A graduate student in public health
Source text:
Early childhood caries (ECC) is defined as the presence of one or more decayed, missing (due to caries) or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a preschool-age child.
Hard Sciences
Example 45- Graduate science student
A graduate student in chemistry
Source text:
A palindromic sequence is a nucleic acid sequence that reads the same no matter from the 5′ end of the sequence itself or from the 5′ end of its complementary strand. It has a potential to form a hairpin structure.
Source:
Huang Franklin W., et al. “Highly Recurrent Tert Promoter Mutations in Human Melanoma.” Science 339.6122 (2013): 957-59.
Writer’s text:
In DNA, when read on the 5¹ to 3¹ strand, a palindromic sequence will read the same backwards as forwards.11 For example, for the palindromic sequence 5¹AACGTT 3’, its complementary strand would be exactly the same in reverse when read from 3’ to 5’. When not attached to their complementary strands, palindromic sequences have a tendency to fold back on themselves to form hairpin loops.
Writer’s comment:
So because it was different from what I would expect from a palindrome in everyday English and I only found one paper and not very much in the textbook I didn’t know it was very widely used phrase to call something a palindrome in DNA. I thought it required a little bit more explanation.
Example 44- Graduate science student
A graduate student in civil engineering
Source text :
Addition of 0.34 g P as Na2HPO+ and 5.04 g N as NaNO3 per square meter to a small unproductive Canadiari Shield lake over a period of 17 weeks caused a several fold increase in phytoplankton standing crop, and a change in dominant species from. Chrysophyceae to Chlorbphyta.’
Source:
Schindler, D. W., Armstrong, F. A. J., Holmgren, S. K., & Brunskill, G. J. (1971). Eutrophication of Lake 227 , Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario, by Addition of Phosphate and Nitrate. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 28, 1763–1782.
Writer’s text:
Schindler’s experiments on Lake 227, a small unproductive lake, involved adding 0.34 g of P as Na2HPO4 and 5.04 g of N as NaNO3 per square meter, over 17 weeks. Over those 17 weeks, the fertilization caused a severalfold increase in the phytoplankton and shifted the dominant bacteria towards species of cyanobacteria, despite the phosphorus concentrations rarely exceeding 0.05 ug/L P-PO4. This experiment also gave evidence that phosphorus accumulates in the bottom sediments based on their mass-balance calculations (D. W. Schindler et al., 1971).
Writer’s comment:
Here I was summarizing… paraphrasing this paper to describe the experiment they had done. This statement here is a summary of the experiment and this statement here is a paraphrase of the experiment.
Example 43- Graduate science student
A graduate student in electrical engineering
Source text:
It should be noted that a switch opening will never imply a decrease in total loss, because an additional constraint on flow distribution is imposed through the switch opening (and there cannot be a better solution with an additional constraint).
Example 42- Graduate science student
An graduate student in chemical and biological engineering
Source text:
“The catalytic activity of Pt nano-particles is highly dependent on their surface structures. Surface defects, that is, step and kink atoms with low coordination numbers (CN<8), usually exhibit very high chemical reactivity and catalytic activity for most structure- sensitive reactions…”
Example 41- Graduate science student
A graduate student in civil engineering
Source text:
‘Addition of 0.34 g P as Na2HPO+ and 5.04 g N as NaNO3 per square meter to a small unproductive Canadiari Shield lake over a period of 17 weeks caused a several fold increase in phytoplankton standing crop, and a change in dominant species from. Chrysophyceae to Chlorbphyta. Reactive phosphate concentrations remained at undetectable levels in the epilimnion after fertilization, und inorganic nitrogen concentrations remained low’ Most of the added phosphorus and niirogen was-rapidly taken up by phytoplankton and sedimented with the seston. Although concentrations of total COz decreased to less than 20 pmoles/liter and pH values increised to greater than 9 in late summer, a high standing crop of ph) ‘toplankton was maintained. No marked increase in the rate of phytoplankton production was noticed, Experiments in polyethyiene containers suspended in the lake during this period of low total Cdz indicated that iarbon was not limiting to algal production, except possibly at algal standing crois in excess of 100 pg/liter chlorophyll o, and that phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient.’
Example 40- Graduate science student
A graduate student in urban planning
Source text:
“We cannot solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.“
Example 39- Graduate science student
A graduate student in chemical engineering
Source text:
The potential of graphite nanofiber supported platinum catalysts as an electrode for fuel cell applications was investigated using the electrochemical oxidation of methanol at 40 °C as a probe reaction.
Example 38- Graduate science student
A graduate student from biomedical engineering
Source text:
“Faster runners maintained higher stride rates and lengths throughout the race and made greater use of a non-RFS pattern at the end of the race compared with the slower finishers.” – (abstract)
Source:
Kasmer ME, Wren JJ, Hoffman MD. Foot strike pattern and gaits changes during a 161-km ultramarathon. J Strength Cond Res. 2013. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000282.
Writer’s text:
Commercially, GA is also offered as an assessment tool of athletic performance by identifying locomotive inefficiencies1 (p.1)
Writer’s comment:
I got it from PubMed. Kasmer. So these papers are usually searched through our database PubMed. So the conclusion of the study was “Faster runners …”, so I am basically just generalizing it by saying it is used to assess “locomotive inefficiencies”… So in this case the topic is specific about marathon runners but I am generalizing to become athletic performance because that’s too detailed for the context that I present for the readers. So for that particular reference that [it is] generalized the entire study in one sentence, just to provide an example to support what I am saying… Again to generalize it. … they are talking about “foot strike patterns” and I’ve changed it to inefficiencies.
Example 37- Graduate science student
An graduate student in electronic engineering
Source text:
Initial studies show that, in principle, variable speed wind turbines can provide a greater inertia effect than conventional synchronous machines, because generator torque can be increased at will, extracting relatively large amounts of energy from the spinning wind turbine rotor. This decelerates the wind turbine rotor rapidly, and so may not be sustained for very long before aerodynamic torque is reduced. High generator torque also results in high loads on the drive train, which may add significant cost.