Category Archives: Issues in Science

Energy Drinks Contain More Caffeine Than Advertised

I’m pretty sure we all know what energy drinks are, and most of us probably drink it for that energy boost to stay awake at night to study for a midterm, final or to write a paper that was left till last minute to do. Everyone needs to be careful about how much caffeine they are consuming, but this is hard to do when the amount of caffeine aren’t even shown correctly on energy drinks. The reason why some companies don’t list caffeine levels is because there is no requirement to do so.

Researchers at Consumer Reports bought 27 top-selling energy drinks and shots and measured the amount of caffeine in each of them. They found that caffeine levels per serving ranged from about 6 mg to 242 mg per serving, some containing more than one serving. 5-hour Energy Extra Strength contained the highest amount, whereas 5-hour Energy decaf contained the lowest amount. They measured that Arizona Energy, Clif Shot Turbo Energy Gel, Nestle Jamba, Sambazon Organiz Amazon Energy and Venom Energy had about 20% more caffeine in it than advertised. Whereas Archer Farms Energy Drink Juice Infused was 70% below the amount of caffeine advertised. For most drinks though, numbers were within 20% of what was listed.

According to an article on Live Science, doses between 200 to 300 mg of caffeine aren’t harmful for adults, but exceeding 500 mg can lead to fast heartbeat, insomnia, and muscle tremors. Pregnant women should consume less than 200 mg daily, and children should not even drink energy drinks, and keep their caffeine consumption to about 100 mg daily. But the amount of caffeine a person can consume before it becomes harmful varies widely.

Even though it is quite scary to think of the outcome of drinking too many cans of energy drinks, it doesn’t mean you should stop drinking them completely. There are still benefits of drinking energy drinks, such as alleviating fatigue and increasing mental alertness which can improve a person’s concentration and focus. But just remember that energy drinks actually contain 20% more caffeine in it than shown on the can, so drink wisely!

Post Submitted By Mandy Choi

Bikram Yoga-The discomfort may actually be worth it!

If you have ever experienced Bikram yoga, you will be familiar with the often uncomfortable practice. An instructor will yell at you as you attempt to do complex poses in a crowded and hot room full of sweaty people. You probably hate the class as your’re doing it, but once you leave, you feel strong, light, and cleansed. Scientific studies have ben able to show the health benefits of this practice so for those of you that have been avoiding it, it may be a good idea to give it a try

YouTube Preview Image

Bikram yoga was created by the Indian yoga guru, Bikram Choudhury . The Calcutta born yogi has been practicing since the age of four, and has earned the “All-India National Yoga Champion” title.  In 1972, Choudhury opened his first yoga studio in the United States and taught  90-minute classes that consisted of 26 poses in a 105 degrees Celsius room. It is not always an enjoyable practice and vomiting as well as dehydration is common.  However, people keep returning and the benefits of the practice may exceed the negative aspects.

A study was conducted by a research team from the  Boise State University in Idaho to examine the health effects after an 8-week Bikram yoga program.  The study consisted of 51 participants between the ages of 20-54 years. They were required to complete 20 classes over 8 weeks and the researchers studied their changes in mindfulness, perceived stress, and physical fitness.

According to Dr. Jon Kabat-Zinn, author of Full Catastrophe Living, mindfulness is the “attention to and awareness of mind and body, accepting moment-to-moment experiences without judgment, and being present in a given moment”.  Yoga is a mind-based stressed reduction program so increasing mindfulness will decrease stress which is the cause of many illnesses.  In order to determine mindfulness, participants completed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). This questionnaire consists of 39 questions that, when answered, can be tallied to determine the level of mindfulness. A higher score means that the participant is at a higher level of mindfulness. Stress levels were measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Physical fitness was determined by observing submaximal oxygen consumption, measuring body mass, conducting single-leg balance tests, and using heart rate monitors.  Flexibility was also determined using the Accuflex 1 Sit-and-Reach box test and the Accuflex II Body Rotation Flexibility test.

The researchers discovered that practicing Bikram yoga for 8-weeks resulted in increased mindfulness, decreased level of perceived stress, and it had no effect on resting heart rate.  The program also improved submaximal oxygen consumption, flexibility, and balance. Many studios offer free trial classes for first-time students to give it a try; the health benefits are worth it.

Resources:

 

Earthquaking!

A powerful wave of energy moves beneath your feet, knocking you over. The ground violently shakes, glass rattles, and big buildings sway side to side. Earthquake!

The earth’s crust is split into several plates which are constantly moving. Even though this movement is occurring at a slow rate, the resulting impact on the earth is significant. These plates can  collide, separate, or slide past each other.  The movement of the plates in different directions causes breaks to form in the earth’s crust.  These breaks are known as faults. The faults tend to become locked in position, due to all of the friction that is happening. However, even though these faults become locked, the tectonic forces continue. The forces on these faults build up and eventually release. This surge of energy that’s released is the earthquake that we feel.

