Describing Communication Technologies – Snapchat

Describing Communication Technologies – Snapchat

References:

Dixon, S. J. (2023, October). Snapchat daily active users 2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/545967/snapchat-app-dau/

Elgersma, C. (2018, June 18). Everything you need to know about Snapchat. Phys.Org. https://phys.org/news/2018-06-snapchat.html

Freyn, A. L. (2017). Experimenting with Snapchat in a University EFL Classroom. Journal of Education and Practice8(10), 35-37.

How did snapchat influenced culture? (2023, July 14). SocialStar. https://officialsocialstar.com/blogs/blog/how-did-snapchat-influenced-culture

Larson, G. W. (2016, July 14). Instant messaging (IM). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/instant-messaging

Lin, Y. (n.d.). Which age group uses Snapchat the most? Oberlo. Retrieved December 10, 2023, from https://www.oberlo.com/statistics/which-age-group-uses-snapchat-the-most

Lynch, T. L., & Bartels, J. T. (2017). Soft(a)ware in the English Classroom: Snapchat and the Sophistication of Multimodal Composition. The English Journal106(5), 90–92. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26359501

Saunders, J. (2019). The story of snapchat [Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKqLopxUfq4&ab_channel=JamesonSaunders

Snapchat. (n.d.). When does Snapchat delete Snaps and Chats? Snapchat Support. Retrieved December 10, 2023, from https://help.snapchat.com/hc/en-us/articles/7012334940948-When-does-Snapchat-delete-Snaps-and-Chats

Linking Assignment

Louisa Green – Task 1: https://louisaagreen.wixsite.com/ubc-met-etec-540-tex/tasks

I chose to dive into Louisa’s task one post because it was made with the idea of engaging the audience in mind. This was done through using the Prezi presentation format. I was able to click through different areas of the presentation to learn information about Louisa’s bag in the order I chose instead of reading a basic written blog post which is what I have done for this task.

There were some similarities with the things in my bag and the things in Louisa’s bag. We both carry items in our bags that allow us to consume text such as using a laptop to read articles and headphones to consume spoken text or music. We both came to the conclusion that by looking at our bags, one would assume we possess a good amount of technological literacies.

There were also some insights that I learned from exploring Louisa’s task. One of the things that was brought to my attention was the importance of the different types of literacies. In the post, Louisa mentioned eco-literacy while describing non-traditional literacies and how they form a person’s self image. I thought that was interesting and got me thinking about the other non-traditional literacies that I possess and how it contributes to my self image. Another thing I learned from Louisa’s post is the cultural significance of text and the creation of text. In Western countries such as Canada and USA, a written signature often proves a person’s identity and will allow a person to buy things or even enter into contracts. Through Louisa’s post, I learned that signatures in Japan take form in a stamp called “hanko”. It’s very interesting that both forms of identification are symbols or words placed on paper, but how it gets there matters significantly according to different cultures.

 

Rich Payne – Task 3: https://blogs.ubc.ca/540rp/

I chose Rich’s task three because he used a different transcribing software than myself. I used Microsoft 365’s online Word application while Rich used Apple Notes. I wanted to examine whether one application was more accurate than the other and what were some of the common mistakes made by Apple Notes when transcribing speech to text.

There were many similarities in the mistakes that Apple Notes made compared to Microsoft Word 365. For example, there were incorrect punctuations littered throughout the text. Rich made a good point that the pauses in our speech contributes to this. The transcription application is unsure whether the pause is the end of a sentence or a point of emphasis. The software has to make a guess and sometimes gets it wrong by placing a punctuation where we didn’t intend to. Rich also made a good point about AI and accents. Everyone talks slightly different in their cadence and accent, therefore the transcription software needs as much data as possible to examine all different accents and tones to transcribe correctly.

In analyzing his transcribed text, Rich also brought up a few good points regarding the differences between oral story telling and writing. Rich mentioned that speech contains emotions and expressions that adds to the story. In order to convey this in writing, it is “made up” by using expressive and accurate language in the writing. This is apparent in many books and stories where the author uses a plethora of descriptive words and phrases to make up for that fact. Lastly, Rich made an important note that “the exact same story told by two different people may feel quite different”. I also agree with this fact that by placing personal expressions and emotions into the same story, it can make the story unique to the oral story teller.

 

Barbara Stewart-Edwards – Task 6: https://sites.google.com/nsd61.ca/etec540texttechnologies/tasks/task-6-an-emoji-story?authuser=0

I chose Barbara’s task 6 to analyze because it was a show that I have also watched on Netflix and one of the things I noticed with her story was that she not only included emojis but also ASCII symbols and images to express the story. The show described is “Love is Blind”.

