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For his creative research project, Mathew created a poetry collection. Although his poetry collection will remain unpublished at this point in time, please take a look at his thoughtful Note to Reader regarding this creative research project.

Indigenized Outdoor Education for Promotion of Environmental Action

I grew up spending lots of time outdoors partaking in activities such as camping, hiking, and snowboarding. As I have grown older, I have explored more forms of outdoor recreation and attributed large amounts of my well-being to these activities. Not only have these activities improved my individual wellbeing, but through the resulting connection to nature, I have been inspired with a deep care for the protection of the environment. Currently, we are witnessing an environmental crisis between the extraction, production, and burning of fossil fuels; mass deforestation destroying wildlife habitats and decreasing the earth’s capacity for carbon sequestration, and many other problematic industries ultimately contributing to climate change. Inspired by my personal experiences, this project aims to demonstrate that when people engage in outdoor education or recreation that is rooted in Indigenous ways of knowing, authentic experiences on the land facilitate a connection that is likely to inspire care for environmental issues leading to increased action to counter the climate crisis.

Shawn Wilson (2008) explains that relationality is a central aspect of Indigenous methodology, and in his book, he uses the pronoun I and takes the time to properly introduce himself to the reader as a necessary aspect of sharing the research. Therefore, in this explanation of my project, I will use the pronoun I, and take the time to explain the background of how I became inspired to create a project on the chosen topic.

Between the summers of 2008 and 2016, I made various visits to the Horstman Glacier on Blackcomb Mountain in Whistler. Throughout those summers I made many great memories and witnessed an exponential loss of snow cover on the glacier with one memorable rock gaining what looked like 20-30 feet of exposure over the 8 years. That section of the glacier is now permanently closed for summer operations due to the snow loss. It is very apparent to me that if we do not make changes, we will continue to see the loss of important outdoor recreation opportunities in many global communities.
In the summer of 2021, I worked as a hiking instructor for Outward Bound Canada and guided many people ages 18-40 on, in some cases, their first camping experiences. Of significance, was a trip funded by The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society (CPAWS) which included a co-instructor, 4 BIPOC women from Calgary, and myself. The trip had a specific intent of raising environmental awareness and as a Métis person, I included what bits of Indigenous knowledge I felt comfortable sharing into this curriculum. We took the four participants into a remote area of the Rocky Mountains known as the YaHa Tinda on a backpacking trip in the wilderness for a total of 5 days. For these participants, the experience of spending 5 days immersed in this area with minimal visible human impact, paired with nightly talks and journaling prompts lead to an increased connection to these spaces that need to be protected and therefore a deepened care to have our environment cared for.

In the fall of 2021, I registered for a creative writing theory course with Nancy Holmes and the main theme of the course was that our writing was inescapably bound to the time in which it was written and influenced by the challenges of those times. One day Nancy had a climate scientist as a guest lecturer for the class and he was quick to acknowledge that at first impression it might seem strange to have a climate scientist give a lecture on creative writing. He did not actually give a lecture on creative writing; he gave a lecture on climate change, and he framed it in a way that inspired me and my work. What I learnt from that lecture is that academic papers are inaccessible to most people. For the average person, academic language is either too exclusive to understand, or too boring to care about. This is where creative writers can come in. The ability to communicate complicated ideas in a way that is accessible and engaging is an essential skill in creative writing that is needed in our world. Now this project is my opportunity to put that lesson into practice.

For this project, I chose ten academic sources. Some of these sources are focused on looking at how Indigenous ways of knowing and Indigenous well-being are relationally connected to the land and how that connection is being threatened by climate change. Other sources explore how outdoor recreation and education can contribute to forming passion that leads to action on environmental issues and could therefore positively contribute to countering the climate crisis. My intention here is to answer the research question, does approaching outdoor recreation/education rooted in Indigenous knowledge increase environmental awareness and care for environmental issues, serving as a contributing factor to countering the climate crises?

