Category Archives: Uncategorized

Why are some sounds so displeasing to hear?

Posted on October 15, 2012 by laylav | 4 comments

New study ranks nails run along a chalkboard as one of the most unpleasant sounds to the human ear.

The Amygdala- Active in processing negative emotions

Why is it that certain sounds are so displeasing to the human ear? For example, the sound of nails running along a chalkboard is synonymous with shivers down the spine. A new paper published in The Journal of Neuroscience examines the interaction between the emotional and auditory parts of your brain while hearing a variety of sounds. Scientists at Newcastle University have found that while hearing some sounds, a heightened activity and interaction occurs between the Amygdala part of the brain, which is active in processing negative emotions, and the auditory parts of the brain. Researchers believe this interaction could explain why some sounds are perceived as unpleasant.

Researchers at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging and Newcastle University used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine how the brains of sixteen volunteers responded to a variety of sounds. The sixteen participants (seven females) ranged in age from 22-35 years old and had no prior history of neurological or psychiatric disorders. The participants were asked to listen to 74 different sounds while in the scanner. The participants then ranked each sound they heard on a scale from 1 (least unpleasant) to 5 (highly unpleasant). Here is an example of how some sounds stacked up.

Most Unpleasant Sounds

Knife on bottle
Fork on glass
Chalk on blackboard
Ruler on bottle
Nails on chalkboard

Least Unpleasant Sounds

Applause
Baby laughing
Thunder
Water flowing

Spectrotemporal Representations

Researchers then studied the relationship between the rankings of unpleasantness and the spectrotemporal features obtained from imaging from the fMRI. Analysis of both the rankings of unpleasantness and the acoustic features of the sounds themselves, found that any sounds within the frequency range of 2,000 to 5,000 Hz were found to be perceived as unpleasant. The figure to the left shows examples of the spectrotemporal representations for six sounds (the mean unpleasantness is featured in the top right corner of each plot). These images suggest that sounds with high spectral frequencies and low temporal modulation frequencies are correlated to sounds ranked with high unpleasantness. It was found that activity in both the auditory complex and the Amygdala were directly proportional to the ratings of perceived unpleasantness. From this study, it was concluded that the Amygdala is in charge and regulates the activity of the auditory part of the brain, therefore provoking a negative response to some sounds.

Want to see if you agree that the sound of nails running along a chalkboard is highly unpleasant? Take a listen.

To read the full journal article click here

This blog was written by Layla Vera

4 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Science in the News, Uncategorized

Tagged Amygdala, hearing, The Journal of Neuroscience

Breast cancer screening breakthrough

Posted on October 13, 2012 by cambrian | 2 comments

Couresty of yourobserver.com

The winner of the 2012 Google science fair was announced this summer, topping very stiff competition from around the world. Brittany Wenger, of Lakewood Ranch, USA was awarded first prize for her submission, which is expected to make a big impact in breast cancer screening.

Ever since a project in elementary school which introduced her to the world of computer programming, Brittany has chosen to preoccupy herself with textbooks on the how-to’s of programming neural networks. As a result, she has developed a program which is not only able to assess a tissue sample for malignancies, but is also able to learn from previous trials and improve its efficiency at doing so. A type of artificial intelligence if you will.

Picture courtesy of www.beliefnet.com

Despite the fact that there are many accurate ways to detect cancer in a patient, the importance of this development lays in the fact that it can be used to analyze tissue samples from a process called fine-needle aspiration, which is one of the least invasive procedures for detecting breast cancer. Previously, the questionable accuracy of fine-needle aspiration prevented it from being a truly reliable means of screening, but now with this neural network available, it should become a confident alternative to more invasive procedures.

The slideshow presentation for her submission can be viewed here.
I recommend watching this video to hear her own explanation of the project:

She was awarded $50,000 in scholarship money, an internship with a fair sponsor and a 10-day trip to the Galapagos Islands for her submission, which can only be described as an amazing accomplishment for a 17-year-old girl. Her plans to expand this program to work with other forms of cancer and diagnoses, reducing the requirement for invasive procedures, is just one more thing we can all be thankful for as we slowly move toward old age.