One interesting thing I noticed in Barbara’s submission is that she not only used premade emojis but she also used emoticons formed by symbols and punctuations such as using brackets, quotes, and other symbols to form two faces smiling at each other. This reminded me of the possibilities of drawings someone can do with ASCII symbols. Another thing Barbara used were images that included emojis in them. This definitely helped with the ability to decipher the plot as a picture of a beach is very difficult to be incorrectly interpreted compared to using palm tree and plastic bucket emojis to represent the beach.

One thing I would’ve done differently in Barbara’s submission is to rely on pictures less and to use solely emojis to represent the plot of the show. For example, instead of an image of a couple breaking up and walking away, she could’ve used emojis such as:

 

Bobby Han – Task 7: https://blogs.ubc.ca/bobbyhan/task-7/

I chose Bobby’s task 7 to reflect upon because it was the most unique redesign I came across for this task. Bobby completed the mode-bending through writing a children’s song that summarized what was in his bag. I personally is a fan of music but would have no idea where to start if I was tasked with composing a song. Bobby gave many useful insights into the mind of a composer and the considerations he use when writing a song.

Bobby made a good point that music “transcends cultural boundaries and fosters emotional connections”. This was a great point and highlights that not only do consuming text evoke emotions, but listening to music can do the same thing or more. Some of the considerations Bobby made when crafting his song were the notes he used, the instruments he used, and the repetition of the melody. The notes from the pentatonic scale he used are used in music all around the world. This makes this song accessible to as many people as possible. The instruments Bobby used were unpitched instruments that can be picked up by anyone no matter their music background. Lastly, the melody he used were simple and repeated making learning it an easier task. By re-designing the “What’s in your bag” task into an easy to learn song, it not only gets the information across in a fun way, but it could also potentially evoke emotions that the text itself wouldn’t have.

 

Leighton Chiverton – Task 10: https://blogs.ubc.ca/etec540leightonchiverton/task-10-attention-economy/

I chose Leighton’s task 10 to reflect upon because it represented many of our peers’ responses. Generally people were frustrated with the task and some had given up a few times while completing the User Inyerface game. In my opinion, the website definitely tried to frustrate the user by making the worst choices in website user interface design. However, if you read carefully and went into the task with the website trying to trick you in mind, the task becomes fairly easy to complete.

Leighton made a point regarding how websites that try to keep you on their platform for as long as possible have the potential to make more money from selling ad space for their website. Although this is true, by making the website as frustrating as possible and making the user stay as long as possible doesn’t necessarily increase traffic to the website. Websites need to find the right balance in efficiency and time spent there by consumers. If the website is too frustrating to navigate, the consumer will not return. Getting new consumers are always more challenging than keeping the existing ones. Websites that try to deceive the user will often times get a bad reputation and “word of mouth” in the age of the internet can have significant damage the website’s traffic.

 

Anne George – Task 12: https://blogs.ubc.ca/annegetec540/

I chose to analyze Anne’s task 12 because of the creative format it was presented in. Anne created a week’s worth of journal and reminder entries in the Genially application. The entries were multi-modal including both text and voice. I believe this is a good prediction of what weekly calendars will look like and how they will function with the abilities to record voice memos to elaborate and to remind.

In the task, Anne described the world as less inhabitable and the government placing more control on their citizens. All this is very plausible in 10 years if there are no changes in policy to protect our environment. The prompt mentioned camping gear as a gift. One thing I wish that Anne would’ve included in her narrative is how the camping gear would be used in this dystopian future. It would be interesting to imagine camping gears having more heavy duty air filters to make sleeping outside possible, or a new business that offers indoor warehouse space decorated as if it’s the outdoors for people to safely camp in.

Task 12

Describe or narrate a scenario about a candy found a millennium into a future in which “progress” has continued. Your description should address issues related to artificial intelligence and elicit feelings of anxiety.

In the year 3023, earth has become a wasteland. Humans live in pods, protected from the elements outside. Temperatures are extreme and the air is toxic. Within the last millennium deforestation continued, fossils fuels continued to be burned, the oceans were overfished, and habitats of animals were destroyed. Governments were too late to implement laws against the negative impacts humans have made to the planet.

