Final Project ETEC 540

''Welcome!'' The final project, for the ETEC 540 course: Changing Space of Reading and Writng, looks into the relationship between communication, invention and practices. Furthermore, this project will briefly explore the development of a technology for reading and writing and the implications it has had on literacy and education. Thank you for joining me. In a course that took us on a winding journey of interconnected thoughts, ideas, research, key understandings, and pivotal moments in history - I thought that it would be fitting to finish the course on a similar path. [[Let's Begin]]

Ward Cunningham is a computer programmer and inventor of the Wiki Software. Howard G. "Ward" Cunningham was born May 26, 1949. He is known as a pioneer in both design patterns and extreme programming. Cunningham created the software [[Wiki Wiki Web]] in 1994. He has written hundreds of wiki pages. The list below have been identified as some of his favorites ... (Cunningham, 2014). - PromptingStatement - TenWordLine - SystemOfNames - PairProgramming - OperatorWorkSelection - SymmetricalReference - BackgammonOpenings - ResponsibilityRelief - EmergentComponentMethod - WeirdErrorMessages - OrganicDefense - SodaConstructor - TheEnd - JayLanguage - TipsForWritingPatternLanguages - WritersLog - SpokenLog <img 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">

''Background History'' Inventor and computer programmer, ''[[Ward Cunningham]]'' wanted there to be a space for people to be able to simply create. (Grigas & Roth, 2014). In the mid-80s to early 90s, a program called HyperCard was prominently being used. ''[[Hypertext]]'' was still a fairly new concept and not many people knew much about it yet. Hypercard was a drawing program that allowed cards or pages to be made about specific topics. The issue with the program was that it assumed you knew what you wanted to link the cards to and that it was already made. Ward Cunningham, saw this to be a very limiting characteristic of the program. So, he began making a number of cards to get the process going (Grigas & Roth). The limitations of ''[[The Hypercard]]'' challenged Cunningham in the development of a program that would create cards on demand so that people could always extend and move the "edge". He wanted to encourage people who knew that the edge was there to find it and move into unknown territory. The HyperCard was also designed for a single-user. In the summer of 1994, the University of Illinois asked Ward Cunningham to develop a //hypertext pattern copository// for the World Wide Web - similar to what he had been working on already but only now it was meant to be international. ... Pause and explore the hypertext found above or continue along the path. ''[[Wiki Wiki Web<-Next]]''

''The Hypertext'' Hypertext is a network of interconnected writings. This network is multiple, associative, and responsive linking many different words, phrases, or ideas, etc., together. Bush (1999) reflects that the orientation of the hypertext mirrors the nature of the human mind and how we think and connect to the tangible and intangible things around us. ''"A hypertext is like a printed book that the author has attacked with a pair of scissors and cut into verbal sizes ..."''(Bolter, 2001 p.35) The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson, 1960s (Bolter p.34). Nelson described "literature as an ongoing system of interconnecting documents" (p.34). Both scientist and engineer, Vannevar Bush and Ted Nelson identified key characterstics of the hypertext long before anything was materialized. A key idea focused on the connections the hypertext made created in order to create a path of meaning, not only for the author but for the reader as well. Again, as you travel into learn a little more about the [[Wiki Wiki Web]] and about the [[Creating an online Community<- online community]] that the wiki software created, you will see continuity between the ideas of Bush and Nelson above from around 1945, to Cunningham and his developments in the mid-1990s. [[Wiki Wiki Web<-Next]]

