11/19/21

Final Assignment

Find the first episode of Digital Mysteries podcast: Predictive Text – Friend or Foe?

 

References:

Darragh, J. J., Witten, I. H., & James, M. L. (1990). The reactive keyboard: A predictive typing aid. Computer (Long Beach, Calif.), 23(11), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1109/2.60879

Dunn, J., & Sweeney, T. (2018). Writing and iPads in the early years: Perspectives from within the classroom. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(5), 859-869. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12621

Gibler, C. D. (1981). linguistic and human performance considerations in the design of an anticipatory communication aid

Hale, T. (2017). From the clay tablet to predictive text: How tech shapes literature. FT.Com, Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/clay-tablet-predictive-text-how-tech-shapes/docview/1977717203/se-2?accountid=14656

J. J. Darragh, I. H. Witten and M. L. James, “The Reactive Keyboard: a predictive typing aid,” in Computer, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 41-49, Nov. 1990, doi: 10.1109/2.60879.

Lewis-Kraus, Gideon. “The   Fascinating…Frustrating…Fascinating History of Autocorrect.” Wired|Gadget Lab, July 22, 2014. http:/ / www.wired.com/ 2014/ 07/ history-of-autocorrect/. 

Li, X. (2017). Divination engines: A media history of text prediction

MacArthur, C. A. (1999). Word prediction for students with severe spelling problems. Learning Disability Quarterly, 22(3), 158-172. https://doi.org/10.2307/1511283

Mullaney, T. S. (2012). The Moveable Typewriter: How Chinese Typists Developed Predictive Text during the Height of Maoism. Technology and Culture, 53(4), 777–814. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41682742

Raynal M., Martin B. (2020) SlideKey: Impact of In-depth Previews for a Predictive Text Entry Method. In: Miesenberger K., Manduchi R., Covarrubias Rodriguez M., Peňáz P. (eds) Computers Helping People with Special Needs. ICCHP 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12377. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58805-2_43

Santa Clara University. (2018). Lessons from the AI Mirror Shannon Vallor. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=8&v=40UbpSoYN4k&feature=emb_logo

Smith, Sidney L.; Goodwin, Nancy C. (1971). “Alphabetic Data Entry Via the Touch-Tone Pad: A Comment”. Human Factors. 13 (2): 189–190. doi:10.1177/001872087101300212

Waldron, S., Wood, C., & Kemp, N. (2017). Use of predictive text in text messaging over the course of a year and its relationship with spelling, orthographic processing and grammar. Journal of Research in Reading, 40, 384-402.

You’ve got Enron Mail. (Nov 2020). In 99 Percent Invisible. Retrieved from: https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/youve-got-enron-mail/transcript/

 

 

11/13/21

Task 12 – Speculative Futures

12 unexpected ways algorithms control your life

Image Source: https://mashable.com/article/how-algorithms-control-your-life

This week’s task asks us to look into the future and predict what we’ll see.  I have 2 stories for you.  Please view my short story, Decisions, Decisions  created using Book Creator.

 

The Algorithm Comics And Cartoons | The Cartoonist Group

Image Source: https://www.cartoonistgroup.com/cartoon/Frank+and+Ernest/2018-10-18/174566

 

And now check out the following comic titled “the expulsion of predictive text” created using Pixton Comic School.

11/5/21

Task 9 – Networking

This was the community that Palladio’s algorithms placed me in.  Network graphs such as these often use the term “degrees” to identify connectivity, so I’m going to use that, hopefully correctly, in my analysis.  Of the songs we all selected, I created a table to try to organize the level or degree of connection and bolded my own selections to see how my choices matched with others in my community.