With the downfall of our environment, technology continued to advance. Artificial intelligence has got to the point where it is in the shape of a small piece of candy consumed by almost every human still alive on the planet. Being stuck inside their pods everyday, the artificial intelligence provided humans with all the social, informational, and entertainment needs. Without the need to think and learn information, human’s overreliance on artificial intelligence started to deteriorate the brain both in its functions and its size. Once the candy is digested, the effects of artificial intelligence wore off. Most humans immediately take another one to function normally. It has got to the point where these AI candies were consumed to think and function on behalf of the human. Without the need to think or to make decisions, humans functioning without the AI candy were zombielike. The AI candies provide humans with entertainment inside of their brains as well. Whatever visual media the human prefers can be played inside of their brain and consumed instantly. The AI candies are filled with nutrients a human needs to survive. This makes the additional consumption of food unnecessary.

The multi-trillion corporations responsible for this technology are ungoverned as they control all the politicians with their AI candies. The world continues to crumble but time seems to be at a standstill as everyone is living within their own heads and waiting for the world to implode.

Task 10

This was an interesting task to complete. I would’ve gotten to the completion page sooner but I was taking notes on every deception and annoyance the website is trying to put onto the user while completing the task. One of the subjects I’ve taught in my career is game design and a couple of the core principles of game design apply to this website as I was reflecting upon this task. When designing games, it’s important to build them with the player in mind and optimize the player experience. To do this there are many considerations such as user feedback and telegraphing. I believe both of these things apply to website design as well, especially the forms the task asked us to fill.

When playing a game, it’s important for the player to know when they think they’ve done something. Games usually have feedback in place to confirm the player’s action. For example, when attacking an enemy there are usually sound effects, visual effects, damage bars, etc. to confirm that the attack happened. This makes game play more straightforward and avoids any confusion from the player. In the website, there were buttons that didn’t respond as a regular button would. It didn’t highlight when the mouse was hovered over it, it didn’t change colours when pressed, and the cursor did not change to the hand with the finger icon. All this goes into giving the user feedback that this is a button and that it’s working. Another instance of lack of user feedback was not being able to create a proper password without proper feedback for what was needed. I had to try a number of different passwords that seemingly met with the password criteria but it still would not let me proceed to the next page without any message to tell me what was missing.

Another consideration when making games is predictability. The mechanics within the game need to be consistent and sometimes predictable. Predictability is sometimes called telegraphing in video games. An example of telegraphing is seeing a certain enemy animation happen and knowing the attack that will happen shortly after because you’ve encountered this enemy before and learned that the attack follow the animation. In the website, what users would normally expect a yes button for cookies on a website would do is to agree to the cookies policies. However, the yes button in this case refers to if the user has a problem accepting the cookies. This is not what a regular user would predict and can create confusion for the user. Another example of this from the website is the use of double negatives that confuses the user. On the password page, there was a statement “your password is not unsafe”. This create extra work for the user to figure out the double negative and to decide their next course of action.

On top of all this, there were lots of non-user-friendly features in the website that made progressing through the forms difficult.

  • Unhelpful pop-ups and the time it took to dismiss the pop-ups were unnecessarily long.
  • Needing to delete information in a fillable area before inputting your information
  • Irrelevant or un-ordered information from a drop down menu
  • Can’t directly type in information for some fillable areas and have to use sliders and buttons to get to the right information
  • Creating difficulty by using captchas that can have multiple meanings

Overall, the task was eye opening on how users are accustomed to filling out forms and browsing websites. The website demonstrated how easy it would be to manipulate the user by placing hidden information or forcing users to make assumptions about the forms to misguide the user.

Task 9

Top 10 Voted Songs

  1. Track 25: Jaat Kahan Ho
  2. Track 18: Fifth Symphony (First Movement)
  3. Track 23: Wedding song
  4. Track 3: Percussion (Senegal)
  5. Track 14: Melancholy Blues
  6. Track 24: Flowing Streams
  7. Track 1: Brandenburg Concerto (First Movement)
  8. Track 7: Johnny B. Goode
  9. Track 20: Night Chant
  10. Track 9: Tsuru No Sugomori (Crane’s Nest)

After running the results through Palladio, I was at first intimidated by the amount of bubbles and the lack of information I can gather just by looking at the visualization of the data. Upon further tinkering, I was able to use different facet dimensions to start making meaning out of the data. I was able to pick out the top 10 most selected songs from our cohort (listed at the top). On top of that, I was able to track how many other people picked the 10 pieces I did on the survey. There were six “communities” that were generated by Palladio. Every member of our cohort belonged to either one or multiple of these “communities”. These “communities” showed people that chose the same songs and also made connections to other songs and other people. Unfortunately I was unable to draw any conclusions to the reason of song choices of people from different “communities”. The visualization of the bubbles did not contain enough information regarding the reasoning of each person’s choice.

