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Extra readings language Week 2 Weekly Posts

Universal Grammar and Linguistic Evolution

Okay, first off. I don’t know how familiar people are with the concept of Universal Grammar, but I’ll try to boil it down and give you a straightforward version. UG is composed of all things that are common to all human languages. This is not confined to spoken languages (ie, it includes sign language, which interestingly does seem to share many features with spoken language) but makes no attempts to explain orthography.

Now, here’s my point. If we’ve got UG, and we assume that there are certain features shared between languages that are selected for depending on the environment and the sociopolitical landscape (as some linguists have done, notably Oudeyer and Kaplan), UG probably won’t consist of a series of features, per se, since (by definition) those features will vary depending on where you are in the world. To assume otherwise would be rather like assuming that all organisms must consist of certain genes in order to be organisms.

What UG would consist of is rather what all those various linguistic features have in common, not just those things shared by successful features. If the linguistic features are genes, UG would therefore be analogous to the base pairs that compose all DNA.

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Week 2

Week 2 in review

Hmmm. I feel like I probably don’t have a great deal to contribute in the way of thinky things on the stuff we talked about this week, because as a Biology major, most of what was presented wasn’t new material for me. I found the Dawkins chapter interesting, though – I haven’t read The Selfish Gene (though I’ve heard good things and keep meaning to read it), but the process he goes through in generalizing evolution reminds me a great deal of mathmatics – you can work through a few examples of a given problem type (say, a linear regression), and in doing so generate a simplified formula that applies to all cases of the problem. Dawkins’ replicators are almost equivalent to the variable in a given formula – for evolution, the process holds true no matter what the variable is.

I also apologize for my somewhat flailing attempts at explaining population genetics/drift – I’m not much of a lecturer, although if anyone wants clarification some of that, I can do my best.

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language Week 2

Can linguistic phylogenies exist?

Is a historic (phylogenetic) tree a fair representation of the history of languages?

In a recent linguistics tutorial, we were talking about the formation of Pidgins and Creoles, languages that develop where different languages are forced to interact. The TA used a stereotypical story to try and illustrate how these languages develop, and I’ll recount it now as it helps to explain things.

++The story of Pidgins and Creoles++

Imagine an island where well to-do foreigners show up, set up banana plantations, and get the native locals to pick bananas for them. Neither people speaks the others’ language, and neither is particularly interested in learning the others’ language. The adults just want to conduct buisness as quickly as possible, and so develop a basic code for communicating.

The ‘Language’ that develops generally has little to no grammar. The words are usually taken from one language and then strung together in an arbitrary fashion. For example: “Three bushel banana, ten dollar.” Indicating a willingness to pay ten dollars for three bushels. The important thing here is that this is just a series of important words without grammar, they generally don’t get pluralized or otherwise modified. This is a Pidgin.

Later, the children born into this environment are brought up with most of the communication going on around them in this pidgin. Which means that they aren’t exposed to any grammar. The amazing thing is that without any exposure to a developed grammar they still create one of their own, using the words available but creating grammatical structures from scratch. This has been used as very strong evidence of the fact that every new generation has the potential to create a new language if there isn’t available data.

++Connected to what we’re talking about++

So what if languages are created from scratch? The concern discussed though was that, if languages are created from scratch each generation, how can we say that one language has decended directly from another? One can certainly claim that the majority of a language is similar to another one, but it seems like it would be more accurate to say that language X is 80% language Y, and 20% languages W and Z.

Unfortunately for anyone looking for parallels between linguistic and genetic evolution, this doesn’t seem like genetic evolution. Genetic evolution has a bunch of information passed from one individual to it’s offspring. Language is grown based on the available data, each generation.

So is this just a superficial difference? or perhaps it’s worth keeping in mind? I’ll try to remember to bring this up when we get around to linguistic evolution, and I’ll see if more information comes up in linguistics.

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Week 2

Topic Call for Papers

If there’s anything that’s been on my mind lately, it’s brainstorming ideas for the research proposal which will lead to a MURC talk and published paper; it would be really embarrassing to miss the deadline or bullshit through the presentation. It’s what this seminar/course centers around, after all, besides our wonderful guest lectures and learning about evolution before applying it anywhere.