1st degree (only 1 person selected it) 2nd degree (2 people selected it) 3rd degree (3 people selected it) 4th degree (4 people selected it)
  • Track 6 – El Cascabel
  • Track 16: Rite of Spring (Sacrificial Dance)
  • Track 23: Wedding song
  •  Track 27: String Quartet No. 13 in B flat
  • Track 2: Kinds of Flowers
  • Track 17: The Well-Tempered Clavier
  • Track 11: The Magic Flute (Queen of the Night aria)
  • Track 10: Gavotte en rondeaux
  • Track 26: Dark Was the Night
  • Track 1: Brandenburg Concerto (First Movement)
  • Track 14: Melancholy Blues
  • Track 18: Fifth Symphony (First Movement)
  • Track 22: Panpipes (Solomon Islands)
  • Track 12: Tchakrulo
  • 7: Johnny B. Goode
  • Track 5: Morning Star Devil Bird
  • Track 1: Brandenburg Concerto (First Movement)
  • Track 25: Jaat Kahan Ho
  • Track 20: Night Chant
  • Track 4: Pygmy Girls’ Initiation Song
  • Track 15: Bagpipes (Azerbaijan)
  • Track 19: Izlel je Delyo Hagdutin
  • Track 19: Izlel je Delyo Hagdutin
  • Track 24: Flowing Streams 
  • Track 8: Men’s House Song
  • Track 13: Panpipes and Drum (Peru)

In our community of 5 curators, we had three 4th degree nodes where 4 out of 5 of us picked the same song.  Of those 3, I was the outlier in 1 of them, meaning the other 4 chose it (track 13: Panpipes and Drum (Peru)), but I did not.  It’s interesting because in my original criteria, I noticed that there were quite a few songs of the 27 that featured panpipes, so I chose to select only 1 (Men’s House Song).  My criteria for that was again different sounds.  The fact that the Men’s House Song was one of our 4th degree songs was also interesting. I had chosen it from all the other panpipe songs because of the emotions it evoked in me, but would that we the reason that others chose it?  Especially when others chose other songs with a similar sound or instrument being used? Why would they all have chosen the 2nd panpipe song?  Was it more of a focus on geographic representation over the sound itself?  This, the data does not reveal.  I could assume that searching for different sounds was not a priority in my community as there was also two other panpipe song selected, although they were only a second degree. It appears that my community was attempting to have either geographic or cultural diversity, and it was interesting that 2 of us chose Melancholy Blues while 2 others chose Johnny B. Goode which are similar culturally and stylistically.

Essentially I feel that, like the algorithms that track numbers of links back to the same page to provide better search results  (Code.org, 2017), the algorithm in palladio simply looked for the number of matches.  This was all the information that we had given the program, so without more detail like rankings, key terms, categories etc, it couldn’t possibly know why we picked specific songs, or didn’t pick others, just that we had picked them. Just like search results, the more links to the same songs, the more likely you were to be in a specific community.  I would be curious how it ranked the connections.  Did it require a certain value for the number of connections? Or a certain degree of connection a certain number of times? And what does this tell us, without the context of WHY the song was chosen.  I find these questions fascinating.

 

References

Code.org (2017, June 13).  The Internet: How Search Works [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVV_93mBfSU&t=212s

 

10/30/21

Linking Assignment #6 – Record

I’ve chosen to link with Katie Naish’s post:

Task 8: Golden Record

First off, I really appreciate the layout of her blog.  While I’ve struggled with other blogs to identify the author anywhere in the blog, Katie’s seems to have that naturally in her blog’s layout.  With her logo that includes part of her name as well as an image that I could assume is meaningful to her (the stem of flowers) which appears on the side menu no matter where you go on her blog.  The ease of navigation that her menu choices provides is also better than mine, in my opinion, and very user friendly.  This is my first blog, but I wonder if Katie has had more experience either building or at least navigating through more blogs.

For this task, she starts off with the image of the golden record, which is visually appealing, and shows her better us of different forms of text in her blog.  Why haven’t I thought about using more visuals in my blog? The rest of her post is more similar to mine, and is written text heavy.

