{"id":549,"date":"2015-07-17T11:32:40","date_gmt":"2015-07-17T18:32:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/?page_id=549"},"modified":"2017-04-04T14:03:17","modified_gmt":"2017-04-04T21:03:17","slug":"topic-2-certification-of-forest-management","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/module-vi\/topic-2-certification-of-forest-management\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 2: Certification of Forest Management"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"random-tab-id-45\" class=\"tabs-shortcode  tabs-shortcode-top\">\n<ul class=\"tabs-shortcode-list\">\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Introduction-0\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#VideoLectures-1\" >Video Lectures<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Resources-2\" >Resources<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Selftest-3\" >Self-test<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"Introduction-0\"  >\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>In the previous topic, you examined how to write a forest management plan, adaptive management, which involved planning, implementing and monitoring management actions. But what exactly are those actions? The most common is the extraction of wood from a forest, and a huge amount of work has examined the impacts of this. However, there are many other interventions that can take place in a forest.<\/p>\n<p>Done well, management interventions improve the condition of a forest, steering it towards a defined objective. These objectives are normally described in a management plan, and consist of short-, medium-, and long-term goals. Actions are generally taken at the level of individual trees and stands, but occasionally landscape level actions may be taken. Examples of the latter include the massive re-structuring of plantation forests in the United Kingdom to improve their aesthetics and biodiversity values. In this topic, you will learn about some of the management actions that can be taken, starting with the development of a forest management plan. This is a critical document that outlines the desired future condition of a forest, and the actions that will be taken to achieve this.<\/p>\n<p>The ultimate goal of a forest manager is to manage a forest sustainably. Increasingly, the purchasers of forest products and services are demanding that evidence be provided that a forest is being managed sustainably. The indicators provided by the Montreal Process and similar agreements provide some evidence of sustainable management of forests within a jurisdiction, but they cannot provide evidence that a particular forest is being well-managed. In particular, criteria and indicator schemes do not provide targets against which actual management can be measured.<\/p>\n<p>In most countries, some attempt is made by the government to monitor the quality of forest management. This however varies in its effectiveness and governance issues, such as corruption or a lack of field staff, may result in inconsistent results. Consequently, with a few exceptions, the public has limited confidence in government-led compliance monitoring and effectiveness assessments.<\/p>\n<p>Third party certification systems provide one means by which the quality of the management of a forest can be assessed. There are a number of different certification schemes, with two major groups: the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). There is a great deal of rhetoric about the differences between these two schemes, but in practice they are very similar, and a significant number of forest areas have been certified to both standards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"VideoLectures-1\"  >\n<h2>Video Lectures<\/h2>\n<h3>6.2.1 Certification systems<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_sh034hqp&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_b9sp71j7\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>6.2.2 PEFC Sustainable Forest Management requirements<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_h2equ7wc&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_lfhot5ax\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Resources-2\"  >\n<h2>Resources<\/h2>\n<h3>Textbook Reading:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Chapters 14 and 16 of the course textbook.<br \/>\nInnes, J., &amp; Tikina, A. (Eds.). (2014). <em>Sustainable forest management: From principles to practice. <\/em>London: Earthscan Publications. ISBN: 1844077241<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Further Reading:<\/h3>\n<h4>Examples of SFM Monitoring<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Canadian Forest Products Ltd., Slocan Forest Products Ltd., Luisiana-Pacific Canada Ltd., &amp; the Ministry of Forests Small Business Forest Enterprise Program. (2010). <em>Fort St. John pilot project: Sustainable forest management plan #2<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canfor.com\/documents\/sustainability\/SFMP_2_final_vers_2010_09_22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.canfor.com\/documents\/sustainability\/SFMP_2_final_vers_2010_09_22.pdf<\/a><u><br \/>\n<\/u>An example of a forest management plan that sets explicit targets for specific indicators is the one for the Fort St. John area in northeast British Columbia, Canada.<\/li>\n<li>Forest and Range Evaluation Program, British Columbia (n.d.). <em>Forest and range evaluation program<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfp\/frep\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hfp\/frep\/<\/a><u><br \/>\n<\/u>An example of a government program that monitors whether forest management is effective at meeting stated objectives is the Forest and Range Evaluation Program of the Government of British Columbia, Canada.<\/li>\n<li>Department of Environment and Primary Industries, the State of Victoria. (2014, December 5). <em>Monitoring compliance and auditing: Timber harvesting audits in Victoria\u2019s State forests<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.depi.vic.gov.au\/forestry-and-land-use\/timber-production\/timber-harvesting-regulation\/monitoring-compliance-and-auditing\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.depi.vic.gov.au\/forestry-and-land-use\/timber-production\/timber-harvesting-regulation\/monitoring-compliance-and-auditing<\/a><u><br \/>\n<\/u>An example of a more regulatory approach is provided by the State of Victoria, Australia, with details available at the above link.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Particularly Recommended<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Nussbaum, R., &amp; Simula, M. (2005). <em>The forest certification handbook<\/em> (2<sup>nd<\/sup>). London: Earthscan. ISBN10\u00a01844071235; ISBN13\u00a09781844071234<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Other Suggested Reading<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Brotto, L., &amp; Pettenella, D. (Eds.). (2016). <em>Forest management auditing: certification of forest products and services<\/em>. London: Routledge. ISBN-10:1138816671; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-1138816671<\/li>\n<li>Cashore, B., Auld, G., &amp; Newsom, D. (2004). <em>Governing through markets: Forest certification and the emergence of non-state authority<\/em>. