{"id":75,"date":"2014-04-25T16:46:38","date_gmt":"2014-04-25T23:46:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apnsfmrcur1\/?page_id=75"},"modified":"2017-05-08T15:59:58","modified_gmt":"2017-05-08T22:59:58","slug":"topic-1-origins-of-sustainable-forest-management","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/apfnet01\/module-i\/topic-1-origins-of-sustainable-forest-management\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 1: Origins of sustainable forest management"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"random-tab-id-788\" class=\"tabs-shortcode  tabs-shortcode-top\">\n<ul class=\"tabs-shortcode-list\">\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Introduction-0\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#BackgroundInfo-1\" >Background Info<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#VideoLectures-2\" >Video Lectures<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Resources-3\" >Resources<\/a><\/li>\n<li \n\t\t\t\t\t ><a href=\"#Selftest-4\" >Self-test<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"Introduction-0\"  >\n<h3>Introduction<\/h3>\n<p>In the first topic of this module, we will look at the development of sustainable forest management. Current forest management practices evolved simultaneously in different parts of the world, although there was a common beginning in central Europe about 300 years ago. In some cases, attempts (usually unsuccessful) were made to strictly apply these early techniques designed for European forests to forests around the world. However, mostly, there have been local adaptations that take into account the tremendous diversity of forest types around the world.<\/p>\n<p>It is particularly important that sustainable forest management did not develop in isolation. In particular concerns about the environment, and what humans are doing to it, progressively increased in the second half of the 20th century, resulting in the development of the \u2018environmental movement\u2019. Issues such as air and water pollution garnered a great deal of attention, resulting in strict legislation in some countries. Similarly concerns of water supply, loss of biodiversity, access to forests and other issues have all resulted in various types of legislation in many countries, with an impact on the way that forests are managed.<\/p>\n<p>The written text addresses some of these issues, and provides a little background. It focuses on the evolution of ecosystem management in the USA, particularly in the Pacific Northwest where concerns about the future of the Northern Spotted Owl promoted major changes in forest management. The presentation discusses some of the international aspects of the background to the changes in forest management practices, emphasizing the importance of international activities such as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"BackgroundInfo-1\"  >\n<h3>Background Info<\/h3>\n<div id=\"pdf\"><object id=\"pdf_content\" data=\"\/apfnet01\/files\/2015\/01\/Topic-1-Origins-of-sustainable-forest-management.pdf?#zoom=auto&amp;scrollbar=1&amp;toolbar=0&amp;navpanes=0\" type=\"application\/pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"900\">Adobe has made PDF files a widely accepted standard. You must have a reader application to open PDF files, if the PDF cannot be displayed.<\/object><\/div>\n<p>Open the pdf file in new window <a title=\"Background Info\" href=\"\/apfnet01\/files\/2015\/01\/Topic-1-Origins-of-sustainable-forest-management.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"VideoLectures-2\"  >\n<h3>Video Lectures<\/h3>\n<h3>1.1.1 The evolving context of sustainable forest management<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_2eox3qh7&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_j5rzyte9\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>1.1.2 Sustainable development<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_mwi19kki&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_73rp0t62\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>1.1.3 Findings of millennium ecosystem effectiveness<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_n9j7dxha&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_87mvor6h\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>1.1.4 Origins of sustainable forest management<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.video.ubc.ca\/p\/113\/sp\/11300\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/23448209\/partner_id\/113?iframeembed=true&#038;playerId=kaltura_player&#038;entry_id=0_r8cgpoiy&#038;flashvars&#091;streamerType&#093;=auto&amp;flashvars&#091;leadWithHTML5&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.position&#093;=left&amp;flashvars&#091;sideBarContainer.clickToClose&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.layout&#093;=vertical&amp;flashvars&#091;chapters.thumbnailRotator&#093;=false&amp;flashvars&#091;streamSelector.plugin&#093;=true&amp;flashvars&#091;EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget&#093;=videoHolder&amp;flashvars&#091;dualScreen.plugin&#093;=true&amp;&#038;wid=0_rjirryc8\" width=\"700\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Resources-3\"  >\n<h3>Resources<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Leopold, A. (1948). <em>The land ethic<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/home.btconnect.com\/tipiglen\/landethic.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/home.btconnect.com\/tipiglen\/landethic.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Interagency Scientific Committee, United States. (1990). <em>A conservation strategy for the northern spotted owl<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fws.gov\/arcata\/es\/birds\/nso\/documents\/ConservationStrategyForTheNorthernSpottedOw_May1990.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.fws.gov\/arcata\/es\/birds\/nso\/documents\/ConservationStrategyForTheNorthernSpottedOw_May1990.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team, United States. (1993). <em>Forest ecosystem management: An ecological, economic, and social assessment <\/em>(Book). Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books\/about\/Forest_Ecosystem_Management.html?id=Exbbavi7bA0C&amp;redir_esc=y\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books\/about\/Forest_Ecosystem_Management.html?id=Exbbavi7bA0C&amp;redir_esc=y<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management, United States. (1994). <em>Standards and guidelines for management of habitat for late-successional and old-growth forest related species within the range of the northern spotted owl<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.reo.gov\/documents\/reports\/newsandga.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.reo.gov\/documents\/reports\/newsandga.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Thomas, J. W., Franklin, J. F., Gordon, J., &amp; Johnson, K. N. (2005). The northwest forest plan: Origins, components, implementation experience, and suggestions for change. Retrieved from: <a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00385.x\/pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00385.x\/pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>MacCleery, D. (n.d.). <em>Re-inventing the United States forest service: Evolution from custodial management, to production forestry, to ecosystem management<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/010\/ai412e\/AI412E06.htm\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/010\/ai412e\/AI412E06.htm<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kaufmann, M.R., Graham, R. T., Boyce Jr., D. A., Moir, W. H., Perry, L., Reynolds, R. T., \u2026Corn, P. S. (1994). <em>An ecological basis for ecosystem management<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.treesearch.fs.fed.us\/pubs\/7612\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.treesearch.fs.fed.us\/pubs\/7612<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/library.eri.nau.edu\/gsdl\/collect\/erilibra\/import\/KaufmannEtal.1994.AnEcologicalBasisForEcosystem.