My writing process has included reading the papers, writing summaries and commentaries on these papers, and using them as inspiration for creating poetry. As poetry is a creative art form, the process of transforming my inspiration from the sources into poetry is not always direct or specifically structured. These academic sources have merely served as inspiration and validation for the information in my poems. I have read and absorbed the information embedded within these papers and have then allowed that inspiration to flow outward naturally into poetry. In my perspective, academic writing is a result of thinking, while poetry happens when we stop thinking, connect inward and let the words flow outward. While the poem “If You Could See What I See” was more closely inspired by McRae’s (1985) paper, many other poems were more generally inspired by the collection of the information in general. The form of this process is a result of the central focus of an Indigenous worldview in the project. The Indigenous worldview sees things holistically, the information that is embedded within the poetry is an attempt to explore and present the information from the gathered sources as interwoven, interrelated parts of a whole. To see the complete list of sources that inspired the poetry, you can view them in the included reference section.

It is my hope that my musings on these academic sources may allow the information that is embedded within them to connect to audiences who would otherwise not access that information. It is my hope that this collection of poetry will connect with a wide audience. My primary audience is people who are interested in poetry or other forms of creative writing, have a passion for outdoor recreation and care for environmental issues. When thinking of my secondary audience, I like to imagine that the sky is the limit. I hope that these poems may be read by educators who may rethink their curriculum. I hope that these poems will reach people who have not spent much time outdoors and inspire them to seek those experiences. Perhaps most of all, I hope that these poems may sway people’s perspectives towards seeing the importance of protecting the environment and open their eyes to the values embedded within Indigenous knowledge that can help us accomplish that.

Climate change is one of the most prominent issues of 21st history, and as a creative person, I see it as my responsibility to contribute my craft to help solve this issue. Through my personal experiences connecting with nature and with my Metis ancestry, I have been inspired to protect the land. As a result of the research included in this project, I conclude that when people engage in outdoor education or recreation that is rooted in Indigenous ways of knowing, authentic experiences on the land facilitate a connection that is likely to inspire care for environmental issues leading to increased action to counter the climate crisis. This conclusion positions outdoor education/recreation that is rooted in Indigenous knowledge as a strong tool for combatting the most prominent issue that we face in the 21st century.

References

Baird, J., Hutson, G., & Plummer, R. (2020). Examining links between connections to nature and intentions for pro-environmental behavior as outcomes of NOLS. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-9992

Cameron, L., Mauro, I., & Settee, K. (2021). “a return to and of the land”: Indigenous Knowledge and climate change initiatives across the Canadian Prairies. Journal of Ethnobiology, 41(3). https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.3.368

Embury, M. (2009). Rediscovering and re-imagining Indigenous Environmental Education outdoors (dissertation). Rediscovering and re-imagining Indigenous environmental education outdoors. Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://www.proquest.com/docview/305096099?accountid=14656&pq-origsite=summon.

Friedel, T. L. (2011). Looking for learning in all the wrong places: Urban native youths’ cultured response to western-oriented place-based learning. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 24(5), 531–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2011.600266

Galway, L. P., Esquega, E., & Jones-Casey, K. (2022). “Land is everything, land is us” Exploring the connections between climate change, land, and health in fort william first nation. Social Science & Medicine, 294, 114700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114700

Greenwood, M., & Lindsay, N. M. (2019). A commentary on land, health, and Indigenous Knowledge(s). Global Health Promotion, 26(3_suppl), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975919831262

Johnson, jay, & Ali, A. E. (2019). Paddling as resistance? exploring an indigenous approach to land-based education amongst Manitoba Youth. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 14(4), 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2019.1669015

McRae, K. (1985). An environmental ethic for outdoor education: dilemma and resolution. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 1(2), 2–7. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45239470

Schwass, N. R., Potter, S. E., O’Connell, T. S., & Potter, T. G. (2021). Outdoor journeys as a catalyst for enhanced place connectedness and environmental stewardship. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 24(2), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42322-021-00079-6

Wilson, S. (2008). Research is ceremony: Indigenous Research Methods. Fernwood Pub.