Cameron Tough

17-year-old girl builds artificial ‘brain’ to detect breast cancer – FutureTech on NBCNews.com Retrieved 10/13/2012, 2012, from http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/futureoftech/17-year-old-girl-builds-artificial-brain-detect-breast-cancer-908308

2 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science in the News, Uncategorized

Tagged breast cancer, brittany wenger, fine-needle aspiration, google science fair, neural networks, screening

“Whey” to Get Buff!

Posted on October 8, 2012 by mervinw | 4 comments

Whey protein
Image from: Marek Uliaszcommon

Many bodybuilders would have told you that they take supplements for their muscle growth. One of the supplements that many bodybuilders drink is whey protein. However, there are also many others that refuse to drink whey protein because they believe that protein powder is unnatural, and thus, would have side effects. So, how is whey protein actually made? Why do most bodybuilders prefer them rather than unprocessed meat that contains protein? And the most important question – do they have side effects to our body?

How is Whey Protein Made?

Whey protein is made out of milk. When casein protein is extracted from milk to make cheese, the remaining liquid substance of milk, whey, is preserved. Manufacturers then remove fat from whey and dry whey into powdery solid form, which is the whey protein that many bodybuilders drink.

Why is Whey Protein so Popular?

According to HIVE Health Media, the reason why whey protein is so popular to bodybuilders is because it is better in being digested and absorbed than proteins in meat. For bodybuilding, it is important to provide protein to the body within 30 minutes after workout because if not, the body would produce a stress hormone called cortisol that inhibits muscle growth. Therefore, although it is true that meat can provide proteins needed for muscle growth, whey protein is more effective because it is faster to be absorbed after workout. Below is a short video explaining why whey protein is faster to be absorbed:

Drawbacks of Whey Protein

The kidneys and the liver
Image by: National Institute of General Medical Sciences

The drawbacks according to Muscle Building Daily is the sweetener in whey protein powder and the stress of whey protein on the kidney and the liver. A lot of manufacturers add artificial sweetener in their whey protein products to provide a better flavor. Although artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame, are approved by the health departments of a lot of countries, they are still controversial on their possible side effects on human health. In addition, ingesting too much protein can put stress on the organs that break down proteins, the kidney and the liver. As whey protein is very convenient to drink, a lot of people would unconsciously drink too much of it. In long term, this might lead to kidney and liver malfunctioning.

Whey Protein in a Nutshell

Any food can be harmful if you eat too much of them; the same applies to whey protein. Despite the artificial sweetener in whey protein and the possibility of getting kidney and liver problems, I do not think it is that much a big issue if people do not abuse it. After all, artificial sweeteners are also present in Coke Zero, and eating too much meat and eggs would still cause problems to the kidney and the liver in long term.

By Mervin Wong

4 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Public Engagement, Uncategorized

Tagged artificial sweetener, bodybuilding, kidney, liver, muscle, protein powder, Whey

Don’t Let the Turkey “Gobble” Up Your Energy!

Posted on October 8, 2012 by deborahlo | 2 comments

Happy Thanksgiving Everyone!

http://blogs.wyomingnews.com/blogs/everyonegives/files/
2008/11/turkey_dinner.jpg

This weekend is a for family gatherings, giving thanks, and of course, enormous meals. The tradition is the same every year; everyone is having a great time talking and eating, but somewhere between giving thanks and getting a second helping of pumpkin pie, it suddenly hits- the food coma. This is not an uncommon event, but if food is supposed to give energy, why do we feel more tired after eating?

In medical terms, food coma is known as postprandial somnolence and it is a phenomenon where people feel a lack of mental energy after a large meal. This is caused by several factors. For starters, holiday meals are usually filled with high-calorie and high-fat content foods. As the helpings pile up, so does our blood flow to the digestive system to help with dilation and expansion of our intestines. As a result, less blood is being sent to the rest of the body’s system, making the rest of the system feel a slowdown.