''The Goal'' Ward Cunningham's goal was to create an accessible and simple space for people to create and share information. It was essential that the Wiki always accept newcomers with valuable contributions. Furthermore, the content published within the Wiki software is always be considered a work in progress. The information should change as people come and go The goal of the WikiWikiWeb was to extend Bush's ideas on commenting and changing others' text in order to be able to "link together people's experiences to create a new literature to document programming patterns..." (Wikipedia, 2020a). This goal was made possible through the use of the World Wide Web as a way to make this program international. In regards to the community of the wiki, Ward states that //"My wiki was devoted to the practice of programming and has strongly influenced the disciplines to this day. At the time we were promoting collective ownership of code which was considered radical at the time.// (Personal Communications, July 31, 2020). The collective ownership of code was a radical goal of the wiki. A key component for this to be successful was to make the people believe that the community really existed. In the beginning, Ward did approximately 80% of the editing in the developing wiki's, anonymously, to make it seem like the community was already there (Grigas & Roth, 2014). The Wiki software didn't require users to code the information. Instead, anyone could write and share their knowledge into the WikiWikiWeb. Lastly, Ward encouraged the writers to leave their work anonymous. He exemplified this in his own work and editing as well. Ward figured that if people attached their names to their writing no one would want to edit that person's work. He believed the only way the community would continue to edit and add information to each other's work would be if they didn't know who had originally made the post (Grigas & Roth 2014). Design in the presence of the people in the systems ''[[Creating an online Community<-Next]]''

''Hypercard'' Hypercard was one of the first successful hypermedia systems that predated the World Wide Web. It was a software application and development kit for Apple computers. This program was originally released in 1987, the final update was completed in 1998, and Hypercard was removed from sales in 2004 (Wikipedia 2020c). The Hypercard was originally created by Bill Atkison after an LSD trip. Work began on his idea in 1985 under the initial name WildCard. In 1986 Dan Winkler began working on HyperTalk. Hypercard was trademarked and released to Apple in 1987. The idea of this program was to imitate "stacks" of virtual "cards" which held the data. A user could browse the stacks to travel from card to card in order to navigate through different topics and information. Depending on the relevance or significance of a piece of data, the Hypertext component of the program made it so different pieces of data could be interconnected in different ways. David Lingwood (1988), notes that a benefit of the Hypercard program was that it let people write without having to learn how to write code. It made it possible for non-programmers to participate in constructing knowledge. A valuable characteristic of Hypercard was that any non-programmer could use the program to add cards. The program was designed to allow users to write without having to know pattern code language. As you continue down the path to learning more about the Wiki Wiki Web, you will notice this was a feature that Ward Cunningham greatly valued and continued in his new developments. For a [[Video<-deeper dive]] into the HyperCard. To learn more about [[Hypertext]]. [[Background History<-Back]]

<image src="https://i.imgur.com/cwFtAWL.png" width "500" height "300"> Imgur. (2016) ''Wiki Wiki Web'' ''[[/ˈwɪki/ (Listen) WIK-ee]]'' ''What is it?'' The Wiki Wiki Web is a ''hypertext'' that acts as a ''collaborative space'' for anyone to add, edit and access information; it is managed and created by its own audience. A singular Wiki can be multiple pages, with many links to other pages of information, some may be public while others are kept within a specific organization (Wikipedia, 2020a). The wiki was designed to be an ''information management system''. Allowing viewers to search for ''interconnected'' pieces of information until they found "edge" - information not yet completed. Ward hoped that this collaborative online system would encourage members of the community to keep adding to the "edge" and pushing it further and further. //"Every thought is a seed and just grows and grows..." Ward Cunningham// In the book, //The Wiki Way// by Ward Cunningham and co-author Bo Leuf they state three things about the wiki (Wikipedia, 2020a): 1. A wiki invites all users - not just experts. 2. Wiki promotes meaningful topic associations between different pages. 3. A wiki is //not// a carefully crafted site created by experts and professional writers....it seeks to involve the typical visitor in an ongoing process of creation and collaboration... ''The Name'' Cunningham named the new software after the first Hawaiian word that he learned which means quick. So the WikiWikiWeb translates to the very quick web (Grigas, V., & Roth, M.2014). Cunningham avoided naming his program the quick-web, by instead using the alliterative wiki-wiki (Wikipedia 2020a). ''Cunningham's Pet Theory'' Ward's pet theory was that most engineers wouldn't attempt to do anything if they haven't seen it done before. As he began making a new database engingeers would come by his office and browse the projects data - they would have corrections for the information in the card. Ward would encourage those people to make the corrections themselves. He found that the freedom to move around the space where you have a description that you care about, and be able to correct the pieces that weren't quite right was a magical thing. When it came to creating the collaborative copository for the World Wide Web he has to use the widgets available in order to replicate some of these specific pieces he had already created as a result of the HyperCard program (Computer History Museum, 2008). ''Open Source Community'' //"Wikis enable idea exchange in surprising and collaboration-promoting ways" Wagner & Majchrzak 2006, p.21).// The Wiki software created an open-source community where information and ideas were shared and exchanged. Wagner and Majchrak (2006) identify five key characteristics of this type of community (p.21-22): //Value Proposition//: contributers are valued. //Community expertise//: Share in each others' strengths - "collective wisdom". //Governance of the community//: some structure and guidance, collective choice. //Processes for cocreation//: collaboration, direct edits, and revision history. //Technology//: instantaneous results for sharing, creating, and editing work within the collaborative tool. The WikiWikiWeb became one of the most popular websites on the web because it was not only inclusive to all writers, but it valued all contributions and encouraged the support and the ongoing process of revisions as a way of creating valuable data. To listen to the [[Interview w/ Ward Cunningham<-interviews]] with Ward Cunningham follow the interview hypertext. ''[[The Goal<-Next]]''