Morgan wrote a short story entitled “Black Mold.” Although the story will not be published on this website, she has written a Note to Reader that provides insight into the value of her story, her writing process, and the research that went into writing her story.

Note to Reader

Dear reader,

Welcome to the end. It could be the end, but it could also be another beginning. Maybe we are in the middle. Who really knows? But we are here. Stories will continue on, and here we are in them and around them. This story is particularly special, I have had the opportunity to craft an accurate representation of mental illness informed by research. Many other forms of media create a representation of mental illness that insists those who struggle are bound to be violent or have a dramatic emotional break. Even the news can add to the stigma surrounding mental health. The representation of mental illness tends to be dramatized but, in real life, it can be subtle, and pervasive, just like the growth of mold on a window. Through the crafting of my story, I created a space that holds an accurate representation of mental health, specifically in terms of its subtlety. The goal of this project is to create a piece of media that is still engaging but accurate, leading to the education of the reality of life with a mental illness.

Although I wished to create this story for a large general audience, I landed my focus on an adult audience. This story could be enjoyed by young adults and adolescents; however, the main character is created to be most relatable to the target audience. Directing the audience towards that of adults was both a practical and artistic choice. Although this story could have centered around a younger main character, I saw it as more valuable to target an adult audience. Centering the story around an adult main character who is educated, married, and has a career emphasizes how no one is immune to mental illness, even when society deems one as productive and successful.

Deciding what to focus my topic on was difficult, due to the broad scope of mental health. Looking into the representation of mental illness within the media, I noticed how stigmatized it is. This inspired me to create a piece of media with guidance from the critiques and discoveries within my research. Some of the articles I looked at examined the representation of fictional characters and mental illnesses (Beirne, 2019; Carmichael, & Whitley, 2018; Carter, 2015; Goodwin, & Tajjudin, 2016). Beirne (2019) discusses the concept of “superpowered supercrip” commonly seen in television shows (p. 235). This phenomenon stigmatizes mental illnesses by discouraging these characters within television shows to seek help because it will diminish their superpowers, rendering them unable to fulfill their superhero duties, meaning they become useless. Carmichael, & Whitley (2018), examine the perception of Netflix’s 13 Reasons Why in mainstream news sources. Hannah Baker was seen as a starting point for discussions of mental illness, however, there were several problems with the television show depicting suicide so graphically and allowing the audience to see Hannah come back after she had died in consecutive seasons of the show. Carter (2015) provides a clear critique of how mental health is often misrepresented through overdramatization and stereotyping. Carter (2015) mentions how in many shows depicting depression, the character struggling has some sort of breakdown. Goodwin & Tajjudin (2016) focus on representations of the Joker and the mental illnesses connected to the character.  Surprisingly, the Joker does not fit the diagnostic criteria for many of the mental disorders he is associated with, and having these disorders associated with a supervillain has only been more stigmatizing for those suffering from these disorders . These articles provided a road map on what to avoid in terms of stigmatization of mental health within fictional characters.

Although these articles provided a road map, I did still struggle with how to avoid unintentionally adding to mental health stigma. I had concerns about leaving the ending so ambiguous, but after taking time and consulting others, this ending seems to align with the reality of mental illness. Each day can be an unknown for what will happen next. Having this ambiguous ending also allows the reader to create their own interpretation of what really happens next, and the truth is, there is no wrong answer. Every ending a reader interprets could have been a reality.

Another selection of articles focuses on news and social media perceptions of mental health (Whitley, & Wang, 2016; Robinson, et al., 2019; Carmichael, et al., 2019). These articles discuss how both social media and news broadcasting are perpetuating mental health stigma. After reading through these articles, I decided to include in my story a scene where the main character is consuming news broadcasting, subtly hinting that she is being exposed to the stigmatization of her mental illness in a variety of ways.