By looking at the top 10 songs picked by our cohort, we can see that all of those songs had at least 45% of the class votes. Everybody in the class had their own criteria and considerations when selecting their top 10 songs. With the data presented in this visual format, it is difficult to pin point the reasons why everyone chose the songs that they did. On top of that, it’s equally difficult to uncover the reason for “null” choices without knowing the people or have a written explanation. However, by examining the songs themselves, a few assumptions could be made regarding people’s choices.

Familiarity

In the top 10 songs of our cohort, there is a song by Chuck Berry and a song by Louis Armstrong. Both of them are royalty of the blues and jazz genre. People could’ve selected these 2 songs based on recognizing their names and also the songs themselves as they are commonly covered by other musicians. Here are links of all the covers for Melancholy Blues and Johnny B. Goode. In the top 10 songs, there were also a couple classical pieces such as Fifth Symphony and Brandenburg Concerto (First Movement) composed by Beethoven and Bach. Not only are the composers’ names recognizable but classical pieces like the Fifth Symphony are often used in media such as movies and TV shows.

Region

One of my criteria for selecting the top 10 songs to include on the Golden Record was music that represent as much of our world as possible. This involved choosing songs from different geographic regions with different cultural backgrounds. Looking at the top 10 songs from the results, almost all of them are from different parts of the world, the exception being Beethoven and Bach both being from Germany, and Chuck Berry and Louis Armstrong both being Americans. All the other top 10 songs represent different parts of earth and uses different languages and instruments that are native to that region.

In conclusion, although visual linking of data can be helpful to see connections, it is difficult to draw conclusions and know the reasoning for the data by visuals alone. Information about the person and their criteria is needed to interpret the data fully.

Task 8

  1. Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F. First Movement, Munich Bach Orchestra, Karl Richter, conductor. 4:40
  2. Zaire, Pygmy girls’ initiation song, recorded by Colin Turnbull. 0:56
  3. Australia, Aborigine songs, “Morning Star” and “Devil Bird,” recorded by Sandra LeBrun Holmes. 1:26
  4. Japan, shakuhachi, “Tsuru No Sugomori” (“Crane’s Nest,”) performed by Goro Yamaguchi. 4:51
  5. Azerbaijan S.S.R., bagpipes, recorded by Radio Moscow. 2:30
  6. “Melancholy Blues,” performed by Louis Armstrong and his Hot Seven. 3:05
  7. Bulgaria, “Izlel je Delyo Hagdutin,” sung by Valya Balkanska. 4:59
  8. Navajo Indians, Night Chant, recorded by Willard Rhodes. 0:57
  9. Peru, wedding song, recorded by John Cohen. 0:38
  10. India, raga, “Jaat Kahan Ho,” sung by Surshri Kesar Bai Kerkar. 3:30

Above are the 10 songs I would include on the golden record. I used a few criteria to narrow down the song choices. The first criteria was that there had to be at least one song from each of the continents on earth. There were multiple songs available to choose from for a number of continents. In those cases, I simply picked the song with the most impactful title and the one that sounded more unique or pleasant. I also decided to include one classical piece and one jazz piece on the record because they’re both important genres that shaped the music we listen to today and will probably continue to inspire new music for generations.

Task 7

 

For this task I was stomped for awhile not knowing how I can redesign the “What’s in your bag” task into an audio form without simply reading what I wrote down for the first task. After browsing some of my peer’s work I decided to write a poem and record it into an audio format. Writing the poem had its challenges such as trying to convey all of the information through a different mode of writing. I overcame this by only focusing on a couple of the reflection questions from task one. I mainly focused on describing the need for the items in my bag and how these items relate to text technologies and how I use it to engage with language and communication.

Throughout making this poem, I engaged in the iterative process as described in The New London Group’s article (NLG, 1996). I tried to create the most meaning from the words that I use and to make the stanzas sound cohesive. I went through many drafts and changed many words in my poem throughout the process. The redesign process also enabled me to demonstrate multi-literacies that I posses such as linguistic design and audio design according to The New London Group (1996).

