Category Archives: Issues in Science

Eat Tomatoes!

New research suggests that foods such as tomatoes which contain the antioxidant lycopene may reduce men’s risk of stroke. Lycopene is an antioxidant compound that gives yellow, red, and orange vegetables and fruits their colour because they contain the pigment carotenoid. Papaya, watermelon, guava and apricots are also significant sources of lycopene. Lycopene decrease the formation of plaques in arteries leading to heart attacks and strokes. They also decrease stroke risk by preventing blood clots, blood platelets from clumping together and also inhibiting the production of cholesterol.

Jouni Karppi of the Univeristy of Eastern Finland published an article in the journal of Neurology showing that men who had higher levels of lycopene in their blood were 55% less likely to have a stroke when compared to those with lower levels of lycopene. 1031 men in Finland between the ages 46 and 65 took part in his study. Over the 12-year period of the study, only 67 men suffered a stroke. Most of the men who suffered from a stroke had low levels of lycopene in their blood. Although the study did show that people with higher levels of lycopene have fewer strokes, it did not prove that eating tomatoes reduced the risk of stroke. Karppi said that he will continue to do further research of the role lycopene play in decreasing the risk of chromic vascular disease.

Men should really consider eating more tomatoes. Not only do they have a chance of reducing men’s risk of stroke, but they may also lower the risk of certain type of cancer such as prostate, lung and stomach cancer. So to all the men out there, start to include more tomatoes in your diet! Your body will thank you in the future.

Posted by Mandy Choi

 

Honey in Colours of the Rainbow?

Halloween is around the corner and candy factories are in full blast. This is great news for the candy business but for a town in France, the bees are creating honey that can match any colour of candy out there.

The unnatural shades of honey compared to the original appearance.
Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/slideshow/idUSBRE8930MQ20121005#a=1

In the town of Ribeauville, beekeepers found that the bees were making honey in shades of blue and green. Although the honey still tastes normal, beekeepers are unable to sell the honey due to their unnatural shade.  They noticed in August that the bees were bringing back colourful substances that were the cause of the honey being different colours.   After some investigation, they discovered a company called Agrivalor that owns a biogas plant 4 km away from the town. This company had been processing waste from a Mars plant which created colourful M&M candies. It turns out that they were leaving the waste in open containers which then allowed the bees to take the residues back to their hive.

Anatomy of a Bee, note where the “honey stomach” is located.                      Source: http://www.bees-online.com/beexray.gif

Bees begin their honey process by gathering nectar from flowers and storing them in a separate stomach that’s considered to be the “nectar backpack” or honey stomach. Since the biogas plant left the waste in the open, this was the easiest sugar source for the bees to gather instead of taking nectar from flowers.

This turn of events troubles the beekeepers as they are unable to profit from honey sales which were already suffering from a decline of the bee population.  This decline may be attributable to a couple of factors like habitation loss, pesticides or the colony collapse disorder. Just in the United States, an average of 33% of bee colonies has been lost during the winter months these past years according to the USDA.

The improper disposal of waste has already affected many businesses and the lives of the town residents. Taking shortcuts and using quick fix procedures may help a company in a short run but it may have serious ramifications in the future. Bees are one of the essential organisms that help the world flourish and plants to grow. With bee populations on the decline, they do not need any more human mistakes to add to the growing list of factors affecting their livelihood.

Blog post submitted by: Tiffany Ho

 

Toxic Algae Blooms

Water, which is a key necessity, is facing a global threat as environmental problems are causing estuaries and freshwater aquatic systems to be full of harmful substances. Not only does pollution of water by human and chemical waste itself contaminate the water sources, but also encourages the growth of algal blooms. Not all algal blooms are harmful, but some blooms containing cyanobacteria, like blue-green algae are extremely harmful, and can release many harmful chemicals such as hepatotoxins, dermatoxins, and neurotoxins. Limiting nutrients in water sources are causing these algae to flourish and they are currently destroying much useable and drinkable water for humans on a global scale. Recently this summer, toxic algal blooms were found in Loughbrickland Lake in County Down and Moor Lough in County Tyrone in Northern Ireland. Although they were not used for drinking water for the locals, they were popular for fishing and leisure activities, which can be devastating since these lethal toxins could be ingested by fish, and then consumed by those who caught them. Not only them but also people could have easily drank water while engaging in leisure activities.

Blue-green algal bloom
Image from Wikipedia

Scientists from University of Ulster are working to develop clean technology to clear the pollutants by titanium dioxide, which is a common chemical found in sunscreen. When applied to skin and under light intensity of sunlight, it protects the skin by refracting the light and efficiently transforming the UV light into heat. When under high intensity of UV light, however, “it turns into a very strong catalyst, capable of destroying pollutants in the water,” says Tony Byrne, a leading scientist of the research team. By doing so, Tony and his team are promoting clean technology, using little energy for good results, allowing this excited titanium dioxide to efficiently clean the water.