Through the research for my topic, I was able to ground my story as being informative, engaging, and an accurate representation of mental illness. The perpetuation of mental health stigma creates additional barriers for those struggling with mental illness. This stigma prevents people who need help from reaching out due to the fear of being outcasted. In my story, I created an ordinary adult, who happened to be struggling with her mental health. I wanted to have this character be representative in the most ordinary of ways because it is some of the most ordinary of people who struggle with mental illness.

References

Beirne, R. C. (2019). Extraordinary minds, impossible choices: mental health, special skills and television. Medical Humanities, 45(3), 235-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2017-011410

Carmichael, V., Adamson, G., Sitter, K. C., & Whitley, R. (2019). Media coverage of mental illness: a comparison of citizen journalism vs. professional journalism portrayals. Journal of Mental Health, 28(5). https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2019.1608934

Carmichael, V., & Whitley, R. (2018). Suicide portrayal in the Canadian media: examining newspaper coverage of the popular Netflix series ‘13 Reasons Why’. BMC Public Health, 18(1086). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5987-3

Carter, R. (2015). How to stop making a crisis out of a drama: towards better portrayal of mental ill health in television and film. BMJ, 350. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h2307

Goodwin, J., & Tajjudin, I. (2016). “What Do You Think I Am? Crazy?”: The Joker and Stigmatizing Representations of Mental Ill-Health. The Journal of Popular Culture, 49(2), 385-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.12402

Hegerl, U., Koburger, N., Rummel-Kluge, C., Gravert, C., Walden, M., & Mergl, R. (2013). One followed by many?—Long-term effects of a celebrity suicide on the number of suicidal acts on the German railway net. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.032

Kimmerle, J., & Cress, U. (2013). The effects of TV and film exposure on knowledge about and attitudes toward mental disorders. Journal of Community Psychology, 41(8), 931-943. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21581

Robinson, P., Turk, D., Jilka, S., & Cella, M. (2019). Measuring attitudes towards mental health using social media: investigating stigma and trivialisation. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54, 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1571-5

Turner, N., Foley, S. R., Kinsella, A., O’Callaghan, E., & Clarke, M. (2014). Putting television’s portrayal of schizophrenia into reverse: an evaluation of the impact on public opinion. Early Intervention In Psychiatry, 8(4), 366-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12056

Whitley, R., & Wang, J. (2016). Television coverage of mental illness in Canada: 2013–2015. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52, 241-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1330-4

For her creative research project, Rika created this documentary that delves into the ethical and moral conflicts that exist in the pharmaceutical industry. Informed by her personal positionality as a young person, Rika aims to encourage other young people to learn about these issues and strive to make a change.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gej0MLA35TU

Note to Viewer:

Dear Viewer,

The nature of humanity is a debate whose origins can be found in the oldest of philosophy. To seek our purpose in the world, to explore the very reason for being – these objectives are ones that many have devoted their entire lives to. One may argue that by living, we naturally devote our lives to seeking its purpose. With all that said, it is easy to agree that it would be significantly harder to find this purpose if we aren’t provided enough time to explore. Those who recognize this seek to prolong life, unearth the science behind survival, battle disease and come out on top. But as many myths and fables have shown, greed tends to corrupt the otherwise harmless nature of curiosity and passion for one’s work. In the short film trailer I’ve created, I chose to explore this corruption of knowledge, through the most prominent figures today that are the most vocal about unearthing new science; in this film, I investigate the Big Pharma controversy through the lens of a young adult, in hopes that those who watch this in a similar position come to understand the dangers of being ignorant.