While looking at ways I can redesign the “What’s in your bag” task, I came across a few peers that had redesigned their task into a podcast. This made me think of the difference in consumption of information when it is conveyed in a different mode. Visually, reading text consumes most of our attention and multitasking is usually limited. However when redesigned into an audio format, it can be consumed with more ease and can allow multitasking such as listening to a podcast while driving or cooking.

References:

The New London Group. (1996). A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures. (Links to an external site.) Harvard Educational Review 66(1), 60-92.

Task 6

This task was much harder than I thought. Even though there are so many emojis available to us, it felt like the perfect emojis for the words I’m trying to represent are missing. I approached this task by thinking of movies or shows that have very unique or farcical characters. I thought these shows or movies would be easier to summarize using emojis compared to shows and movies whose characters are more “common”. I also considered the plot and looked for more action for the same reason as dialogue heavy plots are harder to represent using emojis. I steered away from books because characters often present themselves differently to different readers. After selecting the source material, I started with the title and luckily it was short and easy to convert into emojis. I then started with writing the plot in English and then representing the important pieces of information in those sentences using a string of emojis.

Throughout the task there were many challenges I encountered. The first challenge was how I could represent names. The only way to do this is breaking down a name by its syllables and using emojis that can represent each syllable. I attempted to form the protagonist’s name using emojis but I was not successful in finding the emojis that represented the sounds. Instead, I used an emoji that is a key article of clothing to represent the protagonist.

The second challenge was whether to use homophones or use words that had related meanings to the emojis when the perfect emoji didn’t exist. I decided to steer away from homophones as to not confuse the reader into thinking that I was trying to use the true meaning of a homophonic emoji. For my plot summary I mostly used the emojis’ direct meaning or their related meaning such as using an anchor to represent boat. Another method that I used in my plot summary was using the imagery formed by combining different emojis to represent meaning such as using a man running followed by a puff of smoke to represent running away or escaping.

Deciphering another person’s emoji plot was also very challenging. I found that I have to know the source material already in order to figure out the emoji story. It was close to impossible for me to get the complete story of movies or shows that I have not seen before using emojis. However, reading a plot using emojis felt like solving a puzzle. It took longer than reading the plot in English but there is a great sense of satisfaction when you realize the source material they are representing and deciphering the emoji story.

Story Spoiler Below!

One Piece (Netflix live action series season 1)

Luffy is a pirate who wants to find the one piece treasure. He forms his crew which has a thief/navigator, a swordsman, a chef, and a marksman. They fight other pirates including a clown, a fish-man, and a butler with sword hands. They also escaped many encounters with the Marines who are trying to capture the pirates. Season one ends with Luffy having a huge bounty and the crew continuing on to find the one piece.

Task 4

 

I normally write by typing in my laptop. One peculiarity of this matter is that I prefer to lesson plan using pen and paper. Many colleagues of mine have digitized their teaching calendar and their daily plans into their laptops. However I still prefer to use a physical planning book with written notes and short lesson plans inside of them. I believe the reason why I choose to do this is the ease of access and the ability to change the text quickly. I also think that having it physically in front of me helps with visualizing what the week will look like in my classroom.

While completing this manual script task, I used an erasable pen that I recently purchased from Japan. One of the main challenges with using a pen especially as a teacher is that I find if I make a mistake while marking a student’s work, the solution of using white-out always turns out to look messy and unprofessional. After discovering erasable pens that doesn’t ruin the paper, I have been using them ever since in place of regular pens. For this task I simply erased my mistakes and written over them by using this innovative pen. Although erasing mistakes were easy enough, it still is more work compared to a simple backspace key press on a laptop.

I feel that the most significant differences between writing by hand and using my laptop are the speed and all the tools a word processing software provides on a laptop. Writing the manual script task by hand took about 20 minutes. I believe I could’ve written the same story on my laptop in about 10 minutes. I also think my writing got messier as time went on, mainly due to my forearm getting tired and me rushing to finish the story. If I wrote the same story on my laptop, I could’ve used tools for spell check and formatting such as formatting my lists by using bullet points. For those reasons I prefer to use my laptop for writing.

