)}});\n\/* ]]> *\/\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gform_legacy_markup_wrapper gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='legacy' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_15' >\n<div class='gform_heading'>\n<h3 class=\"gform_title\">Module IV - Topic 2: Self-test<\/h3>\n<p class='gform_description'>\n<p><strong>Quiz Description: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following self-test quiz is designed to check your understanding of important learning concepts for this topic. The quiz contains ten multiple choice questions. There is no time limit for you to take the quiz and you may attempt to take it as many times as you like. After you click the Submit button, you will see your Grade, number of Correct Answers, your answers, and the Answer Key for each question.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quiz Instructions: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While you are taking the quiz, we advise you not referring to any course materials. After you Submit your answers, you may self-reflect the missing points, review relevant contents as necessary, and retake the quiz again until you get the full points<\/p>\n<p class=\"note\">Answer the following questions to see how well you have remembered what you learnt in this topic:<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_15'  action='\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/516' data-formid='15' novalidate>\n<div class='gform-body gform_body'>\n<ul id='gform_fields_15' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'>\n<li id=\"field_15_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The amount of carbon stored in the world\u2019s forests (in 2015) is estimated to be:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_15_1'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_1_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='116 Gt'  id='choice_15_1_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_1_0' id='label_15_1_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>116 Gt<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_1_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='296 Gt'  id='choice_15_1_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_1_1' id='label_15_1_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>296 Gt<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_1_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='601 Gt'  id='choice_15_1_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_1_2' id='label_15_1_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>601 Gt<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_1_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='985 Gt'  id='choice_15_1_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_1_3' id='label_15_1_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>985 Gt<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_15_2\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >When the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) describes something as very likely, the level of certainty is:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_15_2'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_2_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='99-100%'  id='choice_15_2_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_2_0' id='label_15_2_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>99-100%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_2_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='90-100%'  id='choice_15_2_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_2_1' id='label_15_2_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>90-100%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_2_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='66-100%'  id='choice_15_2_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_2_2' id='label_15_2_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>66-100%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_2_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='50-100%'  id='choice_15_2_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_2_3' id='label_15_2_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>50-100%<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_15_3\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >&quot;No regrets&quot; measures to combat climate change are:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_15_3'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_3_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='Measures whose benefits equal or exceed their costs to society'  id='choice_15_3_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_3_0' id='label_15_3_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Measures whose benefits equal or exceed their costs to society<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_3_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='The cheapest measures available'  id='choice_15_3_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_3_1' id='label_15_3_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The cheapest measures available<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_3_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='Measures that all countries can agree on'  id='choice_15_3_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_3_2' id='label_15_3_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Measures that all countries can agree on<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_3_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='Measures that governments will not regret making'  id='choice_15_3_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_3_3' id='label_15_3_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Measures that governments will not regret making<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_15_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >To date, the greatest warming has been recorded in:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_15_4'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_4_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Tropical forest areas'  id='choice_15_4_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_4_0' id='label_15_4_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Tropical forest areas<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_4_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Sub-tropical forest areas'  id='choice_15_4_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_4_1' id='label_15_4_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Sub-tropical forest areas<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_4_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Temperate forest areas'  id='choice_15_4_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_4_2' id='label_15_4_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Temperate forest areas<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_4_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Northern boreal forests and the Arctic'  id='choice_15_4_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_4_3' id='label_15_4_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Northern boreal forests and the Arctic<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_15_5\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change arose out of which conference:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_15_5'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_5_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='The Conference of the Parties'  id='choice_15_5_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_5_0' id='label_15_5_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The Conference of the Parties<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_5_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='The 20020Rio+10 Conference'  id='choice_15_5_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_5_1' id='label_15_5_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The 2002 Rio+10 Conference<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_5_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development'  id='choice_15_5_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_5_2' id='label_15_5_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_5_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='The World Forestry Congress'  id='choice_15_5_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_5_3' id='label_15_5_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The World Forestry Congress<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_15_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Which country withdrew from the Kyoto protocol in 2012?