One may question the importance of this topic. After all, news stories are easy to find and access, and with such a large-scale controversy, it wouldn’t be difficult to find information about Big Pharma companies. Why bother creating a film at all? I would even be in your shoes, had it not been for O’Connor and Weatherall’s The Misinformation Age and the insight they provided into the dangers of fake news and social media’s involvement. It made me realize that easy access does not always promote a positive connotation. With that, I created this film with an audience in mind that consists of the group that would be one of the most involved with social media – young adults. Specifically, these young adults, most likely in university or doing similar work, who are exploring their financial independence. While Big Pharma’s controversy is a global topic that affects multiple groups, recently financially independent young adults are in a position of direct and indirect danger. Whether the danger stems from their ignorance of the politics in the medical world, or if their involvement is so great that it forces them into a position where they are directly affected, this group is at high risk. Beyond them, doctors and politicians who seek to be involved in the sociopolitical spheres of the medical world may also encounter this film. To involve them, I chose to also explore the science that is being studied in these spheres, as well as discuss the process of involvement and collaboration with Big Pharma (Lipton & Nordstedt, 2016). But there is no limit to who can watch. Whoever you are, viewer, you are welcome to explore the same controversy.

As well-put by DeAngelis (2016), big-name pharmaceutical companies receive a concerning amount of profit from the drugs they produce, and there isn’t enough importance placed on defining the parameters of fair and just (30). This very issue of how corruption becomes easier when Big Pharma leaders get to define their own parameters with little accountability is the reason for me choosing this topic to explore in this project. It’s important to recognize that corruption comes in many forms, and often goes unseen. In the context of large-scale companies that have the power and the money to hide their tracks, this corruption is hidden much more efficiently. It’s not entirely fair for me to give credit to the corrupt pharmaceutical companies and their ability to hide said corruption, though, when part of it also stems from ignorance on the other end. Sometimes, people either don’t listen to things they don’t want to hear or are too preoccupied to give them attention. Both are fair, but these uncomfortable conversations are exactly the ones to have if any progress is to be made at all. My hope is that this film can act as a catalyst of some sort for this conversation to be had.

All good informational projects require an appropriate amount of research to be done – after all, we aren’t just showing personal findings, but also evidence of the information that we are putting out in the project. Throughout the creative process, I found many different sources that helped bring the story to life. Some of the sources were informational articles that I used to create the backbone of the film, some were referenced indirectly (or provided background information), and some were even quoted directly in the film. I also found a few sources that I used as a part of the film as clips to help shape the story. These were referenced at the end of the video. Using Birkinshaw et. al’s article about biotechnology, I strengthened my understanding of the ways of pharmaceutical companies and their processes (2018). Hogerzeil’s insightful discussion on the Medicine Index (2013) and its uses allowed me even further insight into how the pharmaceutical industry operates. DeAngelis’ article (2016) and Hvistendahl’s findings in China (2013) shaped a lot of my argument that was the centre of the film! In Thierry et. al’s (2013) article, it wasn’t so much a piece that shaped my work, but rather an article that informed me on the practices of the pharmaceutical industry. I used it similarly to how I used Hogerzeil’s and Birkinshaw et. al’s research. In Light et. al’s (2013) study, I learned a lot about how pharmaceutical companies worked to cement their place in the industry. Again, this study helped me understand the depth of the crimes of the pharmaceutical industry, so it helped me shape my perspective on the topic. For Lipton & Nordstedt’s (2016) article, it was mainly for me to understand my secondary audience, who are primarily healthcare workers and scientists. Mahase’s (2021) article is similar to DeAngelis’ as it talks about the depths of the Big Pharma controversy in the form of a social commentary. For Owen’s (2014) article, I used the researcher’s discourse analysis as a guide to approaching the film, and Sismondo’s (2021) paper on epistemic corruption within the pharmaceutical industry was once again used to shape and further develop my argument that I present in the film. Some other sources were used in the film itself that weren’t included in the original annotated bibliography, such as the paper done by the World Health Organization on COVID-19’s origins (2021) and the clips in the film that I did not create which were cited on the video, such as MODSUN’s I’m addicted to drugs and alcohol…, DW News’ Coronavirus vaccines: Big pharma’s next cash cow?, E! News’ Demi Lovato’s recovery: Dr. Drew’s professional take, ABC News’ 1st case of coronavirus confirmed in the US, South China Morning Post’s Mystery illness outbreak in Wuhan, China, War is Hell’s World war 1 graphic footage, Sky News’ The shocking centre of the COVID-19 crisis, CBSDFW’s Up – close look at real life in trauma unit, and The Opener’s 5 awesome medicine making machinery in pharmaceutical industry. The research I did for the project wasn’t used directly in the final product. Rather, I used the sources that I had gathered to form my argument and further my understanding of the medical world – specifically, the pharmaceutical industry, so that I could create a film that acted as a sort of call to action to the viewer.

