The Tortoise & the Hare in Education

Does slow and steady always win the race? The Tortoise would have us believe so, and backing this claim is our steadfast understanding that calm steady perseverance is a hallmark of success. The Hare’s hasty decision making tactics and assuredness are seen as a liability evidenced by the fact that he had not sufficiently calculated the risk in taking a nap during the race. In education we have encountered tortoises and hares, and even rocks that prove immovable, but we’ve yet to effectively harness the risk-taking qualities of the hare and the mindfulness of the tortoise in recognition of the entrepreneurial (philosophically, not monetarily) outlook needed to transform pedagogy and our notions of learning contexts.

After reading the TELE articles this past week, I have been both encouraged and discouraged by the models and instructional design presented in them. Encouraged because with each innovative learning environment, I can’t help but envision how these new approaches can be implemented in my classroom, but at the same time discouraged because these same approaches are not new to education at all, so why am I learning about them for the first time?  Even though traditional approaches to learning are often criticized as leading to “inert knowledge that cannot be called upon when it is useful” (Whitehead in Edelson, 2001) due to its reliance on memorization and recall of facts, adopting new models of instruction that promote conceptual understanding progresses at glacial speed.   After learning from Edelson (2001) that inquiry based pedagogy was first introduced during curriculum reforms of the 1950s and 1960s within the learning cycle framework, and the situated learning emphasized in the anchored-instruction model embedded within the  Jasper Series was developed in the late 1980’s and 1990’s (Pellegrino, & Brophy, 2008), I can’t help but ask: What have we been doing in education? Either of these models would be a pedagogical improvement in many classrooms today, yet they remain predominantly untapped despite their decades of existence. Our dedication to what’s comfortable rather than what’s effective can be unnerving. As educators, we need to be cognizant of what can be learned from the tortoise and the hare and realize that true sustainable progress lies not in the presence of either extreme, but somewhere in the middle where sound pedagogy and reflective practice support risk-taking on the road to reform.

image: the tortoise and the hare by Jehsuk released under a CC Attribution – Noncommercial – No Derivative Works license


References

Edelson, D.C. (2001). Learning-for-use: A framework for the design of technology-supported inquiry activities. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 38(3), 355-385.

Pellegrino, J.W. & Brophy, S. (2008). From cognitive theory to instructional practice: Technology and the evolution of anchored instruction. In Ifenthaler, Pirney-Dunner, & J.M. Spector (Eds.) Understanding models for learning and instruction, New York: Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 277-303.

Teachers as Learners: The Link to Reform

The My World software offers students the opportunity to work with compiled data and investigate its relationship to the world in various contexts. It has significant applications for Science, Social Studies and Math. The Analyze option enables users to create tables of comparative data that can be exported and accessed at at later date. After completing a sample lesson locating major world cities with a proximity of 500 km or less from Vancouver and measuring their distance away, I explored some of the other data sets in new layers in a new project. I was able to locate and measure the distance of volcanoes within a certain range in relation to Victoria and Vancouver, B.C. The data offered interesting information about each volcano in the table it generated including elevation, type and last eruption. Considering most students would be surprised by how many volcanoes are actually in our general vicinity, this information could be the motivation for the first step in the Learning for Use framework. Reaching the limits of their understanding, knowing there is a need for new knowledge to understand this phenomena – because who wouldn’t want to know more about volcanoes in your own backyard! – would elicit a desire to learn more.

Becoming comfortable with the My World software is essential as I didn’t find it very intuitive overall. Working with layers and navigating through the Analysis option can be cumbersome. I ran into a glitch with the Analysis option when I was exploring different features in the program.  Suddenly, choosing a way of analyzing wasn’t an option and for some reason (I didn’t have a lot of time to investigate, unfortunately) this happened when I started a new project from already inside the program versus starting one when the program first opened. I don’t mind trouble shooting with technology. In fact, I enjoy the challenge, but I know that others would get frustrated and decide it’s not worth it.

Although this was an issue specifically with My World, this problem drew me back to Edelson’s advice about educator’s implementing the LfU framework and how important it is that the constructivist theory of learning embedded within its structure needs to be embraced by teachers as learners, too. If teachers are to “learn to use it successfully, they must go through a learning process themselves that incorporates the steps of Learning for Use” (Edelson, 2001, p. 381). To do this, it takes time and we all know how time gets in the way of a lot of things we want to do as teachers. I think this is a big hurdle in educational reform. There are great ideas for change, proven ideas, but to really understand and embrace new pedagogy and revise your practice, you must commit to spending time being a learner first.

Pellegrino and Brophy (2008) also mentioned the obstacles created by inert knowledge and the measures they took in the Jasper Series to increase students’ transfer skills. They were committed to not giving “students tools because these can often be applied without understanding, causing people to fail to adapt when situations change” (p. 283). To a teacher, would LfU not be considered a tool? And if it’s demonstrated to them and they are interested in applying it, how do we encourage teachers to take the time to experience it as a learner? How do we convince them that the time is worth it and how understanding the framework is vital to being successful with it? An inquiry model isn’t something you can script – otherwise it becomes mechanical and loses authenticity. You need to breathe it.

I’ve ended up thinking a lot about this dilemma. The goal of LfU is to overcome inert knowledge and help students generate useful knowledge, but do all teachers know the difference between routine expertise and adaptive expertise? How many teachers are experts with inert knowledge and believe this is the goal of education? Adopting pedagogical models like LfU on a wider basis may have more obstacles in their way than anticipated. Are we asking teachers to teach skills that they may not possess themselves? Edeslon is absolutely correct when he states that integrating LfU “is not a simple process” (2008, p. 381). But at the same time, I think there is simplicity in the LfU framework that increases the likelihood that teachers are able to connect with it’s pedagogical design, if time (there it is again) is put into helping others understand it. It could be a model that schools adopt as common ground for developing an inquiry base with students.

Volcanoes Near Victoria & Vancouver (analysis table example)

image: volcano erupting, Guatemala by photosbesthike by phreleased under a CC Attribution – Noncommercial license


Edelson, D.C. (2001). Learning-for-use: A framework for the design of technology-supported inquiry activities. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 38(3), 355-385.

Pellegrino, J.W. & Brophy, S. (2008). From cognitive theory to instructional practice: Technology and the evolution of anchored instruction. In Ifenthaler, Pirney-Dunner, & J.M. Spector (Eds.) Understanding models for learning and instruction, New York: Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 277-303.