Katie talks about the overwhelming task of trying to curate a fully representative sound track that would both represent all facets of humanity, while also being aware of the potential “messages” that we are sending to extra-terrestrials.  This is something that the original curators where aware of, and attempting to find different cultures, peoples, and geographic locations that could be represented on the record, but they also spoke about how they couldn’t even begin to think about how the music or lyrics could possibly be interpreted if it was even possible to be ‘hear’ by the other life forms, which is why they chose some music specifically for it’s mathematical properties over anything else (MacDonald, 2019).  Katie is clear that she often picked songs that were familiar to her, which would therefore represent her experiences more, and any other songs chosen were more for their emotional response than anything else.  I chose songs based on representation of cultures (thinking more about the people on earth and how they would feel as opposed to who might be listening to in 40,000 years), as well as some with lyrics and some without in an attempt to have the widest variety of sounds possible.

 

Yet with those differences in approach, we chose the same 5 out of the 10 possible, although for seemingly different purposes.  Katie often refers to the emotions evoked in her by the songs, but I would wonder if a different culture would have the same emotions?  For example, colour is used by different cultures in almost exactly the opposite ways (mourning vs celebration).  Would the emotions behind sounds also be culturally influenced?  This is something that I’m curious about.  But not matter what, we would have no idea if the extra-terrestrials would even be able to hear in the frequencies that our music is recorded in, so would emotions be the most powerful tool to select by.

 

References:

McDonald, L. (Executive Producer). (2019-present). Voyager Golden Record [Audio podcast]. Defacto Sound. https://www.20k.org/episodes/voyagergoldenrecord

 

10/30/21

Linking Assignment #4 – Twine

I’ve chosen to link to Graeme Baerg’s Twine post.

https://blogs.ubc.ca/gbaerg540/twine-task/

I really appreciated how Graeme took a different approach to the same task.  It was the first Twine creation for both of us, and he experimented with a non-linear story that didn’t have a climax.  This made me recognize the thought process that I used, which was similar regarding a non-linear story, but different in that I feel my story lines all had a climax.  I wonder if this was a cultural bias, in that the stories that I’m used to hearing and teaching all have a climax.  Is this generational (Graeme refers to ancient Greek scrolls as not having climaxes), or it is cultural?  I had made an incorrect assumption that all narratives have a climax, as I have been taught in school.

We certainly both struggled with the lack of training in the technology, which seemed to limit both of our stories.  He described his experience with “[u]sing Twine as hypertext was at once a foreign and familiar experience of attempting to create and maintain interactivity”.  I feel we both were able to imagine the possibilities since hyperlinking is not something foreign to either of us, but the challenge came in using the technology to express the way our brain was thinking.  The possibilities and potential was certainly there, but we both referred to our training as the main challenge.

While both of our blogs are similar in their presentation (mostly written text), one thing I struggled with was the context of the author.  Who is Graeme?  I struggled to even find his name on his blog, let alone anything about him.  I appreciated his personal insight on the top of his post about his recent family tragedy which was the only thing that told me anything about him.

10/23/21

Task #8 – The Golden Record

When Smith ponders the problems around creating a digital information storage system, she talks about how crucial it is to consider all viewpoints, and to be thinking about what people 100 years from now (or longer in terms of NASA’s golden record) would want to be studying about us know (1999).  She discusses her greatest fear of creating, through curation an “intellectual monoculture” and to actively attempt to document the communities that we are the least comfortable with (2017). This helped me structure my criteria for my reduced Golden Record. There were certainly some songs that I was less ‘comfortable’ with because the instruments, sounds, rhythms, style or language was different from my experience, but I wanted to ensure that there were many of those included.  That there wasn’t too many that I, as a person who has grown up in a Euro-centric, Western background would be ‘comfortable’ with.  I also wanted to make sure that there was a variety of instruments, and rhythms represented, including the human voice as an instrument.  So I chose some songs that specifically used the human voice, and some that didn’t.  I wanted to represent different languages within those vocal expression as well, and attempts were made to include different genders of voices.  Representing different cultures was a priority, and allowed the culling of many Euro-centric and western songs that were originally represented.

