Author Archives: cody zhang

The Rising Concern of Soft Drink Consumption in Children

We’ve all been taught since we were kids that sugar is bad for not only your teeth and waistline but also your health. Now, more than ever, North Americans are feeling the effects of excessive sugar consumption. With over 50% of Canadians describing themselves as overweight or obese, one of the main culprits of this issue is the uptick in consumption of soft drinks.

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Figure 1: control soda consumption, especially in children. Source

Although most of us understand that soft drinks are bad for our health, we often fail to fully appreciate the scope of the damage that it can cause, especially to our children. Recently, a research group out of the US have discovered that the damage caused by excess consumption of soft drinks, especially in children, is greater than we think. In their study, published in the Journal of Pediatrics, the researchers described soft drink consumption as having a correlation with “aggressiveness, lack of attentiveness, and isolation.” They reported that in a study of nearly 3000 children, “increased daily soda consumption where 43% of the kids consumed at least 1 soft drink a day led to an increase in aggressive behavior”. Their study accounted for both males(52%) and females (48%) as well as ethnicity where African Americans represented 50% of their study while the other 50% was made of Whites and Hispanics. Aggressiveness, the most concerning attribute affected by soda consumption was calculated to be up to 4.74 points higher(95% CI) in children with daily soda intake.

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Figure 2: Video discussing a study on soft drinking consumption being linked to aggressive behavior.

In a separate study, it was revealed that the risk of increased aggressiveness upon soft drink consumption was especially prevalent in children who lacked a consistent access to healthy and affordable food (King, 2016). Therefore, the importance of providing kids with a healthy meal everyday cannot be emphasized enough. If you are a parent guilty of microwaving dinners three days in a row, consider the effect it has on your children, not only physically but also mentally. Obviously, the prevention of soft drink consumption also cannot be understated. This applies for people of all ages. A good strategy that you can apply to combat soft drink consumption is to periodically restrict yourself; that is, if you consume 4 soft drinks a day, reduce that to 3, then 2, then 1, and eventually none. As a substitute consider drinking milk, or making yourself a healthy smoothie, or if you’re lazy, water is as good as any other option!

 

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Red Meat on Heart Health

Social gatherings, guy’s night out, or just a cozy evening in the comfort of your own home, everyone likes a nice piece of grilled steak now and again. But, how much is too much? Can eating too much red meat in fact be bad for you?

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Figure 1: Red meat, a source of dietary L-carnitine. Source

New research suggests that eating too much red meat does in fact cause heart complications. In a study published in the journal Nature by Koeth et al. (2013), complications arise in the heart when too much red meat is digested, due to the buildup of the chemical trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO).

This occurs due to the ingestion of L-carnitine, a compound readily available in red meat. “L-Carnitine is metabolized in the stomach and produces the chemical TMAO” (Hartiala et al., 2014). In this study, conducted on both mice and humans, it was discovered that regular intake of L-carnitine led to an elevated risk of developing atherosclerosis (build up of plaque in your arteries).

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Figure 2: Atherosclerosis, the build up of plaque in your arteries. Source

What precautions can we take to mitigate this? Can we just not eat red meat anymore? This study done by Koeth et al. (2013) goes on to say that vegans, or people with lower intake of dietary L-carnitine produce less TMAO in their body than fellow meat-eaters. In fact, people who had been vegans for an extended period of time produced almost no TMAO at all!

Moreover, it has been documented that ingestion of energy drinks also includes L-carnitine (Mangi et al., 2017), which again, when present in the stomach can be metabolized into TMAO, increasing your risk for atherosclerosis.

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Dr.Stanley Hazen, preventative cardiologist, explains the risk of L-Carnitine. Source

What does this mean all mean? Ultimately, there are varied sources from which our body can intake dietary L-carnitine; red meat and commercialized energy drinks being two of the most common options. The key here is to minimize your intake of L-carnitine on all levels  to prevent formation of TMAO and subsequent risk of atherosclerosis. As this is a topic still in hot contention, one can never be too careful. Perhaps now is the time to switch to that Vegetarian diet you’ve been thinking about all winter!

-Cody Zhang

References

  1.  Hartiala, J., Bennett, B., Tang, W., Wang, Z., Stewart, A., Roberts, R., McPherson, R., Lusis, A., Hazen, S. and Allayee, H. (2014). Comparative Genome-Wide Association Studies in Mice and Humans for Trimethylamine N-Oxide, a Proatherogenic Metabolite of Choline and L-Carnitine. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 34(6), pp.1307-1313.
  2. Koeth, R., Wang, Z., Levison, B., Buffa, J., Org, E., Sheehy, B., Britt, E., Fu, X., Wu, Y., Li, L., Smith, J., DiDonato, J., Chen, J., Li, H., Wu, G., Lewis, J., Warrier, M., Brown, J., Krauss, R., Tang, W., Bushman, F., Lusis, A. and Hazen, S. (2013). Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature Medicine, 19(5), pp.576-585.
  3. Mangi, M., Rehman, H., Rafique, M. and Illovsky, M. (2017). Energy Drinks and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Current Literature. Cureus.
  4.  Velasquez, M., Ramezani, A., Manal, A. and Raj, D. (2016). Trimethylamine N-Oxide: The Good, the Bad and the Unknown. Toxins, 8(11), p.326.