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/library.eri.nau.edu\/gsdl\/collect\/erilibra\/import\/KaufmannEtal.1994.AnEcologicalBasisForEcosystem.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Office of the Auditor General of British Columbia. (2010). <em>Defining ecological integrity<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcauditor.com\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2010\/report3\/files\/oagbcconservationofecologicalintegritysupplemtalinfodefiningeiout.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.bcauditor.com\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2010\/report3\/files\/oagbcconservationofecologicalintegritysupplemtalinfodefiningeiout.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Jensen, M.E., &amp; Bourgeron, P.S. (Tech. Eds.). (1994). <em>Volume II: Ecosystem management: Principles and applications<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.treesearch.fs.fed.us\/pubs\/6223\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.treesearch.fs.fed.us\/pubs\/6223<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Further reading:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chistensen, N.L., Bartuska, A.M., Brown, J.H., Carpenter, S., D\u2019Antonio, C., Francis, R., Franklin, J.F., MacMahon, J.A., Noss, R.F., Parsons, D.J., Peterson, C.H., Turner, M.G., &amp; Woodmansee, R.G. (1996). The report of the ecological society of America committee on the scientific basis for ecosystem management. <em>Ecological Applications, 6<\/em> (3), 665-691. DOI:2307\/2269460<\/li>\n<li>Gauthier, S., Vaillancourt, M.-A., Leduc, A., De Grandpr\u00e9, L., Kneeshaw, D., Morin, H., Drapeau, P., &amp; Bergeron, Y. (Eds.). (2009). <em>Ecosystem management in the boreal forest<\/em>. Qu\u00e9bec: Presses de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec. ISBN-10:2760523810; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-2760523814<\/li>\n<li>Grumbine, R.E. (1994). What is ecosystem management? <em>Conservation Biology<\/em> 8, 27-38.<\/li>\n<li>Hammond, H. (2009). <em>Maintaining whole systems on Earth\u2019s crown: Ecosystem-based conservation planning for the boreal forest<\/em>. Slocan Park, British Columbia: Silva Forest Foundation. ISBN-10:0973477903; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-0973477900<\/li>\n<li>Lertzman, K., Spies, T., &amp; Swanson, F. (1997). From ecosystem dynamics to ecosystem management. In: P.K. Schoonmaker, B. von Hagen, &amp; E.C. Wolf (Eds.) <em>The rain forests of home: Profile of a North American bioregion<\/em>. Washington DC: Island Press. pp. 361-382. ISBN-10:1559634804; ISBN-13:\u00a0978-1559634809<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"Selftest-4\"  >\n<h3>Self-test<\/h3>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 3.1.\"),o(),0))},initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.callIfLoaded(o)||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.scriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",()=>{gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",()=>{gform.domLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}))},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"action\",o,r,e,t)},addFilter:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook(\"filter\",o,r,e,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook(\"action\",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook(\"filter\",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,r){gform.removeHook(\"action\",o,r)},removeFilter:function(o,r,e){gform.removeHook(\"filter\",o,r,e)},addHook:function(o,r,e,t,n){null==gform.hooks[o][r]&&(gform.hooks[o][r]=[]);var d=gform.hooks[o][r];null==n&&(n=r+\"_\"+d.length),gform.hooks[o][r].push({tag:n,callable:e,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(r,o,e){var t;if(e=Array.prototype.slice.call(e,1),null!=gform.hooks[r][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[r][o]).sort(function(o,r){return o.priority-r.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){\"function\"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),\"action\"==r?t.apply(null,e):e[0]=t.apply(null,e)})),\"filter\"==r)return e[0]},removeHook:function(o,r,t,n){var e;null!=gform.hooks[o][r]&&(e=(e=gform.hooks[o][r]).filter(function(o,r,e){return!!(null!=n&&n!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][r]=e)}});\n\/* ]]> *\/\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gform_legacy_markup_wrapper gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='legacy' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_1' >\n<div class='gform_heading'>\n<h3 class=\"gform_title\">Module I - Topic 1: Self-test<\/h3>\n<p class='gform_description'>\n<p><strong>Quiz Description: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following self-test quiz is designed to check your understanding of important learning concepts for this topic. The quiz contains ten multiple choice questions. There is no time limit for you to take the quiz and you may attempt to take it as many times as you like. After you click the Submit button, you will see your Grade, number of Correct Answers, your answers, and the Answer Key for each question.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quiz Instructions: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While you are taking the quiz, we advise you not referring to any course materials. After you Submit your answers, you may self-reflect the missing points, review relevant contents as necessary, and retake the quiz again until you get the full points<\/p>\n<p>Answer the following questions to see how well you have learnt in this topic:<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_1'  action='\/apfnet01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/75' data-formid='1' novalidate>\n<div class='gform-body gform_body'>\n<ul id='gform_fields_1' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'>\n<li id=\"field_1_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >An important idea proposed by Aldo Leopold was known as:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_1_1'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_1_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='The Forest Ethic'  id='choice_1_1_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_1_0' id='label_1_1_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The Forest Ethic<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_1_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='The Water Ethic'  id='choice_1_1_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_1_1' id='label_1_1_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The Water Ethic<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_1_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='The Land Ethic'  id='choice_1_1_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_1_2' id='label_1_1_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The Land Ethic<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_1_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='The Air Ethic'  id='choice_1_1_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_1_3' id='label_1_1_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The Air Ethic<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_1_2\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The bird species that did more than any other to trigger changes in forest management practices in the Pacific Northwest in the 1980s and 1990s was:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_1_2'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_2_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='The Spotted Owl'  