At the same time that blood is flowing to the digestive system, the small intestine is signalling activity in the parasympathetic nervous system, which tells the body to slow down and digest. Thus, the more food we eat, the harder the small intestine is working, resulting in a large concentration of the body’s activities around the digestive region.

http://i-cdn.apartmenttherapy.com/uimages/kitchen/2009-11-11-Desserts.jpg

Finally, the food itself can make us sleepy as well. The main culprit is sugar because as sugar breaks down into glucose, our body secretes the hormone insulin. Insulin helps maintain and counter the increase of glucose level by mopping up the excess glucose in the blood. As the level of insulin increases, it also produces serotonin and melatonin- two chemicals that can leave us feel drowsy and sleepy.

With this much activity going on in our bodies, no wonder we feel like taking a nap after our turkey dinner! Just make sure you complete all of your assignments and finish all of your studying before the big feast, because once that coma hits, you won’t be hitting the books for at least another hour!

http://www.createwritenow.com/Portals/1520/images/
Thanksgiving%20Journal%20Prompts-resized-600.jpg

Post published by: Deborah Lo

References:

Greatist: “What Am I Tired After Eating a Big Meal?” – http://greatist.com/health/why-am-i-tired-after-eating-a-big-meal/ (accessed October 6, 2012)

Indiana Public Media: “The Science of the Siesta” – http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/the-science-of-the-siesta-2/ (accessed October 6, 2012)

Scientific American: “Why do I get a slump in mental energy after eating a meal?” – http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-do-i-get-a-slump-in-mental-energy (accessed October 6, 2012)

2 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Uncategorized

Tagged digestive system, sleep, thanksgiving, turkey

On thin ice.

Posted on October 8, 2012 by nadiakari | 1 comment

Climate change has been occurring at a global level, and as the temperatures rise, so does the threat on the survival of baby seal pups in the Arctic. The Arctic, which is home to Harp seals (scientifically known as Pagophilus groenlandicus), has lost half of its ice volume in the past 8 years. As these polar ice caps are shrinking, the baby seals dependant on this ice are put at risk.

Baby Seals in the Arctic :

A seal on a patch of ice
from:http://www.public-domain-image.com/fauna-animals-public-domain-images-pictures/seals-and-sea-lions-public-domain-images-pictures/harbor-seal-pictures/harbor-seal-on-patch-of-ice-floating-in-water-phoca-vitulina.jpg.html

Female seals search for specific ice conditions on which they birth their pups from February-March. Thick ice conditions are necessary for nursing and raising these pups. The mothers must find regions of thick, solid ice ranging from 15 cm – 120 cm thick. The ice must be stable because after 12 days of nursing, the mother leaves the pup by itself for 1 month on this region of ice. The pup practises hunting in nearby waters and continuously returns to the ice to rest. This growth period on the ice is crucial to the survival of the seal because as April approaches, the waters warm and the ice begins to break. Once the ice breaks apart, the pup must have become strong enough to swim and be independent of the ice. If it hasn’t achieved this at this point, it can drown from exhaustion or be crushed by moving ice.

Climate Change in Polar Regions:

Satelite composites of sea ice extent at the Summer Minimum, in September 1979 and 2007.
from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/climatesafety/3268623163/

Greenhouses gases, mostly produced through various activities of the human population, has lead to an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. The effects of this have greatly impacted the Arctic regions of our planet.The ice of the Arctic is drastically disintegrating, and over the past few decades the ice used by seals has noticeably reduced. Global warming can be thought of as a vicious cycle, because since the Arctic ocean is unable to ventilate nearby oceans properly, it’s causing more warming. Furthermore, the melting of the ice causes there to be less reflection of the suns heat. This means that the heat is being absorbed by the earth, ultimately leading to more warming.

Baby Seals feeling the heat:

The premature warming of the waters and drastic melting of the ice at the polar caps is directly affecting the ice on which pups develop and grow. Harp seals prefer the thickest ice to birth and nurse their pups. However, these pups are being put at risk during their most vulnerable state due to the climate change that’s occurring. As a result, baby seals are being crushed or drowning. A study has shown that seal deaths have risen in response to the loss of sea ice. Without a doubt, the pup mortality rate is being affected by the amount of declining ice at the Arctic regions.

Since seals are unable to control this situation, let alone raise awareness to this topic, it’s our responsibility to come together to form a solution for the problem we have created. Otherwise, soon we will all be on thin ice.

