{"id":1808,"date":"2013-08-12T13:50:07","date_gmt":"2013-08-12T20:50:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/?p=1808"},"modified":"2013-08-12T13:50:07","modified_gmt":"2013-08-12T20:50:07","slug":"results-of-survey-on-meaning-of-open","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/2013\/08\/12\/results-of-survey-on-meaning-of-open\/","title":{"rendered":"Results of survey on meaning of &#8220;open&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_1819\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/files\/2013\/08\/WhyOpenBrainstorm-hardcorekancil-ccby-flickr.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1819\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1819    \" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/files\/2013\/08\/WhyOpenBrainstorm-hardcorekancil-ccby-flickr.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/files\/2013\/08\/WhyOpenBrainstorm-hardcorekancil-ccby-flickr.jpg 640w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/files\/2013\/08\/WhyOpenBrainstorm-hardcorekancil-ccby-flickr-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1819\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/secure.flickr.com\/photos\/99537327@N02\/9472941659\/\">Why Open Brainstorm,<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/secure.flickr.com\/photos\/99537327@N02\/\">Laila Le Guen,<\/a> licensed <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/deed.en_CA\"> CC-BY.<\/a> This image was done by a participant in the Why Open? course, a brainstorm mixing her views on why openness is important with those gathered from the survey discussed in this post. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hardcorekancil\">Laila<\/a> shared it on Twitter on the <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/search?q=%23whyopen&amp;src=typd&amp;mode=realtime\"> #whyopen <\/a> tag.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As part of a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a title=\"Why Open? course on P2PU\" href=\"https:\/\/p2pu.org\/en\/courses\/588\/why-open\/\" target=\"_blank\">Why Open? course<\/a><\/span> I&#8217;m helping to facilitate, we sent out a survey to gather different people&#8217;s views of what they think &#8220;openness&#8221; means&#8211;we were hoping to get answers from people in various professions. As part of the course, we asked participants to respond to some of these definitions in the discussion area for week 1, at the bottom of <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a title=\"week 1 of Why Open? course\" href=\"https:\/\/p2pu.org\/en\/courses\/588\/content\/1143\/\" target=\"_blank\">this page<\/a>.<\/span> But my comments are going to be so long that I think they&#8217;ll be easier to read in a blog post! So I&#8217;ll post a link to this blog post in that discussion area.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We got 30 responses to the survey, which is quite a good number from something sent out for a couple of weeks on email lists, Twitter, and other social sites! You can see all the results of the survey in a couple of formats.<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/pad.p2pu.org\/p\/What_does_%22open%22_mean_to_you\" target=\"_blank\">Here<\/a><\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">you can see the answers to each question listed out under the question, and<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheet\/pub?key=0AoYdoYRECznndEJIYXNTQWlmNVc5aG4zWlM2bk5fdGc&amp;output=html\" target=\"_blank\">here is the spreadsheet<\/a> <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">where you can link question answers to the person who gave them (if they gave a name) and their profession.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There&#8217;s another, similar survey focused on teachers\/faculty and what openness means in the context of research and teaching,<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> <a title=\"Pgogy blog, &quot;What does open mean?&quot;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pgogy.com\/thoughts\/2013\/05\/20\/what-does-open-mean\/\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a><\/span>, <span style=\"color: #000000;\">done for another purpose. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It also provides some interesting results, but I&#8217;ll focus here just on the survey we did.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">I thought about trying to see if there were patterns amongst people with similar professions, but I&#8217;m not sure we have enough data to do that, really. There are quite a few different types of professions represented, so there aren&#8217;t that many people in each type of profession (except education and educational technology&#8211;there are a significant number of people in those fields).\u00a0 So I decided to keep track of some common answers, and then comment on some of the uncommon ones that I hadn&#8217;t considered before or found interesting for some other reason. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Question on what people think &#8220;open&#8221; means, whether in general or in a particular field\/practice\/activity<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Our first question was: What does &#8220;open&#8221; mean to you?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Common answers to the meaning of &#8220;open&#8221;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">I did not do a super careful job of coding the answers, so others may come up with different numbers if they try to put answers together into similar categories! It was kind of a rough coding\/categorization.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">And I&#8217;m not attaching any great significance to these results&#8211;e.g., not suggesting that since these showed up quite often in our survey then it must be the case that most people who try to state their view of the meaning of &#8220;open&#8221; are going to have these in there. This was not at all a random sample. I include these just to give an idea of what one might often hear when people are talking about openness.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">17 of the 30 respondents said that open had to do with allowing things to be reused, revised, changed, remixed, and the like.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A number of people mentioned open licensing as a way to make this possible (I counted about 3-4)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">16 of the 30 said something about openness being related to accessibility, without barriers in the form of cost, bureaucratic hurdles, or other obstacles.