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN-10:0300101090; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-0300101096<\/li>\n<li>Higman, S., Mayers, J., Bass, S., Judd, N., &amp; Nussbaum, R. (2005). <em>The sustainable forestry handbook: A practical guide for tropical forest managers on implementing new standards<\/em> (2<sup>nd<\/sup>). London: Earthscan. ISBN-10:1844071189. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/ir.nmu.org.ua\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/136523\/d0d8711d11e32dd56a5b8138e4d687cf.pdf?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/ir.nmu.org.ua\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/136523\/d0d8711d11e32dd56a5b8138e4d687cf.pdf?sequence=1<\/a><\/li>\n<li>FAO (2006). <em>Responsible management of planted forests: voluntary guidelines<\/em>. Planted forests and trees Working Paper 37\/E. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from <a href=\"ftp:\/\/ftp.fao.org\/docrep\/fao\/009\/j9256e\/j9256e00.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">ftp:\/\/ftp.fao.org\/docrep\/fao\/009\/j9256e\/j9256e00.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gulbrandsen, L.H. (2010). <em>Transnational environmental governance: The emergence and effects of the certification of forests and fisheries<\/em>. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishers. ISBN-13:\u00a0978-1781007105; ISBN-10:\u00a01781007101<\/li>\n<li>Gupta, H.S., Yadav, M., Sharma, D. K., &amp; Singh, A. M. (2013). <em>Ensuring sustainability in forestry: Certification of forests<\/em>. New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. ISBN: 978-81-7993-495-1<\/li>\n<li>Maser, C., &amp; Smith, W. (2000). <em>Forest certification in sustainable development: Healing the landscape<\/em>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN: 1-56670-510-X<\/li>\n<li>Rockwell, W., &amp; Levesque, C. (2007). <em>Forest certification auditing: A guide for practitioners<\/em>. Washington DC: Society of American Foresters. ISBN-10:0939970953; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-0939970957<\/li>\n<li>Tollefson, C., Gale, F., &amp; Haley, D. (2009). <em>Setting the standard. Certification, governance, and the Forest Stewardship Council<\/em>. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN-10:0774814381; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-0774814386<\/li>\n<li>Whitelaw, K. (2004). <em>ISO 14001 Environmental systems handbook<\/em> (2<sup>nd<\/sup>). Oxford: Elsevier. ISBN-10:\u00a00750648430; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-0750648431. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.uobabylon.edu.iq\/sustainabilty\/files\/ISO%2014001%20Enviromental%20Systems%20Handbook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.uobabylon.edu.iq\/sustainabilty\/files\/ISO%2014001%20Enviromental%20Systems%20Handbook.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Van Kuijk, M., Putz, F.E., &amp; Zagt, R. (2009). <em>Effects of forest certification on biodiversity<\/em>. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Tropenbos International. ISBN:978-90-5113-090-4. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rainforest-alliance.org\/resources\/documents\/biodiversity_certification.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.rainforest-alliance.org\/resources\/documents\/biodiversity_certification.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Vogt, D.J., Larson, B.C., Gordon, J.C., &amp; Fanzeres, A. (1999). <em>Forest certification: Roots, issues, challenges, and benefits<\/em>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN-10:0849315859; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-0849315855<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Selftest-3\"  >\n<h2>Self-test<\/h2>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 3.1.\"),o(),0))},initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.callIfLoaded(o)||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.scriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",()=>{gform.domLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}))},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"action\",o,r,e,t)},addFilter:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"filter\",o,r,e,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook(\"action\",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook(\"filter\",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,r){gform.removeHook(\"action\",o,r)},removeFilter:function(o,r,e){gform.removeHook(\"filter\",o,r,e)},addHook:function(o,r,e,t,n){null==gform.hooks[o][r]&&(gform.hooks[o][r]=[]);var d=gform.hooks[o][r];null==n&&(n=r+\"_\"+d.length),gform.hooks[o][r].push({tag:n,callable:e,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(r,o,e){var t;if(e=Array.prototype.slice.call(e,1),null!=gform.hooks[r][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[r][o]).sort(function(o,r){return o.priority-r.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){\"function\"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),\"action\"==r?t.apply(null,e):e[0]=t.apply(null,e)})),\"filter\"==r)return e[0]},removeHook:function(o,r,t,n){var e;null!=gform.hooks[o][r]&&(e=(e=gform.hooks[o][r]).filter(function(o,r,e){return!!(null!=n&&n!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][r]=e)}});\n\/* ]]> *\/\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gform_legacy_markup_wrapper gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='legacy' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_21' >\n<div class='gform_heading'>\n<h3 class=\"gform_title\">Module VI - Topic 2: Self-test<\/h3>\n<p class='gform_description'>\n<p><strong>Quiz Description: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following self-test quiz is designed to check your understanding of important learning concepts for this topic. The quiz contains ten multiple choice questions. There is no time limit for you to take the quiz and you may attempt to take it as many times as you like. After you click the Submit button, you will see your Grade, number of Correct Answers, your answers, and the Answer Key for each question.