Map of the Major Tectonic Plates of the world
from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/blatantworld/5051807235/

Earthquakes are estimated to occur 500,000 times a year. In Canada alone, there are over 4,000 earthquakes annually. Many of these earthquakes happen without us noticing them, while other quakes are more severe and result in damage, and even death.  There are many different outlets dedicated to keeping track of all the earthquakes that are happening, such as EarthquakesCanada, which is a website run by Natural Resources Canada.

Being prepared for an earthquake is the best, and only, way to deal with this natural disaster. A community’s preparedness for an earthquake is determined by several factors. For example, how well the surrounding infrastructure would hold up and emergency survival kits in the homes of the community members represents the preparedness of people. Since these quakes are happening often, one would assume that anyone who could be affected by an earthquake would be prepared and knowledgeable about earthquakes. However, many local communities are not as prepared for earthquakes as they need to be.

Picture of destruction of Haiti after an earthquake
from: http://www.fotopedia.com/items/flickr-4274634000

A recent investigation by an insurance company in Canada discussed the lack of preparedness of Canadian cities for if an earthquake struck. They talked about how many buildings, such as schools, hospitals, and fire halls, need to be made earthquake proof. Also, the insurers recommend investing in our electrical and transportation systems in Canadian cities to prepare for these unavoidable quakes. If these protection plans are put into place now, the financial and mortality damages caused by an earthquake can be significantly lowered.

An Earthquake Emergency Survival Kit
from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/globalx/5532445369/

A survey conducted showed that 60% of Canadians do not have an emergency survival kit in their homes, and 70% do not even have an emergency plan. Shockingly, these people are all living in a country that experiences thousands of earthquakes a year. This lack of preparedness in the majority of homes of Canadians can result in unnecessary damages, injuries, and death. In order to protect themselves, families must implement an emergency plan for their homes. However, it is not just the initial emergency that is of concern. After an earthquake has occurred, families must ensure they are equipped with the right tools necessary to properly survive.

When an earthquake strikes, will you be prepared?

By: Nadia Kari

Multivitamins for health?

Many of us take daily multivitamin or mineral pill. It is convenient and we feel that by doing so, we are getting all the vitamins and minerals our body needs. But is it really beneficial? And is it safe? Let’s take a closer look.

 

Health benefits of multivitamins:

Vitamin and mineral supplements cannot act as a complete food substitute because they can’t provide us with all the benefits that whole foods, such as vegetables, fruits, dairy and whole grains, do. However, many people don’t eat well-balanced diet because they don’t like some type of food, don’t have time or are on a special diet. Therefore, multivitamin and mineral supplements can be used as a way to fill in the gaps in our diet. This can ensure an adequate intake of micronutrients  so our body stays healthy.

According to Dr. Jane Higdon of the Linus Pauling Institute, multivitamin supplements may play a role in prevention of chronic diseases such as heart disease, osteoporosis and cancer. For example, folic acid can decrease risk of cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer disease and vitamin D and calcium intake promotes healthy bones. Inadequate intake of many vitamins and minerals can cause health issues such as anemia (low red blood cell count) due to iron deficiency or rickets (softening and weakening of the bones) due to vitamin D deficiency.

 

Possible risks and things to watch for:

The most common risk associated with an intake of vitamin and mineral supplements is that of overdosing. Taking too much of some vitamins and minerals can be harmful to your health. For example iron overdosing can cause organ failure and too much of vitamin A can lead to nervous system damage and osteoporosis. Therefore avoid megadoses; don’t take multivitamin and mineral supplements which contain more than 100 percent of the Daily Value of any of the micronutrients. Also, some type of foods, such as cereals or beverages, might be fortified with vitamins so check the labels. You don’t want to get more vitamins than you need.

Always take the vitamin pills with food so that the vitamins can be properly absorbed. For instance, fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A or E, need to be taken with fatty foods, otherwise your body won’t absorb them.
Check the label. Never buy supplements with no expiration dates on them and don’t take vitamins or minerals which are past their expiration date.

Here you can watch an episode from BBC Horizon TV series. It examines if multivitamins are really beneficial to us and if there might be “too much of a good thing” when taking vitamin supplements.

YouTube Preview Image

 

A few words at the end:

If you need to take multivitamin or mineral supplements because you don’t get enough micronutrients in your diet, choose carefully before you buy. Look at the content as well as the quality verification and when in doubt, consult with your doctor.