By: Nadia A. Kari

1 Comment

Posted in Issues in Science, Science in the News, Uncategorized

Tagged animal, Arctic, Arctic Sea Ice, Climate Change, global warming, Harp seals, research

Peanut butter diamonds

Posted on October 7, 2012 by ajohnston | 4 comments

Image from http://fashionbride.wordpress.com/2008/10/25/love-is-in-the-diamonds/

Wish that you had some magic ingredients that would enable you to create a diamond that you could afford? Well, you probably already do! Diamonds have been created using only peanut butter as an ingredient. But don’t go running to your pantry too fast- it’s not as simple as that. Although, the majority of us can easily afford our favourite jar of peanut butter, turning this spread into diamond requires a process that is very costly.

Diamond formation in mantle
Image from http://geology.com/articles/diamonds-from-coal/

Diamond is an allotrope of carbon, meaning that it is one form in which pure carbon can be found; it is the hardest naturally occurring material found on Earth. Naturally, diamonds are formed under specific conditions. According to Dr. Hobart King, most commercial diamonds are formed in specific areas of the Earth’s mantle. Located just below the Earth’s crust, the mantle is a high-density section of the earth’s interior upon which tectonic plates of the crust flow. The mantle is a very thick layer of the earth (spanning from about 30km to 2900km below the surface); thus, it has a large temperature range of about 870°C to 2200°C. Under these high temperature and pressure conditions, diamonds are formed from carbon sources in the mantle. However, diamond will only form at very specific conditions within the mantle: at temperatures over 1050°C and at depths of approximately 150km below the Earth’s surface. At these depths, humans are unable to obtain the diamond. But, when rare deep-source volcanic eruptions occur, material from the mantle is brought up the surface of the Earth where it can be obtained by us humans. From this, we get diamonds.

Discoloured diamond
Image from http://multichrome.blogspot.ca/2012/06/diamonds-from-peanut-butter.html

Professor Malcolm McMahon, of Edinburgh University, has been able to create conditions that mimic the high temperature and pressure conditions of the Earth’s mantle. McMahon explains that he created these conditions with the ‘stiletto heel effect,’ where in this case, peanut butter was squeezed in between the tips of two diamonds. Using this method, pressures of approximately 45 to 60 kilobars with temperatures of 900 to 1300°C were generated. Peanut butter, being made from primarily roasted peanuts, is a good source of carbon. So under these conditions, McMahon was able to transform peanut butter into diamonds. These diamonds are not perfect, however, as many impurities from the peanut butter cause the diamond to be discoloured. Nevertheless, the diamonds created have previously been on display as they could be a step in the direction of creating cheaper, synthetic diamonds from easily-accessible materials.

So, we have been able to create synthetic diamonds in the laboratory; but, currently it would not be economical to create diamonds from peanut butter as creating the conditions required to do this is very expensive. Who knows, maybe one day a cheaper alternative will enable us to do this for less. So appreciate your peanut butter, like the dog in the video below, knowing that it alone can be used to create diamonds!

Posted by: Angela Johnston

4 Comments

Posted in Issues in Science, Science Communication, Uncategorized

Tagged advancement, diamonds, high temperature and pressure conditions, peanut butter

Vancouver housing prices are insane…let’s move to the moon!

Posted on October 5, 2012 by alexandrawarren | 1 comment

This seems like a ridiculous statement, but it may become something that people will consider in the not so far future. Average people, like you and me, may be able to live on the moon within the next century. Scientists, architectures, philosophers and dreamers have been working to make this seemingly impossible idea into something real. With privately funded spaceships at Virgin Galactic offering rides to space for any average person that can afford the ticket price, space travel is becoming something that is no longer reserved for science fiction novels.

Why can’t we just move to the moon now?

At present, the moon is nothing but barren space with not much to offer. It has no air, no water, no atmosphere and no food which are basic essentials that humans need to survive. If we were to just move there now, we would not only starve but the sun’s radiation would be deadly due to the lack of atmosphere. We need protection from other forces too. According to Bill Cook from the Marshall Space Flight Center’s Meteoroid Environment Office at NASA, more than 1,000 kg of space debris hit the moon everyday. We would need some serious protection.