I hope this qualifies for our agreed weekly blog posts, as I’m terribly bad with coming up with questions about what I don’t know or would like to expand on until I actually try to do something with the information I have and come across a dead end.

I can, however, come up with questions that can’t really be answered with any precision such as why are there Vampire bats, mockingbirds and finches? What other species shares this trait/niche? (Greg, that’s your fault.)

Anyway.

My primary area of interest concerns the evolution of imagination and fiction, from a biological-psychological perspective, I suppose. It’s a fairly broad topic, and I’m at a loss of how to go about it. I’ve been trying to get my hands on Brian Boyd’s “On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction,” but someone’s taken it out of the library, which has a new layout I can’t seem to navigate (Can someone tell me how to CWL login to that page? I can’t find the link!), and it isn’t available in any Chapters store (though I think it can be ordered online, which would take money and time). If anyone has articles to suggest, you can throw them at me.

Other interests concern the evolution of meditative practices, or the evolutionary biology-psychology of it, and the evolution of sex, but I’ll wait until Rosie Redfield’s talk to think about that. I’m also interested in the evolution of religious institutions as they “adapt” to new peoples and places. Or perhaps I’m not so much interested in religious institutions as I am in the universal cognitive mental modules that all relgious ideas share in common (are there some? I’m not talking about belief as much as how it is embodied in practice). What is the most stable type of practice among the most “successful” major relgions of today, and why? There seems to be a common need for relgious schooling for youth, prayer/chanting/singing that generates merit of some kind, confession of some kind, and being able to transfer merit to others, especially in service to the dead in afterlife/reinarnation, but also to the poor and needy.

What is everyone else interested in examining?

On the origin of stories: evolution, cognition, and fiction

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Extra readings

Phylogeny for the faint of heart

In case any of you are keen to devour more phylogeny stuff:

“Phylogeny for the faint of heart: a tutorial” SL Baldauf 2003 Tr Genet

doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00112-4

Also, highly recommend this review as a resource; it’s semi-required/strongly recommended as a reference after Wayne’s talk:

Understanding Evolutionary Trees. T Ryan Gregory* 2008 Evol Edu Outreach

*He’s visiting UBC in March; does really cool genome size evolution stuff!

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Week 1 - testing

Having problems with reply

I’m getting a little frustrated.  I see something I want to reply to and get the message “You must be logged in to leave a reply”

So I log in.  It takes me back to the main page (or worse, sometimes it takes me back to the UBC Blogs main page and I have to find my way back to this blog)

So I click on the post I want to reply to and get the message “You must be logged in to leave a reply”

You can see where this is going.   I feel like I’m in an endless loop.  Obviously I’m logged in, or I couldn’t post this rant.

So why can’t I reply to other posts?

Thanks for any help or suggestions.

EDIT: Ok, now I can click on someone else’s original post and then add a reply.  The problem has been fixed, but I still get the feeling I was doing something wrong the first time.

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Uncategorized

Changes in appearance

What do you guys think of this? Or should we go back to the old look? Are there any pressing problems with the site that need fixing?

(Also, am I missing something or is WordPress actually less flexible in terms of layout? (than blogger). I’m trying to widen the post field slightly, but can’t seem to find where to do so.  Which is why I modified the layout, but it appears to still impose the format on me! So confused…)

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Extra readings

What is an organism?

Meanwhile, biologists are still trying to figure out what an organism is…

“Evolution: What Is an Organism?” West & Kiers 2009 Curr Biol

Original article:

“Beyond society: the evolution of organismality” Queller & Strassman 2009 Phil Trans R Soc B

Another interesting topic to discuss, perhaps sometime later. Becomes very relevant when trying to figure out if there’s anything analogous in other systems (culture, language)…

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language neuroscience Uncategorized

Evolution, Language and Neuroscience

Interesting podcast called Science & the City from the New York Academy of Sciences.

Nobel Laureate and neurobiologist Gerald Edelman, psychologist Paul Ekman, and anthropologist/neuroscientist Terrence Deacon tell us how Charles Darwin has influenced science and their personal careers.

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Week 1 - testing

Three cheers for computer literacy

So yeah. Testing is fun. Hooray progress and all that.

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