Graduate Students

Example 49- Graduate art student

A graduate student in literature

Source text:

New and improved conveyances that made travel faster, cheaper and easier created a more mobile population, and with mobility came new exposures and interactions. (P. 123). Eventually published as The Relationship of Railway Corporations to Public Hygiene, Cronk’s speech became one of the numerous pamphlets circulating at this time to sound the alarm about the many disease carriers – human, animal, and insect – traveling by rail, turning rail carriers into disease carriers by association.

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Example 47- Graduate student in social science

A graduate student in human geography

Source text:

We want to conclude this section by arguing that the defining characteristics of contemporary gentrification should include in the widest sense: (1) reinvestment of capital; (2) social upgrading of locale by incoming high-income groups; (3) landscape change; and (4) direct or indirect displacement of low-income groups.

Source:

Davidson M and Lees L (2005) New-build ‘gentrification’ and London’s riverside renaissance. Environment and Planning A 37(7): 1165-1190.

Writer’s text:

Gentrification involves the socioeconomic upgrade of the place by incoming groups; the land reinvestment; the landscape change and the replacement/displacement of existing low-income groups (Davidson and Lees, 2005, p.1170).

Writer’s comment:

I used to write as “social upgrading”. And then my supervisor said it’s not clear. He said because the meaning is definitely socioeconomic status, so he asked me to change it to “socioeconomic upgrade.”

Example 45- Graduate science student

A graduate student in chemistry

Source text:

A palindromic sequence is a nucleic acid sequence that reads the same no matter from the 5′ end of the sequence itself or from the 5′ end of its complementary strand. It has a potential to form a hairpin structure.

Source:

Huang Franklin W., et al. “Highly Recurrent Tert Promoter Mutations in Human Melanoma.” Science 339.6122 (2013): 957-59.

Writer’s text:

In DNA, when read on the 5¹ to 3¹ strand,  a palindromic sequence will read the same backwards as  forwards.11 For example, for the palindromic sequence  5¹AACGTT 3’, its complementary strand would be exactly the  same in reverse when read from 3’ to 5’. When not attached  to their complementary strands, palindromic sequences have  a tendency to fold back on themselves to form hairpin loops.

 Writer’s comment:

So because it was different from what I would expect from a palindrome in everyday English and I only found one paper and not very much in the textbook I didn’t know it was very widely used phrase to call something a palindrome in DNA. I thought it required a little bit more explanation.

Example 44- Graduate science student

A graduate student in civil engineering

Source text :

Addition of 0.34 g P as Na2HPO+ and 5.04 g N as NaNO3 per square meter to a small unproductive Canadiari Shield lake over a period of 17 weeks caused a several fold increase in phytoplankton standing crop, and a change in dominant species from. Chrysophyceae to Chlorbphyta.’

Source:

Schindler, D. W., Armstrong, F. A. J., Holmgren, S. K., & Brunskill, G. J. (1971). Eutrophication of Lake 227 , Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario, by Addition of Phosphate and Nitrate. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 28, 1763–1782.

Writer’s text:

Schindler’s experiments on Lake 227, a small unproductive lake, involved adding 0.34 g of P as Na2HPO4 and 5.04 g of N as NaNO3 per square meter, over 17 weeks. Over those 17 weeks, the fertilization caused a severalfold increase in the phytoplankton and shifted the dominant bacteria towards species of cyanobacteria, despite the phosphorus concentrations rarely exceeding 0.05 ug/L P-PO4. This experiment also gave evidence that phosphorus accumulates in the bottom sediments based on their mass-balance calculations (D. W. Schindler et al., 1971)⁠.

Writer’s comment:

Here I was summarizing… paraphrasing this paper to describe the experiment they had done. This statement here is a summary of the experiment and this statement here is a paraphrase of the experiment.

Example 42- Graduate science student

An graduate student in chemical and biological engineering

Source text:

The catalytic activity of Pt nano-particles is highly dependent on their surface structures. Surface defects, that is, step and kink atoms with low coordination numbers (CN<8), usually exhibit very high chemical reactivity and catalytic activity for most structure- sensitive reactions…”

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Example 41- Graduate science student

A graduate student in civil engineering

Source text:

‘Addition of 0.34 g P as Na2HPO+ and 5.04 g N as NaNO3 per square meter to a small unproductive Canadiari Shield lake over a period of 17 weeks caused a several fold increase in phytoplankton standing crop, and a change in dominant species from. Chrysophyceae to Chlorbphyta. Reactive phosphate concentrations remained at undetectable levels in the epilimnion after fertilization, und inorganic nitrogen concentrations remained low’ Most of the added phosphorus and niirogen was-rapidly taken up by phytoplankton and sedimented with the seston. Although concentrations of total COz decreased to less than 20 pmoles/liter and pH values increised to greater than 9 in late summer, a high standing crop of ph) ‘toplankton was maintained. No marked increase in the rate of phytoplankton production was noticed, Experiments in polyethyiene containers suspended in the lake during this period of low total Cdz indicated that iarbon was not limiting to algal production, except possibly at algal standing crois in excess of 100 pg/liter chlorophyll o, and that phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient.’

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