Task 3

Speech to Text Story:

Over the summer, my partner and I went to Taiwan, Vietnam and Thailand. Our first stop was in Taipei. In Taipei, we went to the night market every day to xample the local cuisine. We also went on a hike to see the views over Taipei 101. We explored the shopping districts and also the creative park where there were lots of shops and cafes. To highlight. Taipei was the food. We also took a day trip out to Joe Fun and Surfin where we sat paper lanterns. And walked around. The tea shop fill Jofa. In Vietnam, our first stop was Hanoi. Hanoi’s old quarter was very busy and bustling. It had lots of good street food where you sat on the street on a plastic stool and sampled the local cuisine. The food is very cheap and it was very good. From Hanoi, we also took a couple day trips out to Halong Bay and Nimbin. The cruise along Holland Bay was very beautiful. We also got a chance to explore some caves and kayak around Halong Bay In Nimbin, we took a bamboo bow. Down a very picturesque river and went on a hike. To get a great view of the River and Nimbin. We watched a water puppet show in Hanoi and it was very cool to experience that art form. After Hanoi, we went to. Dino. I know was a beach city and we lived right by the beach. One of the days we went out to swim in the water. And we also took a day trip out to Hoyen. Hoyland is known for being a old city. The river there was very pretty. And at night you can write a boat and set lanterns into the river. Daniel also had very good seafood. And great spas. It was a relaxing time when we were there. After Danang, we went to Ho Chi Minh City. We took a day trip to the ******* tunnels, where we got to see the tunnels where the tunnel warfare happened during the Vietnam War. We also got a chance to visit the War Remnant Museum. It was very educational and a very somber place that allowed us to reflect our war. Ho Chi Minh was the busiest city. In Vietnam, from our experience. But they also had good food and we enjoyed our time there. After Ho Chi Minh, we went to Bangkok in Thailand. Bangkok was the busiest city of our trip and the traffic made it very difficult for us to travel around. Due to the traffic, we didn’t do as much as we wanted and we mostly ate at malls since there were lots of options and good food. It was very different compared to malls in North America. We also explore the nightlife in Bangkok. And had a very awesome birthday meal in a Michelin star restaurant. After Bangkok we went N to Chiang Mai. Chum I was a lot less busy than Bangkok and we really enjoyed our time there. The food was good. It was easy to get around. And there were lots of cool temples in Chennai. The highlight. Was going to an elephant sanctuary where we got to feed the elephants and also play in the water with them. After Charmi, we went back to Taipei for a night and flew back to Vancouver. It was a wonderful vacation, although tiring, very fun.  

 

For this task, I used Word 365’s dictate function for converting speech to text. One of the main deviations I noticed were the run-on sentences. It seems that when we speak and tell a story, sentence structures are less of a focus and the contents of what we are trying to say is the main focus. Another difference I noticed was the importance of grammar. When I was speaking my story, there were some grammatical errors that wouldn’t have occurred if the story was written. The organization of the story was also something that would differ compared to written English. After reviewing the spoken text, although the story followed chronological order, it was lacking in organization. The contents of the story seemed to be all over the place and some parts of the story were repeated.

The speech to text software had the most issues with names of places in Asia. There were times during the story that the place names were transposed correctly. However, most of the time the names were spelled incorrectly or was something else completely. I found that the bigger and better known cities such as Taipei and Ho Chi Minh city were represented correctly in the text. On the other hand, smaller cities such as Hoi An and Da Nang were misspelled quite often possibly due to the words not being in the speech to text database. On top of that, many of the punctuation marks in the story were incorrect. What was meant to be a break in a sentence using a comma turned into a brand new sentence that followed a period. If someone were to read the story, they would’ve gotten the gist of it, but parts of the story would have to be reread for them to understand everything using context clues to overcome the wrongly transposed words and places.

If I had scripted the story ahead of time, I would’ve had talking points for each of the cities we visited and I would’ve gone more into detail in each of the sections for each cities. The story would not have been so brief and there would’ve been more highlights from each of the cities and would be more engaging for a reader to read. Oral storytelling is not only the words a person is saying but also the tone, expressions, and body language of the storyteller. This is often replaced by a broader use of different descriptive vocabulary words in written storytelling to convey similar emotions and meanings to the audience. Written storytelling can also be more accurately passed from person to person and generation to generation. The story stays consistent and the contents are never changed and omitted unless the text is edited. On the other hand, oral stories can have variations when passed from person to person. The story is only stored in the person’s memory and parts could get omitted and changed unknowingly (Gnanadesikan, 2011). However, oral stories are easier to be passed on to another person. As Gnanadesikan (2011) mentioned in their book, “all human society have had language, but many have had no writing.”. For societies and people who did not possess writing and reading literacies, oral storytelling can allow stories to be passed on from person to person. Written storytelling requires a proficient level of both writing and reading literacy which not all societies poses.

References:

Gnanadesikan, A.E. (2011). The first IT revolution. In The writing revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet (pp. 1-12). John Wiley & Sons.