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">13 said something about openness involving collaboration, ability for many people to participate in a practice or in creating a product. <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">E.g., government being open in part by allowing for public input, public decisionmaking in some aspects; students being involved in open education, being consulted in how courses go and being able to have their own goals, paths through courses. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A couple of people talked about institutions or practices being open to changing through feedback, and one noted that openness blurs the line between producers and consumers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">8 people said it had to do with sharing work, products, activities or process&#8211;one said it was a different form of file transfer than that done legally when there&#8217;s copyright and pirating.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">8 people said something about transparency, or openness in communication, such as when governments are transparent about their processes, or that a practice is open if publicly documented.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>\u00a0A couple of answers that were not common, but that I found particularly interesting<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">One person said that an important part of an open resource is that <strong>it makes clear <em>that<\/em> things are accessible, shareable, revisable, etc., and explains what those things mean in easy to understand terms<\/strong> (or links to a place that does so)&#8211;see dkernohan&#8217;s answer, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheet\/pub?key=0AoYdoYRECznndEJIYXNTQWlmNVc5aG4zWlM2bk5fdGc&amp;output=html\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000; text-decoration: underline;\">here<\/span><\/a><\/span>. Good point. Just because something is open and openly licensed for reuse and revision doesn&#8217;t mean people can easily find that information. I often see blogs that don&#8217;t clarify the license they have for their work, and without giving it an explicit license to the contrary, the default is copyright. If people want to share, they must be sure that a license and\/or words stating so are prominent on their sites\/artifacts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">One nice thing about Creative Commons licenses is that they have versions of the licenses that are in somewhat easy-to-read language (easier than the full legal code, anyway). So, for example, the CC-BY license that I use has a<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a title=\"CC-BY 3.0 license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">more &#8220;readable&#8221; version<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, with a link to the full legal version. Other licenses may have similar&#8211;I haven&#8217;t looked into many licenses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">I do think it&#8217;s important to not just say you&#8217;re using a license, but to link to it so people see the full terms, and if possible, to link to a version that explains it in somewhat clear language. And to make it prominent on your site. For those using CC licenses,<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a title=\"Creative Commons page on marking your work as cc licensed\" href=\"http:\/\/wiki.creativecommons.org\/Marking\/Creators\" target=\"_blank\">this page<\/a> <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">is helpful for best practices in marking your work as CC-licensed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A nice plugin I&#8217;m using for my blog, that you can use if you have a self-hosted WordPress blog (can&#8217;t add plugins on WordPress.com blogs, I think), is<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/wordpress.org\/plugins\/openattribute-for-wordpress\/\" target=\"_blank\">Open Attribute<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">. It allows you to put a site-wide license on, as well as different license for different posts. There is also a web browser plugin called<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/openattribute.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">open attribute<\/a>,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">that does something different&#8211;it puts an icon into your URL bar that allows you to easily cite information, images, videos from pages that have CC licenses (you can copy and paste in plain text or html).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0Another person said that openness has to do (in part) with <strong>a &#8220;hacker ethic&#8221;<\/strong> (see @wiltwhatman&#8217;s answer,<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheet\/pub?key=0AoYdoYRECznndEJIYXNTQWlmNVc5aG4zWlM2bk5fdGc&amp;output=html\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">). <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Though this may not be what that person had it mind, to me, a &#8220;hacker ethic&#8221; means that things are open to change, to being remade. But it being an &#8220;ethic&#8221; means a bit more than that. To me, it means that the more things that are open to remaking, remixing, the more likely it is that more people may eventually move from passive consumers of information and knowledge to active makers and sharers themselves. It there are a lot of things open to changing, and inviting people to use and change them, then perhaps this could encourage those who didn&#8217;t participate in making things as much in the past to start doing so. Especially if it doing so is fairly easy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For example, if an (open) educational resource like some slides from a presentation, or a digital animation that explains some process or concept is just available to reuse as is (so it&#8217;s open in that sense, but not in the sense of revision), then I can post it on a website for a course, or link to it, but I won&#8217;t be involved in adding or changing anything. And if most educational resources are like this, then I&#8217;ll be rather passive when dealing with things other people have made. But if there are a lot of OER&#8217;s that invite revision, remixing, then I may be inspired to change them so they fit my course better. And in this way I might make more things myself because while starting from scratch may be too much work, changing something someone else has created may not be. Again, depending on how easy it is to revise such things, and whether I have the right software knowledge, etc. It won&#8217;t be enough in itself to encourage more people to make things, but it might help. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Answers to why people participate in open culture, or why they think openness is valuable<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We also asked people: &#8220;Why do you participate in open culture? Or, why do you think openness is important?&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Some common answers <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">15 people said that openness is valuable because it allows for participation\/collaboration, and that this is important for various reasons<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">e.g., 7 people said engaging in dialogue with others helps them work better in their fields, and create better things<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">a few people mentioned that collaborating is important because it helps build solidarity, altruism, teamworking skills<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">one pointed out that there are always more smart people outside your community\/workplace than inside, so best to go outside these to share\/discuss ideas<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">7 people noted that openness can help create new and better knowledge, products; can help promote creativity and innovation<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">one said that we always build on the work of others when we create things, so the more work is closed off the less chance there is to build on it<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">one said that opening his\/her work up may help to solve problems down the road that s\/he isn&#8217;t even aware of it<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">a couple said that openness is helpful to bettering the world generally, solving common problems<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4 said openness can provide access to things that some people might not be able to afford otherwise, such as educational materials<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Related to the above, 2 people mentioned that openness is part of promoting inclusivity, and one said that it spreads power and resources more widely<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4 talked about the value of transparency, that public institutions shouldn&#8217;t be able to hide what they&#8217;re doing, that it promotes accountability, publicizes and helps to prevent abuse<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Some answers that weren&#8217;t common, but that I found particularly interesting<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">One person said, <\/span>&#8220;<strong>I want to share to increase the expectation of others to share too<\/strong>&#8221; (see Timothy Vollmer&#8217;s answer,<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheet\/pub?key=0AoYdoYRECznndEJIYXNTQWlmNVc5aG4zWlM2bk5fdGc&amp;output=html\" target=\"_blank\"> here<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">. Good point. I hadn&#8217;t thought of that consciously, but sure&#8230;if I am sharing some things I do, some people might find value in them and then decide that what they do could be valuable to others as well, and maybe they&#8217;ll be willing to share. If the norms in one&#8217;s field or activity are to not share, then few will do it. But it seems that if some people start sharing, others might begin to think perhaps it&#8217;s a good idea. I know if I benefit from something someone else has done, it<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Another person asked an interesting question: &#8220;I share because I believe it to be a good thing. <strong>Is sharing innately open?<\/strong> Not so sure.Not so sure&#8221; (see Pat&#8217;s answer,<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheet\/pub?key=0AoYdoYRECznndEJIYXNTQWlmNVc5aG4zWlM2bk5fdGc&amp;output=html\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">). I guess I just assumed sharing is open, but it probably depends on what is shared and how. And on what &#8220;sharing&#8221; means. Because if, let&#8217;s say, offering a free version of an app is &#8220;sharing,&#8221; but it&#8217;s not open to revision, then that&#8217;s not terribly open. And also if the free version is there mainly to get you to try it and then buy the paid version. That may not be what this person meant, though. <em><strong>I&#8217;m curious&#8211;can you think of ways in which sharing might not be<\/strong><\/em><strong> &#8220;open&#8221;?<\/strong> Please respond in the comments, if you&#8217;d like!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Links to open projects\/sites<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We also asked in the survey if people wanted to provide us with links to a project or site that exemplifies their views of &#8220;open.&#8221; It&#8217;s best just to go to<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheet\/pub?key=0AoYdoYRECznndEJIYXNTQWlmNVc5aG4zWlM2bk5fdGc&amp;output=html\" target=\"_blank\">the survey results <\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">themselves to see these, because some have nice explanations attached! Some great resources there. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thank you to those who took the time to fill out our survey!<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As part of a Why Open? course I&#8217;m helping to facilitate, we sent out a survey to gather different people&#8217;s views of what they think &#8220;openness&#8221; means&#8211;we were hoping to get answers from people in various professions. As part of the course, we asked participants to respond to some of these definitions in the discussion [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":665,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[699880],"tags":[699882,4328],"class_list":["post-1808","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-whyopen","tag-meaning-of-open","tag-openness"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1808","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/665"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1808"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1808\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1830,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1808\/revisions\/1830"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1808"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1808"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/chendricks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}