Vocals:

  • Peru, wedding song, recorded by John Cohen. 0:38
  • India, raga, “Jaat Kahan Ho,” sung by Surshri Kesar Bai Kerkar. 3:30
  • Mexico, “El Cascabel,” performed by Lorenzo Barcelata and the Mariachi México. 3:1
  • Zaire, Pygmy girls’ initiation song, recorded by Colin Turnbull. 0:56
  • Navajo Indians, Night Chant, recorded by Willard Rhodes. 0:57 
  • “Melancholy Blues,” performed by Louis Armstrong and his Hot Seven. 3:05

Instruments only

  • China, ch’in, “Flowing Streams,” performed by Kuan P’ing-hu. 7:37
  • Stravinsky, Rite of Spring, Sacrificial Dance, Columbia Symphony Orchestra, Igor Stravinsky, conductor. 4:35 RUSSIA
  • New Guinea, men’s house song, recorded by Robert MacLennan. 1:20 (panpipes again)
  • Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F. First Movement, Munich Bach Orchestra, Karl Richter, conductor. 4:40

References:

Nasa. (n.d) Voyager-The Golden Record. https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/

Smith, A. (1999). Why digitize? Retrieved June 15, 2019, from Council on Library and Information Resources website: https://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub80-smith/pub80-2/

Smith Rumsey, A. (2017, July, 17). Digital Memory: What Can We Afford to Lose

.  Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/FBrahqg9ZMc

 

10/22/21

Linking Assignment #5 – Mode Bending

I chose to link to Eduardo Rebagliati’s post on Mode Bending.

Task 7: Mode-Bending

I appreciated the different lens that he looked at the “What’s in the bag assignment” through.  Right away he speaks about how he wanted to give more clues, instead of using only gestures.  This also reminds me of the struggle I experienced during the emoji story task; how can I ensure that my intended meaning is being expressed through visuals instead of words? I agree with Eduardo that my experience has led to a similar belief that “visual and textual representations are usually the most precise modes to describe objects”.  I can again connect this to the emoji task where images often felt underqualified to represent the ideas that I was hoping to express.  His connection between dynamic images of verbs and the value of adding the sounds that his bag items made was very interesting.  In my mode bend, I also tried to make the assignment more dynamic, but in a different way.  Instead of trying to interpret specific items to aid in identification, I attempted to push their thinking beyond the literal and have viewers make inferences and recognize potential biases. Eduardo came to a similar conclusion with his assignment, that it is very possible to identify and analyze cultural bias through his task, which is the main focus of my mode bend.

10/22/21

Linking Assignment #3 – Emoji Stories

I’ve chosen to link to A. MacPherson’s emoji story post:

Task 6 – An emoji story

I first connected to their post with the layout of their emoji story, and blog post which was similar to mine.  I found other peoples’ stories were much longer as they went into more detail of different scenes.  I interpreted the assignment more like MacPherson, as we both chose to present our stories more as a synopsis than a full description.  Another cultural connection was that we both connected this to the game charades, both of which are turning ideas or text into visual forms without words.  The challenge of choosing symbols was apparent in both of our posts, and using the emojis as symbols instead of as syllables or other direct word connections.

 

The choice to find a movie that was ‘easy’ to represent through visual forms was also apparent in both of our posts.  I would emphasize how difficult it can be for others to interpret symbols or images in the same way.  MacPherson’s idea to use symbols for context instead of direct words is helpful to make it more universally interpretable instead of depending on English translations.  I would argue that much of the difficulty comes from the wide variation on how any individual from a similar cultural background would interpret each symbol, let alone people from other backgrounds, experiences or even age groups.  All of these could add to the challenge.  I didn’t think, when I did my emoji story, about how the title might be different in different languages which is something I would like to go back and address.

 

 

 

10/17/21

Task #7 – Mode Bending

Please watch: What can we INFER from a bag?