''The Online Community'' The creation of the online community was an essential piece in the propagation of the wiki software. Cunningham said it took years for this community to develop and eventually regulate itself (Grigas, V., & Roth, M. 2014). As previously stated, a major shift with the WikiWikiWeb was the ability for anyone to create and edit. Initially, people saw this as a mistake, but gradually understood the process; the audience began managing and creating the copository of artifacts. Ward Cunningham created a social constructivism community where knowledge needed to be shared and collaborated in order to construct completed ideas and artifacts. People began writing, sharing information, and editing other people's work who they had never met with fluidity. A process that has only continued to gain traction. It was common, when Ward was creating the Wiki software in the 90s, that additions or edits to other people's work would appear at the bottom of a page; no changes could be made to the actual page itself. However, the Wiki edits could be made and published to the living document - with a revision history to record its previous work. //''"The positive stands out the negative erased" Ward Cunningham''// Writers could look back at their work and see the improvements other unknown authors had made but instead of seeing a list of errors, critiques, and corrections listed at the bottom they were able to read and enjoy the improvements others made without viewing the mistakes. The mass collaboration that could happen through WikiWikiWeb pushed the edge. It allowed people with knowledge, that wasn't often talked about, a place to share their information, and gift the community with what they knew. Furthermore, it allowed others to continue growing that knowledge and continue refining its quality. [[The Profound Effect<-Next]].

There is a profound effect that occured as a result of the WikiWikiWeb. Not only did the program rapidly expand to anyone with access to a computer and the internet, but it developed gloablly being translated into hundreds of langauges. The online community began managing itself and valueing all contributers. And as a result, has created one of the largest data bases of information. In order to explore these profound effects more, please follow the hyperlinks below. ''[[Internationalization]] '' ''[[Collective Ownership of Code]] '' ''[[Largest Online Encyclopedia]]'' [[The Changing Space of Reading & Writing<- Next]]

''The Changing Space of Reading & Writing'' As we have seen time and time again new technologies remediate the previous versions. Orality moved into writing systems, tablet to scroll, and so on, and so on. Bolter (2001) explains that "Remediation involves both homage and rivalry, for the new medium imitates some features of the older medium but also makes an implicit or explicit claim to improve on the older one... Remediation is a process of cultural competition between or among technologies" (p. 23). In 1994, when Ward Cunningham was asked to create a //hypertext pattern copository// by the University of Illinois for the World Wide Web - this began remediation, new technology - new medium, to share, create and edit information. The Wiki Wiki Web remediated the previous Hypercard program, print encyclopedias, and authorship. The new medium took attributes such as the hypertext, creation of individual topics or cards, audience participation, and important information. But, Cunningham augmented changes allow for international access and use, the audience to manage and create the information, and the limitless edge of knowledge, and the ability to access other cultures and languages. ''The Wiki software and the propagation of the Wiki Wiki Web changed the space of reading and writing.'' Suddenly, there was a space for anyone who was willing to write and gift the community with their knowledge - and others with similar ideas or understanding could add and enhance someone else's work. Instead of waiting for an author to publish something in print to share knowledge of a topic or idea - Cunningham created a space where anyone, at any time could publish or update articles, for immediate access. The learners or audience were active participants in the learning process as they shared and edited (Cress, & Kimmerle, 2008 p.) [[Learners Today<- Next]]