In order to survive on the moon, we would need to engineer an environment for ourselves and humans are not lacking these skills. Breathable air could be extracted from the moon’s soil using heat and electricity. Water can be obtained from mining a potential source at the moon’s south pole. Or, liquid hydrogen that’s shipped from Earth can be combined with oxygen and made into water on the moon. Protective barriers can be constructed to simulate an atmosphere and, lastly, resources such as soil and fertilizer can be shipped from Earth in order to grow food. These ideas still need to be tested in order to determine whether they are possible options.

Why would I want to move to the moon?

You may want to move to the moon for mining, scientific research, and ample space. Asteroids are a rich resource for platinum and gold and it would be more cost-effective to target and mine them from the moon versus the earth. Planetary Resources, an asteroid mining company, is continuously conducting research to further understanding about human space exploration. Their mission is to gain a permanent human presence in space in order to get closer to the extra-planetary resources that they plan on exploiting.

If NASA astronauts could have a permanent research station on the moon, they would be able to cut costs enormously. The average cost of launching a space shuttle to the moon is around $450 million. If scientists are living in space full-time, there is no limit to the incredible discoveries they will make.

The climate on our planet is changing and the human population is continuously growing. There is a limit to how many human beings our planet can sustain and looking for alternative places to inhabit is important. Moving to the moon offers the possibility of exploration, resource extraction, and a new life. But would you miss watching the moon rise at night as the sun sets? Or would an “Earth-rise” be even better?

Sources:

1 Comment

Posted in Issues in Science, Public Engagement, Science in the News, Uncategorized

Tagged Moon, NASA, research, space

MIT researchers announce a possible solution to oil spills

Posted on September 24, 2012 by cambrian | 4 comments

Picture courtesy of wikipedia

In 2010, a massive oil spill devastated the Gulf of Mexico, leaving much of its coast in a seemingly hopeless environmental disaster. As a result, some important questions were raised, such as what the most effective method of removing oil from the water would be. The world really demonstrated its lack of preparedness in light of this incident, as the solutions involved extremely inefficient measures, such as setting fire to the oil on the surface of the ocean. However, this incident sparked a significant interest in researching new methods which separate oil and water as a precaution against future spills.

Recently, one of the most intriguing ideas driving research has been the use of magnetic nanoparticles with an affinity for oil. As a result, researchers at MIT have recently announced their progress on a ferrous nanoparticle which first binds to oil in water and can then be drawn out of the water by way of a magnet, taking the oil out with it. Furthermore, this technique is expected to be a vast improvement on the efficiency of previous techniques used to recover oil, because once the oil has been separated from the water, the nanoparticles can be recovered, which leaves the uncontaminated oil behind for sale or usage. Listen to MIT researchers Shahriar Khushrushahi and Markus Zahn explain their project here:

The concept is there, but the question of how practical such a method will be when dealing with vast bodies of water is still uncertain. Also, the nanoparticles themselves could be seen as an environmental contaminant, so recovery of the oil and then recollection of the particles should probably be done in a controlled manner. Hopefully some resolutions to all the issues surrounding this idea come to fruition soon, because even British Columbia could stand to benefit from the security this method of cleanup might offer, in light of the recently proposed pipeline.

Cameron Tough

4 Comments

Posted in Issues in Science, Science Communication, Science in the News, Uncategorized

Tagged environmental, MIT, nanoparticles, oceans, oil spills, research, science

Pain Relieving Naked Mole-rats

Posted on September 24, 2012 by mokhan90 | Leave a comment

Who cares about naked mole-rats? Just like the name, the appearance of these creatures are neither charming nor appealing. Most people have known this type of rodent as hideous creatures thats not really special.

Naked mole-rats Image from Science Daily

Who cares about these rats and why would they be? Well, Thomas Park of University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) does and maybe a lot more people should start giving more attention and interest in these rats. A new study explores a way to use a characteristics of these rodents to help pain relief in humans or other mammals.