Using titanium dioxide and UV light to destroy the pollutants in the water seemed to be a very good idea. Many water sources including metro Vancouver’s tap water, which the majority of the people drink, is also disinfected with UV light before being transferred to each household; therefore, using this new technology and method sounds like a great way to prevent any pollutant and algae-bloom matters.

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Mokhan Kim

 

Breast cancer screening breakthrough

Couresty of yourobserver.com

The winner of the 2012 Google science fair was announced this summer, topping very stiff competition from around the world. Brittany Wenger, of Lakewood Ranch, USA was awarded first prize for her submission, which is expected to make a big impact in breast cancer screening.

Ever since a project in elementary school which introduced her to the world of computer programming, Brittany has chosen to preoccupy herself with textbooks on the how-to’s of programming neural networks. As a result, she has developed a program which is not only able to assess a tissue sample for malignancies, but is also able to learn from previous trials and improve its efficiency at doing so. A type of artificial intelligence if you will.

Picture courtesy of www.beliefnet.com

Despite the fact that there are many accurate ways to detect cancer in a patient, the importance of this development lays in the fact that it can be used to analyze tissue samples from a process called fine-needle aspiration, which is one of the least invasive procedures for detecting breast cancer. Previously, the questionable accuracy of fine-needle aspiration prevented it from being a truly reliable means of screening, but now with this neural network available, it should become a confident alternative to more invasive procedures.

The slideshow presentation for her submission can be viewed here.
I recommend watching this video to hear her own explanation of the project:
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She was awarded $50,000 in scholarship money, an internship with a fair sponsor and a 10-day trip to the Galapagos Islands for her submission, which can only be described as an amazing accomplishment for a 17-year-old girl. Her plans to expand this program to work with other forms of cancer and diagnoses, reducing the requirement for invasive procedures, is just one more thing we can all be thankful for as we slowly move toward old age.

Cameron Tough

17-year-old girl builds artificial ‘brain’ to detect breast cancer – FutureTech on NBCNews.com Retrieved 10/13/2012, 2012, from http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/futureoftech/17-year-old-girl-builds-artificial-brain-detect-breast-cancer-908308

On thin ice.

Climate change has been occurring at a global level, and as the temperatures rise, so does the threat on the survival of baby seal pups in the Arctic. The Arctic, which is home to Harp seals (scientifically known as Pagophilus groenlandicus), has lost half of its ice volume in the past 8 years. As these polar ice caps are shrinking, the baby seals dependant on this ice are put at risk.

Baby Seals in the Arctic :

A seal on a patch of ice
from:http://www.public-domain-image.com/fauna-animals-public-domain-images-pictures/seals-and-sea-lions-public-domain-images-pictures/harbor-seal-pictures/harbor-seal-on-patch-of-ice-floating-in-water-phoca-vitulina.jpg.html

Female seals search for specific ice conditions on which they birth their pups from February-March. Thick ice conditions are necessary for nursing and raising these pups.  The mothers must find regions of thick, solid ice ranging from 15 cm – 120 cm thick. The ice must be stable because after 12 days of nursing, the mother leaves the pup by itself for 1 month on this region of ice. The pup practises hunting in nearby waters and continuously returns to the ice to rest. This growth period on the ice is crucial to the survival of the seal because as April approaches, the waters warm and the ice begins to break. Once the ice breaks apart, the pup must have become strong enough to swim and be independent of the ice. If it hasn’t achieved this at this point, it can drown from exhaustion or be crushed by moving ice.

Climate Change in Polar Regions:

Satelite composites of sea ice extent at the Summer Minimum, in September 1979 and 2007.
from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/climatesafety/3268623163/

Greenhouses gases, mostly produced through various activities of the human population, has lead to an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. The effects of this have greatly impacted the Arctic regions of our planet.The ice of the Arctic is drastically disintegrating, and over the past few decades the ice used by seals has noticeably reduced. Global warming can be thought of as a vicious cycle, because since the Arctic ocean is unable to ventilate nearby oceans properly, it’s causing more warming. Furthermore, the melting of the ice causes there to be less reflection of the suns heat. This means that the heat is being absorbed by the earth, ultimately leading to more warming.

Baby Seals feeling the heat:

The premature warming of the waters and drastic melting of the ice at the polar caps is directly affecting the ice on which pups develop and grow. Harp seals prefer the thickest ice to birth and nurse their pups. However, these pups are being put at risk during their most vulnerable state due to the climate change that’s occurring. As a result, baby seals are being crushed or drowning. A study has shown that seal deaths have risen in response to the loss of sea ice. Without a doubt, the pup mortality rate is being affected by the amount of declining ice at the Arctic regions.

Since seals are unable to control this situation, let alone raise awareness to this topic, it’s our responsibility to come together to form a solution for the problem we have created. Otherwise, soon we will all be on thin ice.

By: Nadia A. Kari

 

Stem Cells? What’s That?