Nesim Lichy

How Obesity Reduces Cognitive Skills

Image from: CNN
http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/18/your-brain-on-food-obesity-fasting-and-addiction/?hpt=he_t4

How to live healthy is common interest of all people. However, obesity has limited the movement of living healthy. Due to human tendency to crave sugar and abundant food supply in 21st century, people are getting fat. For example, in the United States and Canada has adult obesity rate is 35.7% and 17% respectively. In the case of the United State, obesity is very serious problem since one third of its entire population is obese. As it is well known, obesity is the main cause of diseases such as heart diseases and high blood pressure levels. However, new study reports that obesity could also impact in lowering brain function. Therefore, this blog is created to illustrate how obesity affects brain function.

Future Obesity Rate in the U.S. (video link)

Researchers at the University of Turku and Aalto University explained how obesity alters brain function. Mid-region of the brain called striatum uses glucose for its metabolism and commands the body to obtain sugars. In obese individuals, striatum is over-activated causing excessive intake of sugars. Meanwhile, increase in activity of striatum decrease prefrontal cortex (front part of brain) function where cognitive function is controlled. Professor Lauri Nummenmma from University of Turku explains cognitive function is suppressed by the overly activated striatum and preventing the body from controlling amount of sugar intake.

Picture retrieved from:
http://www.impactlab.net/2012/10/17/how-diet-affects-brain-function-revealed-in-studies/

Timothy Verstynen reported at the Society for Neuroscience that obesity reduces cognitive function. Verstynen gathered 29 participants with different body mass ranging from normal weight to obese and asked them to solve questions. Based on the brain image of all participants in the study, the brain activity was observed greater in obese group than the lean group to solve the same questions. What this indicates is that obese participants are inefficiently solving a question. Therefore, obese population has more difficult time in solving complex tasks than those of lean population.

Video: How Obesity Affects Brain function in teens (specific case)

The common dieting method among the people is to fast. However, the result is not promising. Tony Goldstone claims that skipping breakfast could result gaining of weight. This is because skipping breakfast activates specific brain region called orbitofrontal cortex, located at the frontal side of the brain. Upon activation, it commands the body to eat high calorie foods. However, having a breakfast lowers the activation and prevents the body from eating high calorie foods. In general, obese population has their orbitofrontal cortex overly activated, craving them for higher calorie foods and preventing from losing weight. Therefore, obesity not only cause gaining of weight but also manipulates the normal brain function.

In conclusion, it is found that being obese does not only cause a heart disease but also reduces the brain function. For example, obese individuals are less efficient in solving a problem than the lean individuals. Therefore, it is very important to have healthy and low calorie foods to keep both brain and body in a good shape.

By Young Ryu

 

Is Immortality at Hand?

I don’t want to die.  Ever.  Don’t ask me what I would do after I would have visited all the countries in the world and watched all the re-runs of Two and a Half Men.  I just don’t want to die.

I’m not the only one.  For as long as history can recall, people have been trying to find ways around death.  Whether it is through religion, alchemy or science, us mortals have been trying to put an end to aging and death.  Today, scientists might actually  be onto something which could give us a shot at immortality.

We know that, in humans, cells reproduce through mitosis, a process in which a cell separates its nucleus’ chromosomes into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei.  In 1961, Leonard Hayflick demonstrated that normal human cells can undergo about 40 to 60 divisions before entering a phases of senescence (that is, before becoming old and losing their ability to divide).  Senescent cells don’t replace themselves with new cells.  They stay in the organism to which they belong, accumulating damage until they reach a point where apoptosis, the process of programmed cell death is reached.  A simple way to put it is that once cells stop reproducing, the body gets older.

But why can cells only divide 40 to 60 times?  It’s because each time cells divide, their chromosomes get chopped off at both ends.  This is fine at first because human cells start off with “caps” of otherwise useless padding of repetitive strings of DNA called telomeres.

Telomere Caps

Human chromosomes (grey) capped by telomeres (white) Source from Wikipedia

As cells undergo successive divisions, the telomeres get shorter and shorter until eventually they are no longer long enough to enable complete and relatively error-free duplication of the genetic information that they encapsulate.

From this, it seems that if we could find a way to ensure telomeres remain long enough, we could have endless cell divisions, be forever young and become biologically immortal.

It turns out that an enzyme called telomerase lengthens the telomeres by adding bits of DNA padding to them.  Moreover, ways to activate telomerase production have been identified.

I should probably nuance the above by saying that there are still many hurdles to be passed before we can get immortality treatment at local clinics.  Cancer features prominently among them.  Indeed, cancers are collections of rogue cells that gained the ability to divide infinitely through some fluke of the telomere / telomerase regulation mechanism.

That being said, we humans can go very far to get what we want and avoid what we don’t.  Many want to avoid death for themselves and those they love.  Thus, I wouldn’t be surprised if we finally got our chance at immortality before I die.

The following video is a podcast from Dr. Ed Park explaining the aging as a result of shortened telomeres.

YouTube Preview Image

For more information on the topic:

http://www4.utsouthwestern.edu/cellbio/shay-wright/intro/facts/sw_facts.html

http://www.viewzone.com/aging.html