In the education system today the development of the wiki software and the initial Wiki Wiki Web program has made many impacts on a large number of disciplines. The following list is the top way that I connected today's learners to Wiki Software. //Anyone can research, find, and learn about millions of topics, cultures, and ideas. Anyone can explore, learn, and experience different cultures, languages, and customs. Anyone can share their knowledge and gift the community with information that was previously unknown. Teachers can access, share, and create resources with and for other teachers to better the quality of our education. Businesses can learn, share, and improve business models and explore how to manage and share their ideas within their company to be more efficient. Citizens can research politics, historical events, and human rights in order to be better informed and help create a better city, province, and country.// ...etc The Wiki Wiki Web augmented the amount of information a single person could access and know. It enabled everyone to share their knowledge and collaborate with unknown people around the world, and create the largest database of information. Today there are dozens of active wiki engines found on the web. They can run on various platforms and support a large number of web applications (Wikipedia 2020d). [[In Conclusion]]

''References'' Bolter, Jay David. (2001). Writing space: Computers, hypertext, and the remediation of print [2nd edition]. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Boroditsky, L. (2011). How Language Shapes Thought. Scientific American, 304(2), 62-65. Retrieved July 22, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/26002395. Computer History Museum. (2008, January 28). Wiki Inventor Ward Cunningham with John Gage. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bx6nNqSASGo&t=882s. Cunningham, H. G. (2014, October 9). Ward Cunningham. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://wiki.c2.com/?WardCunningham. Cress, U., & Kimmerle, J. (2008). A systemic and cognitive view on collaborative knowledge building with wikis. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 3(2), 105-122. doi:10.1007/s11412-007-9035-z. English Wikipedia. (2007). Ward Cunningham. Retrieved August 1, 2020, from https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/w/Ward_Cunni ngha m.htm. Imgur. (2016, October 11). WikiWikiWeb Back in 1996. Retrieved August 2, 2020, from https://imgur.com/a/4egEC. Grigas, V., & Roth, M. (2014, March 23). Ward Cunningham, Inventor of the Wiki. Wikimedia. https://diff.wikimedia.org/2014/05/26/happy-birthday-ward-cunningham-inventor-of-the-wiki/. Lingwood, David (May 23, 1988). "APDA Pinpionts Development Trends in Macintosh Products". InfoWorld (Interview). Interviewed by Stuart J. Johnston. Retrieved August 6, 2020. TeachText, W. (n.d.). HyperCard. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://hypercard.org/. Wagner, C., & Majchrzak, A. (2006). Enabling customer-centricity using wikis and the wiki way. Journal of Management Information Systems, 23(3), 17-43. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library. ubc.ca/stable/40398854. Wikipedia. (2020a, August 05). Wiki. Retrieved August 06, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki. Wikipedia. (2020b, July 22). HyperCard. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard. Wikipedia. (2020c, July 27). Wiki software. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiki_software. Voß, Jakob. (2005). Measuring Wikipedia. Proceedings of ISSI 2005: 10th International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics. 1.