<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_15_6'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_6_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Canada'  id='choice_15_6_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_6_0' id='label_15_6_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Canada<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_6_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='USA'  id='choice_15_6_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_6_1' id='label_15_6_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>USA<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_6_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Russia'  id='choice_15_6_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_6_2' id='label_15_6_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Russia<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_6_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='Australia'  id='choice_15_6_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_6_3' id='label_15_6_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Australia<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_15_7\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Which of the following is NOT a Kyoto Mechanism<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_15_7'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_7_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='Joint Implementation'  id='choice_15_7_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_7_0' id='label_15_7_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Joint Implementation<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_7_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='Clean Development Mechanism'  id='choice_15_7_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_7_1' id='label_15_7_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Clean Development Mechanism<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_7_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='REDD+'  id='choice_15_7_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_7_2' id='label_15_7_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>REDD+<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_7_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='Emissions Trading'  id='choice_15_7_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_7_3' id='label_15_7_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Emissions Trading<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_15_8\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Poor countries efforts to adapt to climate impacts will be funded in part through the Green Climate Fund. It is the intention that this Fund will distribute:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_15_8'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_8_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='US$100 million a year from 2020 onwards'  id='choice_15_8_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_8_0' id='label_15_8_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>US$100 million a year from 2020 onwards<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_8_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='US$100 million over a 10 year period, starting in 2020'  id='choice_15_8_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_8_1' id='label_15_8_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>US$100 million over a 10 year period, starting in 2020<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_8_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='US$100 billion a year from 2020 onwards'  id='choice_15_8_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_8_2' id='label_15_8_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>US$100 billion a year from 2020 onwards<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_8_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='US100 billion over a 10 year period, starting in 2020'  id='choice_15_8_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_8_3' id='label_15_8_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>US$100 billion over a 10 year period, starting in 2020<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_15_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Signatories to the New York Declaration on Forests agreed to:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_15_9'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_9_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Halve deforestation by 2020 and halt it by 2030'  id='choice_15_9_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_9_0' id='label_15_9_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Halve deforestation by 2020 and halt it by 2030<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_9_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Halt all deforestation from their activities with immediate effect'  id='choice_15_9_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_9_1' id='label_15_9_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Halt all deforestation from their activities with immediate effect<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_9_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Halt all deforestation by 2020'  id='choice_15_9_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_9_2' id='label_15_9_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Halt all deforestation by 2020<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_9_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Pay compensation for any deforestation associated with their activities'  id='choice_15_9_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_9_3' id='label_15_9_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Pay compensation for any deforestation associated with their activities<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_15_10\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The carbon dynamics of Australia\u2019s forests are based on:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_15_10'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_10_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='A national forest inventory undertaken every 10 years'  id='choice_15_10_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_10_0' id='label_15_10_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A national forest inventory undertaken every 10 years<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_10_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='State-wide forest inventories undertaken every 5 years'  id='choice_15_10_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_10_1' id='label_15_10_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>State-wide forest inventories undertaken every 5 years<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_10_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Analysis of a network of growth and yield plots'  id='choice_15_10_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_10_2' id='label_15_10_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Analysis of a network of growth and yield plots<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_15_10_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Remote sensing imagery analyzed every year'  id='choice_15_10_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_15_10_3' id='label_15_10_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Remote sensing imagery analyzed every year<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class='gform-footer gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_15' class='gform_button button' onclick='gform.submission.handleButtonClick(this);' data-submission-type='submit' value='Submit'  \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submission_method' data-js='gform_submission_method_15' value='postback' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_theme' data-js='gform_theme_15' id='gform_theme_15' value='legacy' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_style_settings' data-js='gform_style_settings_15' id='gform_style_settings_15' value='[]' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_15' value='1' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submit' value='15' \/><\/p>\n<p>            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_currency' data-currency='USD' 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