The naked mole-rats carry a very unique set of characteristics. They are the only mammals that are cold-blooded and they have very slow metabolism. What’s really interesting is that they can easily tolerate and roam in places with toxic levels of carbon dioxide or other mammals. Their natural habitats are underground tunnels and burrows where a lot of these rats are tightly packed together and as a result, the carbon dioxide levels quickly builds up, reaching a point where no other mammals, especially humans can tolerate. These creatures, however, could care less, since they are resistant to hypoxia, meaning that they can survive a condition with very little oxygen reaching brain and tissue cells. They can even stay in a condition where there is no oxygen for more than 30 minutes. This is an intriguing fact, considering that they are mammals just like humans.

The research is being done to discover a way to use this characteristics to relieve pain in human. Basically in humans and other most types of mammals, pain is derived from acidification of the injured tissues and since these mole-rats do not feel pain from acidic conditions produced by high carbon dioxide levels, they can be the source of alleviating pain for humans as well. In the experiment Park conducted, where the naked mole-rats were put in cages where some parts of the cages were highly acidic, the rats showed no sign of discomfort in the parts where rats, mice and other species of mole-rats quickly ran off from. No activity of the nerve fibres stimulating the physical and behavioural activity to protect the organism from brain or tissue damage was found.

Not only do these mole-rats potentially hold the key to pain relief, they might also hold clues to preventing brain damage in humans while very little oxygen is carried to the brain, such as during stroke or heart attack. Although there has not been a great way to finding such methods from these naked mole-rats, innovative medicinal improvements would be created to alleviate the pain of the injured and preventing major brain damage during heart attack.

Mokhan Kim

Is There Finally A Cure?

Posted on September 24, 2012 by Arman | 1 comment

Do you know the one similarity between these three celebrities? (Pictured from left to right: Jack Osbourne, Montel Williams, Teri Garr)
(Courtesy by US Magazine)

So, what do Jack Osbourne, Montel Williams, and Teri Garr have in common? They are diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis or MS for short. This leads us to the question, what exactly is MS? Well, MS is a disease that affects two very important parts of the body, the central nervous system and the brain. MS is heavily researched, yet there is no cure. However, new treatments are being discovered everyday such as using lipoic acid at OHSU.

Areas Affected by MS
(Courtesy of PubMed Health)

Before examining treatments and getting into the thick of things, we must know how MS affects the body. MS is called an autoimmune disease as the body attacks its own nervous system. More specifically, the myelin sheath, a special coating that surrounds the nerves throughout the body. The purpose of the myelin sheath is to protect the nerves from physical damage. When the myelin sheath is damaged or fails to do its job, the results can be catastrophic. The nerve becomes damaged by inflammation when the body’s immune cells attack the nervous system. This can occur in deadly areas such as the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord. Damage to these areas can be detrimental and may eventually lead to death.

Can something found in these foods really cure MS?
(Courtesy of National Importers)

Furthermore, one of the more recent forms of treatment is using lipoic acid. Lipoic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid found in every single cell of the body. Its primary use is producing energy as it converts glucose (blood sugar) into energy. Lipoic acid is able to carry out its many functions because it is an antioxidant. Many people have heard of the term anti-oxidant as large corporations are constantly advertising the term and its health benefits. Inside your body are harmful chemicals known as free radicals that allow for damaging chemical chain reaction. Lipoic acid is different from the anti-oxidants, which you normally find in those fancy juice bottles, as it appears to be able recycle anti-oxidants after they are used. This effect mainly takes place in the brain where MS occurs; also lipoic acid protects nerves from damage.

Below is a video outlining the development of the lipoic acid treatment

So, is this really the new wonder drug? Currently, the study is still in the experimental stage as it has only been tested on mice. However, the results showed remission of the MS-like disease therefore there is some hope. If you or a loved one is suffering or believed to have MS please visit MS Canada for more details.

1 Comment

Posted in Biological Sciences, Public Engagement, Science in the News, Uncategorized

Tagged advancement, advances in medicine, anti-oxidant, medicine, MS, multiple sclerosis, nervous system, research

Category Archives: Uncategorized

Why are some sounds so displeasing to hear?

Breast cancer screening breakthrough

“Whey” to Get Buff!

Don’t Let the Turkey “Gobble” Up Your Energy!

On thin ice.

Peanut butter diamonds

Vancouver housing prices are insane…let’s move to the moon!

MIT researchers announce a possible solution to oil spills

Pain Relieving Naked Mole-rats

Is There Finally A Cure?

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