id='choice_1_2_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_2_0' id='label_1_2_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The Spotted Owl<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_2_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='The Barred Owl'  id='choice_1_2_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_2_1' id='label_1_2_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The Barred Owl<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_2_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='The Bald Eagle'  id='choice_1_2_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_2_2' id='label_1_2_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The Bald Eagle<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_2_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_2' type='radio' value='The red-tailed Hawk'  id='choice_1_2_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_2_3' id='label_1_2_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The red-tailed Hawk<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_1_3\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-checkbox gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label gfield_label_before_complex' >Which two of the following premises were not amongst the basic premises of ecosystem management:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_checkbox'>\n<ul class='gfield_checkbox' id='input_1_3'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_3_1'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input class='gfield-choice-input' name='input_3.1' type='checkbox'  value='Spatial and temporal scale are critical'  id='choice_1_3_1'   \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_3_1' id='label_1_3_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Spatial and temporal scale are critical<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_3_2'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input class='gfield-choice-input' name='input_3.2' type='checkbox'  value='Ecosystems contain many endangered species'  id='choice_1_3_2'   \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_3_2' id='label_1_3_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Ecosystems contain many endangered species<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_3_3'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input class='gfield-choice-input' name='input_3.3' type='checkbox'  value='Ecosystem function depends on its structure, diversity and integrity'  id='choice_1_3_3'   \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_3_3' id='label_1_3_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Ecosystem function depends on its structure, diversity and integrity<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_3_4'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input class='gfield-choice-input' name='input_3.4' type='checkbox'  value='Ecosystems are dynamic in space and time'  id='choice_1_3_4'   \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_3_4' id='label_1_3_4' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Ecosystems are dynamic in space and time<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_3_5'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input class='gfield-choice-input' name='input_3.5' type='checkbox'  value='Uncertainty, surprise and limits to our knowledge affect how we manage forest ecosystems'  id='choice_1_3_5'   \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_3_5' id='label_1_3_5' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Uncertainty, surprise and limits to our knowledge affect how we manage forest ecosystems<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_3_6'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input class='gfield-choice-input' name='input_3.6' type='checkbox'  value='Ecosystems are discrete units that must be conserved'  id='choice_1_3_6'   \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_3_6' id='label_1_3_6' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Ecosystems are discrete units that must be conserved<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_1_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_1_4'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_4_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='In London in 1990'  id='choice_1_4_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_4_0' id='label_1_4_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>In London in 1990<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_4_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='In Kuala Lumpur in 1991'  id='choice_1_4_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_4_1' id='label_1_4_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>In Kuala Lumpur in 1991<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_4_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='In Rio de Janeiro in 1992'  id='choice_1_4_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_4_2' id='label_1_4_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>In Rio de Janeiro in 1992<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_4_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='In New York in 1993'  id='choice_1_4_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_4_3' id='label_1_4_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>In New York in 1993<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_1_5\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Name the three major groups of services assessed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_1_5'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_5_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='Provisioning, regulating and cultural'  id='choice_1_5_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_5_0' id='label_1_5_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Provisioning, regulating and cultural<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_5_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='Water, soil and air'  id='choice_1_5_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_5_1' id='label_1_5_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Water, soil and air<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_5_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='Economic, ecological and social'  id='choice_1_5_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_5_2' id='label_1_5_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Economic, ecological and social<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_5_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_5' type='radio' value='International, national and regional'  id='choice_1_5_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_5_3' id='label_1_5_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>International, national and regional<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_1_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The net loss of forest is about:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_1_6'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_6_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='700 million ha annually'  id='choice_1_6_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_6_0' id='label_1_6_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>700 million ha annually<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_6_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='70 million ha annually'  id='choice_1_6_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_6_1' id='label_1_6_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>70 million ha annually<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_6_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='7 million ha annually'  id='choice_1_6_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_6_2' id='label_1_6_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>7 