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quiz Instructions: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While you are taking the quiz, we advise you not referring to any course materials. After you Submit your answers, you may self-reflect the missing points, review relevant contents as necessary, and retake the quiz again until you get the full points<\/p>\n<p>Answer the following questions to see how well you have learnt in this topic:<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_21'  action='\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/549' data-formid='21' novalidate>\n<div class='gform-body gform_body'>\n<ul id='gform_fields_21' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'>\n<li id=\"field_21_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The oldest forest certification scheme is:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_21_1'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_1_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='The Sustainable Forestry Initiative'  id='choice_21_1_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_1_0' id='label_21_1_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The Sustainable Forestry Initiative<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_1_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='The Forest Stewardship Council'  id='choice_21_1_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_1_1' id='label_21_1_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The Forest Stewardship Council<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_1_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='The American Tree Farm System'  id='choice_21_1_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_1_2' id='label_21_1_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The American Tree Farm System<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_1_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='The Australian Forestry Standard'  id='choice_21_1_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_1_3' id='label_21_1_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The Australian Forestry Standard<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_21_2\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The country with largest area of certified forest is:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_21_2'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_2_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Russia'  id='choice_21_2_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_2_0' id='label_21_2_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Russia<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_2_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Canada'  id='choice_21_2_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_2_1' id='label_21_2_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Canada<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_2_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='Indonesia'  id='choice_21_2_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_2_2' id='label_21_2_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Indonesia<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_2_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='USA'  id='choice_21_2_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_2_3' id='label_21_2_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>USA<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_21_3\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The ISO 14000 series requires the establishment of:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_21_3'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_3_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='An Environmental Management System'  id='choice_21_3_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_3_0' id='label_21_3_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>An Environmental Management System<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_3_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='A Geographic Information System'  id='choice_21_3_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_3_1' id='label_21_3_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A Geographic Information System<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_3_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='An Adaptive Management System'  id='choice_21_3_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_3_2' id='label_21_3_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>An Adaptive Management System<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_3_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_3' type='radio' value='A Complex Business System'  id='choice_21_3_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_3_3' id='label_21_3_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A Complex Business System<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_21_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >In which year was the Forest Stewardship Council established:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_21_4'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_4_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='1992'  id='choice_21_4_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_4_0' id='label_21_4_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>1992<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_4_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='1993'  id='choice_21_4_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_4_1' id='label_21_4_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>1993<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_4_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='1994'  id='choice_21_4_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_4_2' id='label_21_4_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>1994<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_4_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='1995'  id='choice_21_4_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_4_3' id='label_21_4_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>1995<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_21_5\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The Canadian Standards Association is:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_21_5'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_5_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='A government institution'  id='choice_21_5_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_5_0' id='label_21_5_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A government institution<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_5_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='A privately-owned for-profit company'  id='choice_21_5_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_5_1' id='label_21_5_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A privately-owned for-profit company<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_5_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='An association of forest companies'  id='choice_21_5_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_5_2' id='label_21_5_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>An association of forest companies<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_5_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='A not-for-profit membership-based association'  