The development and propagation of ''wiki software - WikiWikiWeb'', by Ward Cunningham in 1994, augmented human intelligence by creating a space for collective wisdom to come together to create, share and edit. The Wiki encouraged collective ownership of code, internationalization of information into hundreds of languages, a simple space for anyone who wanted to write or edit could. The Wiki software promoted radical changes in its time and has made a large impact on a variety of disciplines. This technological development changed the space of reading and writing and opened up a door to new authors, editors, critics, and collaborative information. ''//"Every thought is a seed that just grows and grows and grows..." ~ Ward Cunningham,//'' [[Why I chose Twinery]] [[References]] [[Let's Begin<-Back to the Start]]

''The Changing Space of Reading & Writing: The WikiWikiWeb'' The development and propagation of the ''wiki software - WikiWikiWeb'', augmented human intelligence by creating an online space that utilized the collective wisdom from the online community through collaborative engagement. ''Ward Cunningham'' and the ''World Wide Web'' propagated a program that opened the door for anyone who wanted to write and share information with the community to be able to do so. Furthermore, this software created a profound effect on the space of reading and writing through: ''internationalization, collective ownership of code, and the ongoing process of collaboration. This twinery will explore some of the paths that lead to the development of the Wiki software, the goal of the Wiki, the creation of the online community and we will briefly look at learners today and the implications the WikiWikiWeb has had throughout the years. [[Background History<-Next]]

//"It is a process as much as a product"// M. Joyce (1995) I love the way Twinery, parallels with Bolter's (2001) original thoughts about hypertext - "The connections of a hypertext (twinery) constitute paths of meaning for the author and for the reader (p.35). The Twinery allowed me a chance to create paths of meaning not only for myself, but also for my reader. This platform challenged me to think associatively throughout my readings, and research, and it also enabled me to use pieces of the ETEC 540 course in my final project as well. This course has challenged my ways of thinking, and provided me with a greater understanding of the ways in which I make meaning not only with text, but with the environment around me. Thank you. Heidi [[In Conclusion<-Back]]

/ˈwɪki/ (Listen) WIK-ee <audio controls autoplay loop> <source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/En-us-wiki.ogg" type="audio/ogg">

''For a deeper dive into the HyperCard.'' <video src="https://hypercard.org/hypercard_tutorial.m4v" width "640" height "480"> </video>

''Interview with Ward Cunningham - Inventor of the Wiki from the Wikimedia Foundation.'' <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XqxwwuUdsp4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </video> (Grigas & Roth, 2014) ''Wiki Inventor Ward Cunningham with John Gage'' <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bx6nNqSASGo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </video> (Computer History Museum, 2008) [[Wiki Wiki Web<-Back]]

Double-click this passage to edit it.By March 2005 there were over 195 registered languages (Voss, 2005). People all over the world began translating wikis into their own languages. //“The other thing that I just didn’t think about, or I thought would be too hard, was being international. The fact that because it’s licensed to be reused of course means the content is free to go into other languages. And the fact that people might want to read and write in their own language – that international aspect is profound, in terms of actually having an opportunity to, in some sense, bring the world together. Wikipedia is probably one of the strongest forces in computers for creating peace in the world, in essence. That’s fabulous, this understanding – to just believe it could be done in every language."// ''"The way we think influences the way we speak" (Borodistky, 2011 p.65).'' [[Collective Ownership of Code]] [[Largest Online Encyclopedia]]

Ward stated that //"My wiki was devoted to the practice of programming and has strongly influenced the disciplines to this day. At the time we were promoting collective ownership of code which was considered radical at the time. In fact some experts told us that it had been proven scientifically that one cannot get quality results programming without holding individuals accountable. Strangely they would make this argument in my wiki where all words were a contribution to the commons."// (W.Cunningham, personal communication, July 31, 2020). It is evident that Ward Cunningham developed and propagrated the Wiki software so that it could //grow from the centre//. If pages were predetermined the audience would have been limited and therefore stunted the augmentation of the program (Grigas & Roth, 2014). [[Largest Online Encyclopedia]]

The WikiWikiWeb has enabled users to collaboratively create the largest living online encyclopedia (Cress, U., & Kimmerle, J. 2008, p.107). The Wiki became an invitation for knowledge seekers, writers, editors, debaters, critical thinkers, and a place to collaborate and create. Because Wiki was designed to push the edge (Grigas & Roth, 2014) it created a community that was limitless. The shared knowledge of the Wiki format allows "a person's individual knowledge [to] serve as a resource for other peoples' learning (Cress & Kimmerle 2008, p. 107). [[The Changing Space of Reading & Writing<-Next]]