Human Embryonic Stem Cell http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/  thumb/3/3e/Human_embryonic_stem_cell_colo  ny_phase.jpg/687px-Human_embryonic_stem_cell_colony_phase.jpg

For the past decade, an area of science that has been rapidly expanding is the topic of stem cell research. Stem cells have been helpful with understanding cancer,  treatments for deafness, birth defects, and organ transplants. We have heard about the profound discoveries involving stem cells in every area of medicine so it would be appropriate to briefly discuss what these mysterious cells are and why scientists are so excited about it.

Stem cells are living cells that can be found in all multicellular organisms. There are 2 types: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells  are are found inside a blastocyst and the procedure used to extract the cell requires the destruction of a human embryo; the stem cell is capable of differentiating into 220 cell types in our body. Adult stem cells are also undifferentiated but they differ from the embryonic stem cells in that they exist in the body after development and multiply where there is damaged tissue.

The reason behind the excitement of scientists over stem cells is because stem cells play a large role in explaining why certain diseases or conditions arise in individuals. Scientists are able to study how the stem cells transform into the different kinds of specialized cells that make up a human being. Access to stem cells gives scientists a better understanding of how a normal cell is supposed to work.

Recently, a Nobel Prize was awarded to two scientists who made the incredible discovery  of the procedure that can transform adult cells back into embryonic stem cells that can eventually grow into healthy tissue in damaged brains, hearts, or other organs. This means that a patient with Alzheimer could

Nobel Prize winners Shinya Yamanaka (left) and Joseph Gurdon (right) http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/08/article-2214605-15689030000005DC-778_634x434.jpg

potentially regrow the damaged brain tissue and recover. This discovery, although is a great step forward for stem cell research, is still under revision because scientists are still unsure of the stem cell’s multiplying behavior if they were to implant this new kind of tissue into a person’s brain or heart. It could potentially multiply with no control and cause the growth of a tumor.

Of course, with any kind of new scientific discovery, comes debate and controversy over the ethics of the scientific advance. Due to the fact that stem cell research, namely embryonic stem cell research, involves destruction of a human embryo during the stem cell extraction, similar issues that revolve around abortions exist.

On a more political note, here is a video of President Obama supporting embryonic stem cell research by reversing the limits that President Bush placed on it:

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Submitted by: Elsie Ng

Peanut butter diamonds

Image from http://fashionbride.wordpress.com/2008/10/25/love-is-in-the-diamonds/

Wish that you had some magic ingredients that would enable you to create a diamond that you could afford? Well, you probably already do! Diamonds have been created using only peanut butter as an ingredient. But don’t go running to your pantry too fast- it’s not as simple as that. Although, the majority of us can easily afford our favourite jar of peanut butter, turning this spread into diamond requires a process that is very costly.

 

Diamond formation in mantle
Image from http://geology.com/articles/diamonds-from-coal/

Diamond is an allotrope of carbon, meaning that it is one form in which pure carbon can be found; it is the hardest naturally occurring material found on Earth. Naturally, diamonds are formed under specific conditions. According to Dr. Hobart King, most commercial diamonds are formed in specific areas of the Earth’s mantle. Located just below the Earth’s crust, the mantle is a high-density section of the earth’s interior upon which tectonic plates of the crust flow. The mantle is a very thick layer of the earth (spanning from about 30km to 2900km below the surface); thus, it has a large temperature range of about 870°C to 2200°C. Under these high temperature and pressure conditions, diamonds are formed from carbon sources in the mantle. However, diamond will only form at very specific conditions within the mantle: at temperatures over 1050°C and at depths of approximately 150km below the Earth’s surface. At these depths, humans are unable to obtain the diamond. But, when rare deep-source volcanic eruptions occur, material from the mantle is brought up the surface of the Earth where it can be obtained by us humans. From this, we get diamonds.

 

Discoloured diamond
Image from http://multichrome.blogspot.ca/2012/06/diamonds-from-peanut-butter.html

Professor Malcolm McMahon, of Edinburgh University, has been able to create conditions that mimic the high temperature and pressure conditions of the Earth’s mantle.  McMahon explains that he created these conditions with the ‘stiletto heel effect,’ where in this case, peanut butter was squeezed in between the tips of two diamonds. Using this method, pressures of approximately 45 to 60 kilobars with temperatures of 900 to 1300°C were generated. Peanut butter, being made from primarily roasted peanuts, is a good source of carbon. So under these conditions, McMahon was able to transform peanut butter into diamonds. These diamonds are not perfect, however, as many impurities from the peanut butter cause the diamond to be discoloured. Nevertheless, the diamonds created have previously been on display as they could be a step in the direction of creating cheaper, synthetic diamonds from easily-accessible materials.

 

So, we have been able to create synthetic diamonds in the laboratory; but, currently it would not be economical to create diamonds from peanut butter as creating the conditions required to do this is very expensive. Who knows, maybe one day a cheaper alternative will enable us to do this for less. So appreciate your peanut butter, like the dog in the video below, knowing that it alone can be used to create diamonds!

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Posted by: Angela Johnston