id='choice_21_5_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_5_3' id='label_21_5_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A not-for-profit membership-based association<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_21_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The CSA\u2019s balanced matrix approach means that:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_21_6'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_6_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='One interest group cannot be larger than the two smallest groups together'  id='choice_21_6_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_6_0' id='label_21_6_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>One interest group cannot be larger than the two smallest groups together<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_6_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='All interest groups must be the same size'  id='choice_21_6_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_6_1' id='label_21_6_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>All interest groups must be the same size<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_6_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='No interest groups are permitted'  id='choice_21_6_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_6_2' id='label_21_6_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>No interest groups are permitted<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_6_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='For a vote to be successful, 80% of the voters must be in favour.'  id='choice_21_6_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_6_3' id='label_21_6_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>For a vote to be successful, 80% of the voters must be in favour.<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_21_7\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The Sustainable Forestry Initiative is:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_21_7'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_7_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='An organization run by the American Forest and Paper Association'  id='choice_21_7_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_7_0' id='label_21_7_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>An organization run by the American Forest and Paper Association<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_7_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='An organization run by the American Forest Foundation'  id='choice_21_7_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_7_1' id='label_21_7_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>An organization run by the American Forest Foundation<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_7_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='An independent, charitable organization'  id='choice_21_7_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_7_2' id='label_21_7_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>An independent, charitable organization<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_7_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='A government organization.'  id='choice_21_7_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_7_3' id='label_21_7_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A government organization.<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_21_8\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >National forest certification standards can gain international accreditation through the:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_21_8'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_8_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Sustainable Forestry Initiative'  id='choice_21_8_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_8_0' id='label_21_8_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Sustainable Forestry Initiative<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_8_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification'  id='choice_21_8_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_8_1' id='label_21_8_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_8_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='SilvaForest Association'  id='choice_21_8_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_8_2' id='label_21_8_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>SilvaForest Association<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_8_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='International Forest Accreditation Program'  id='choice_21_8_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_8_3' id='label_21_8_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>International Forest Accreditation Program<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_21_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The PEFC requires that draft standards are open for consultation for:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_21_9'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_9_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='At least 30 days'  id='choice_21_9_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_9_0' id='label_21_9_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>At least 30 days<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_9_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='At least 60 days'  id='choice_21_9_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_9_1' id='label_21_9_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>At least 60 days<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_9_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='At least 90 days'  id='choice_21_9_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_9_2' id='label_21_9_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>At least 90 days<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_9_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='At least 6 months'  id='choice_21_9_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_9_3' id='label_21_9_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>At least 6 months<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_21_10\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The Lacey Act Amendment was passed by which country:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_21_10'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_10_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='USA'  id='choice_21_10_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_10_0' id='label_21_10_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>USA<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_21_10_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Canada'  id='choice_21_10_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_21_10_1' id='label_21_10_1' class='gform-field-label 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