Dear viewer, I would hope that this film stirred something within you. While it isn’t our direct duty to fight back against these large-scale names and leaders of the world, it’s our direct duty to do what is best for both ourselves and our community. Let us remember that these companies hold our safety, our key to living longer, in their hands. If we let them control it, we are essentially allowing them to enslave us and have us obey their every command. If not for anything else, dear viewer, reflect on this argument I’ve presented to you for the sake of your autonomy – for the sake of your livelihood.

References

ABC News. (2020, January 22). 1st case of coronavirus confirmed in US | ABC News [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMc280EtXxs&t=25s

Birkinshaw, J., Visnjic, I., & Bes, S. (2018). Responding to a potentially disruptive technology: How Big Pharma Embraced Biotechnology. California Management Review, 60(4), 74- 100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125618778852

CBSDFW. (2017, March 1). Up-close look at real life in trauma unit [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiosxRZbF3M&t=77s

DeAngelis, C. D. (2016). Big pharma profits and the public loses. The Milbank Quarterly, 94(1), 30-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12171

DW News. (2020, November 13). Coronavirus vaccines: Big pharma’s next cash cow? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNIViibimVU&t=85s

E! News. (2021, March 25). Demi Lovato’s recovery: Dr. Drew’s professional take | Daily Pop | E! News [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7xDbFleZpg&t=123s

Hogerzeil, H. V. (2013). Big pharma and social responsibility – The access to medicine index. The New England Journal of Medicine, 369(10), 896-899. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12171

Hvistendahl, M. (2013). Corruption and research fraud send big chill through big pharma in China. Science, 341(6145), 445-446. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23491174

Thierry, K., Blomberg, N., Greasley, P. J., Mundt, S., Vainio, M. J., Schamberger, J., Schmidt, G., & Hüser, J. (2013). Big pharma screening collections: more of the same or unique libraries? The AstraZeneca-Bayer Pharma AG case. 2013. Drug Discovery Today, 18(19-20), 1014-1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2012.10.011

Light, D. W., Lexchin, J., Darrow, J. J. (2013). Institutional corruption of pharmaceuticals and the myth of safe and effective drugs. J Law Med Ethics, 41(3), 590-600.10.1111/jlme.12068.

Lipton, S. A., & Nordstedt, C. (2016). Partnering with big pharma – What academics need to know. Cell, 165(3), 512-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.021

Mahase, E. (2021). Covid-19: Rich countries are putting “relationships with big pharma” ahead of ending pandemic, says Oxfam. BMJ, 373. 10.1136/bmj.n1342

Owen, T. (2014). The ‘access to medicines’ campaign VS. big pharma. Critical Discourse Studies, 11(3), 288-304. DOI: 10.1080/17405904.2014.915860.

Sismondo, S. (2021). Epistemic corruption, the pharmaceutical industry, and the body of medical science. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analysis, 6. 10.3389/frma.2021.614013.

Sky News. (2020, March 19). The shocking centre of the COVID-19 crisis [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J60fQr0GWo&t=187s

Smith, D. R. [MODSUN]. (2019, August 28). Addicted to drugs and alcohol… [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDOa2CMAG2g&t=168s

South China Morning Post. (2020, January 4). Mystery illness outbreak in Wuhan, China [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LtA0-qoHOg

The Opener. (2020, May 4). 5 awesome medicine making machinery in pharmaceutical industry [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIFXiMtalCQ&t=692s

World Health Organization. (2021, March 30). “WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China part.” Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/whoconvened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part

War is Hell. (2016, November 26). World War 1 Graphic Footage [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhu_77VU4tA&t=17s