I chose to reinvent the “what’s in my bag” task to something that a teacher could use in their classroom to work on making inferences, while identifying biases and assumptions present in the students’ thinking.  What pieces of information are helpful?  What cultural, political, and gender biases are present in our inferences?  How can we acknowledge and then challenge these biases?  This would likely occur after some work on identifying assumptions and biases and this could be a more summative, challenging task. Or it could be a provocation into the ideas of bias within our inferences.  Doing this through a videoscribe was on purpose to help direct and focus the audience in different ways. The images, text and audio are all layers to the story, all helping to paint the picture and encourage questioning of our own thinking process. In the video, I wanted the students to focus on inferences, and questions they could ask. What could they add to the inferences I was making? How would we know which are true and which aren’t?  In my redesign, I was really attempting to shift the perspective on the task from ‘what do I want to present as my identity?’ to ‘what could others assume about me?’.  As the New London group describes, “[t]o be relevant, learning processes need to recruit, rather than attempt to ignore and erase, the different subjectivities – interests, intentions, commitments, and purposes – students bring to learning” (1996, p 72).  Challenging students to take anything beyond what ‘face value’ or their initial inclinations might imply is a powerful skill in today’s complex world. Understanding subjectivity vs objectivity and how it influences their thinking. Dobson and Willinsky discussed the collaborative shift between students after word processing became common in the classroom (2009) which can allow for greater sharing of thought and ideas between students. Knowing the “democratic qualities of digital literacy, as it affords greater access to knowledge as well as the ability to speak out and make one’s views widely available” (Dobson & Willinsky, 2009, p 1) comes with a responsibility to make digital citizens who are able to see different perspectives and opinions that may be different from their own and seek to understanding instead of simply dismissing them. If  Dobson and Willinsky are correct and there is a “trend favoring icon over alphabet” (2009, p 15), having students collaborate together to acknowledge assumptions and biases in each other’s thinking that could occur by looking at an image is a critical skill for our students.  

 

References:

Dobson, T. M., & Willinsky, J. (2009). Digital literacy. (pp. 286-312). Cambridge University Press.

The New London Group. (1996). A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures. Harvard Educational Review 66(1), 60-92.

 

10/10/21

Linking Assignment #2 – Potato Printing and Manual Scripts

 

For this assignment, I’ve chosen to look at Vera Xiong’s potato printing task.

Task 4: Potato Printing

I purposely chose someone who had done the other offered method for this task as I wanted to compare their experience to my own. Right away we had similar, but drastically different experiences.  I took about 25 minutes to write 500+ words, while it took Vera the same about of time and likely more effort and creativity to create 2 printed words.  I was able to quickly create fairly reproducible letters with pen and ink while Vera’s where certainly more uniformly reproducible, but with an investment of time, energy, creativity and a wide variety of materials.

It was interesting that she described her lengthy and potentially frustrating experience as “therapeutic”, which I would compare to my post where I complain about hand cramps and the struggle of putting down clearly my shifting ideas.  As she spoke about the printing process for ancient cultures like China and Egypt, I wonder if they too would have described it in a similar way, “therapeutic, but time consuming”.

I really appreciated how Vera had not just photos of her effort and written descriptions, by also had a video on her post.  Her use of multiple literacies really allowed us to see her experience in many forms.  Her blog is set up differently than mine, with even her name hidden other than in the title of her video, yet she is able to describe her experience clearly, and we get to see her better than the one picture I have on my homepage.

It was the near the end of Vera’s post that I had an ‘aha’ moment.  The first, more minor moment was when she connected the mechanization of print to the abundance of literature that we have now.  But she later followed it up with the wonders about the intention, focus and pride that went into printing or creating literature in the past.  It made me wonder if that same intention has disappeared because of our desire for efficiency and speed in our modern world. Are we as intentional with our literacies when it’s a simple matter of hitting a button to change a word or delete part of an image? What shift has this caused and how could it be interpreted?  How has it influenced our world?  Kress talks about the “enormous experiment in mass literacy of the 19th and 20th centuries” (2005, p 55) and how has the cultural shift from literacy being something elite or only for some into something that is accessible to at least most of the population affected the quantity and possibly quality of literature.  I think we see this especially in social media.  It took Vera 25 min to write the word ‘peace’ twice, yet it is a matter of seconds for a person to write a hurtful statement online.  While Vera’s message on paper could be easily permanently destroyed in many ways, online words don’t disappear even when deleted of a site.