million ha annually<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_6_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_6' type='radio' value='0.7 million ha annually'  id='choice_1_6_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_6_3' id='label_1_6_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>0.7 million ha annually<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_1_7\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The first major finding of the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment was that:<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_1_7'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_7_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='Humans are changing ecosystems faster than ever before'  id='choice_1_7_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_7_0' id='label_1_7_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Humans are changing ecosystems faster than ever before<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_7_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='Humans have prevented ecosystem change more than ever before'  id='choice_1_7_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_7_1' id='label_1_7_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Humans have prevented ecosystem change more than ever before<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_7_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='Climate change is affecting ecosystems more than ever before'  id='choice_1_7_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_7_2' id='label_1_7_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Climate change is affecting ecosystems more than ever before<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_7_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_7' type='radio' value='Humans are causing climate change.'  id='choice_1_7_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_7_3' id='label_1_7_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Humans are causing climate change.<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_1_8\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Sustainable development<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_1_8'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_8_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Meets todays needs without compromising the needs of future generations'  id='choice_1_8_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_8_0' id='label_1_8_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Meets todays needs without compromising the needs of future generations<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_8_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Focuses only on the needs of future generations'  id='choice_1_8_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_8_1' id='label_1_8_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Focuses only on the needs of future generations<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_8_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Focuses only on the needs of today'  id='choice_1_8_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_8_2' id='label_1_8_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Focuses only on the needs of today<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_8_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Is development that can be continued indefinitely.'  id='choice_1_8_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_8_3' id='label_1_8_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Is development that can be continued indefinitely.<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_1_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >Provisioning services are<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_1_9'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_9_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='The services that provide for cultural requirements'  id='choice_1_9_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_9_0' id='label_1_9_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The services that provide for cultural requirements<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_9_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='The services that provide for goods'  id='choice_1_9_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_9_1' id='label_1_9_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The services that provide for goods<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_9_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='The services that provide for regulating mechanisms'  id='choice_1_9_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_9_2' id='label_1_9_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>The services that provide for regulating mechanisms<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_9_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='All services'  id='choice_1_9_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_9_3' id='label_1_9_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>All services<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"field_1_10\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-quiz gfield--type-choice gfield--input-type-radio gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gquiz-field \"  data-field-class=\"gquiz-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' >The Millennium Development Goals<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n<div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'>\n<ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_1_10'>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_10_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='Are set of goals related to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment'  id='choice_1_10_0'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_10_0' id='label_1_10_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Are set of goals related to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_10_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='A set of goals related to the preservation of biodiversity'  id='choice_1_10_1'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_10_1' id='label_1_10_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A set of goals related to the preservation of biodiversity<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_10_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='A set of goals related to the development of climate change adaptation'  id='choice_1_10_2'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_10_2' id='label_1_10_2' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A set of goals related to the development of climate change adaptation<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class='gchoice gchoice_1_10_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_10' type='radio' value='A set of goals related to global sustainable development.'  id='choice_1_10_3'    \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_1_10_3' id='label_1_10_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>A set of goals related to global sustainable development.<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class='gform-footer gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_1' class='gform_button button' onclick='gform.submission.handleButtonClick(this);' data-submission-type='submit' value='Submit'  \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submission_method' data-js='gform_submission_method_1' value='postback' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_theme' data-js='gform_theme_1' id='gform_theme_1' value='legacy' \/><br \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' 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