Decolonizing and Feminist perspectives from local to global- Mercy Wanalo

President of Rwanda on Aid.
http://www.azquotes.com/quote/152046

 I will begin by quoting Dambisa Moyo in her book Dead Aid, “No country has ever achieved economic success by depending on aid to the degree that many African countries do” Aid has been seen and painted as the force that will drive most African countries out of poverty and allow them to “catch up” with its counterparts in the west in terms of development and economic growth. References are constantly made to the Post World War 2 Marshall plan in Europe that was apparently very successful. Americans donated up to $13 Billion to the war- torn economies of Europe in an attempt to revive these economies. Critics however say that European countries economies would have emerged from that mess with or without the US Marshall Plan. It is argued that if aid worked for Europe then it is no doubt bound to work for African countries as well, as long as good government policies and structures are put in place (Bovard 1986). This sounds really good in paper but I can’t comprehend why after decades of foreign aid in billions of dollars being pumped into Africa, the poor in Africa still languish in poverty and the numbers are anything but diminishing. I therefore argue that foreign aid does not work and it is high time that the key stakeholders in the ever-growing aid industry alias international development went back to the drawing board.

This cartoon perfectly captures the situation on poverty and aid.
www.polyp.org.uk

Poverty alleviation initiatives now approach poverty as a multi-dimensional deprivation of entitlements, capabilities and rights and not merely of income (Green 2006). Maia Green, in ‘Representing Poverty and Attacking Representations’, however argues that this revised definition was inspired more by institutions subscription to the Millennium Development Goals than by the ability to capture the experiences of the poor. It is therefore ironic that we hope to eliminate poverty among the world’s poor yet we exclude the very people that we hope to serve from key decision making processes. Most international organizations go into these communities with the notion that they know better and are more knowledgeable in matters international development only to be faced with a complexity and uniqueness of challenges. These not only make it impossible for such projects to be sustainable but they also undermine the entrepreneurial efforts by citizens in those countries as was alluded to in the film Poverty Inc.

Corruption is still rampant in most African countries and Aid seems to be propagating this as opposed to helping governments curb corruption.  The African union estimates that corruption costs the African continent $150 billion a year. Giving money to countries whose internal structures are failing without holding them accountable does more harm than good. Aid money goes into the pockets of the elite few who are called governments at the expense of vital services like health, education, infrastructure that benefit the poor. As Andrew Mwenda alludes to in his TED TALK. External factors can only present an opportunity but the ability to use those opportunities and turn them into advantages relies heavily on internal capacity. We therefore need to focus more on building the internal capacities of countries in need of assistance before we can resort to aid which only worsens existing conditions for the poor.

Possible solutions to help minimize corruption that is all too common in Aid. https://globalanticorruptionblog.com/2016/06/22/corruption-in-health-aid-escaping-the-scandal-cycle/

Despite major corruption accusations against government officials in countries that are key recipients of foreign Aid such as Malawi`s former president who was charged with embezzling upto $12 million of Aid money, the source of the money never stops sending more (Moyo 2006). This goes against the very ideals that Aid alleges to be based on, to help alleviate poverty and steer economic growth not benefit the select few corrupt government officials enriching them the more. In her book Dead Aid, Dambisa mentions, and I quote, “A constant stream of “free” money is a perfect way to keep an inefficient or simply bad government in power…” she further mentions that as more aid streams in to developing countries, the government is left with little to do other than pay the army and cater to its foreign donors needs in order in stay in power. These governments do not feel the need to raise money through taxes to cater for its citizens.

Povery Inc. is a documentary that perfectly captures the negative impacts of AID in developing countries. Impact to the local economies in these countries are far much greater that most can imagine, unfortunately that is the side of the story that the media never shows/tells. We never hear stories on enterprising and innovative Africans who are working hard to change their stories and that of their communities.

Image from Irish Aid Website showing a group of women carrying water.
https://www.irishaid.ie/what-we-do/who-we-work-with/civil-society/civil-society-overview/

As Kalpana Wilson clearly articulates in Race, Gender and Neoliberalism, the gendered nature of the way the media portrays aid must change. We are only told stories of women in the global south who work hard under extremely difficult circumstances to support their families. Such stories are apparently intended to challenge the representations of passive victims and portray images of hardworking women who are taking control of their lives. Such images, motivated more by the need to raise more funds than to tell the stories of the developing world women seem to have been very successful at masking oppression and exploitation and to even portray such acts as the norm in these countries. She critically analyses the branding skills used by big organizations like Nike in their branding strategies aimed to raise funds to support girls’ education in developing countries. In the video “I dare you” as part of the Girl Effect Campaign. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Vq2mfF8puE) she mentions how on one hand the girls are portrayed as individuals who have the potential and will to change their situations and that of their communities if given an education. On the other hand, the creators of the video are communicating that that will only happen if the viewers recognize that potential and give it shape and direction(Wilson 2011). This goes back to the old age narrative of white saviours and is based on the very ideals that colonialism was based on. Organizations thus need to be careful about the messages that they could be passing on to the public either intentional or unintentional. This messages play a key role in shaping perceptions of the global south.

Using Haiti as an example, simple acts of kindness from the international community following a natural disaster quickly turned into an economic crisis for some and an opportunity for others with the biggest losers being the poor in Haiti. It is well called for for the international community to respond when a country is hit by a natural disaster. However, when Aid causes more harm than good then we need to reevaluate our goals. Haiti has received upto $6 billion in foreign aid over the past decade, however it remains one of the poorest countries in the world(Ramachandran et.al 2012). Aid organizations have blamed the Haitian government for this lack of growth yet they seem to forget that the very aid that they give does, to a large extent, propagate these acts of corruption and limit the government’s accountability to its citizens. As the economist Terry Buss says, the large amounts of aid received by Haiti alleviates pressure on the government to provide services that are already provided by aid institutions. In addition, as was noted in the film poverty Inc, Aid creates unpredictable impacts on local economies as was the case in Haiti.

Breaking the cycle of aid dependency involves stopping aid. http://www.slideshare.net/geoffriley/aid-and-development

Young and innovative Haitians joined hands to develop a company that manufactures solar to help solve the power problem that they experienced following the earth quake. However, when aid agencies came in with their so-called compassion, they got companies in the west to donate thousands of Solar panels to Haiti. The young Haitians were of course run out of business because as they put it, “you cannot compete with free”. Despite these organizations being aware of the existence of a local solar manufacturing company, they chose to turn a blind eye. They in turn undermine entrepreneurial efforts by Haitians and propagate the cycle of dependency.

Food Aid is another type of aid that has received both criticism and praise in equal measure. Following the 1984 famine in Ethiopia, it became the largest recipient of food aid is Africa. Up to 2003, Ethiopia had been receiving up to $250 million a year of food aid with most of it coming from the USAID. As food aid kept streaming in, Ethiopian farmers were unable to sell their surpluses from the previous year. They had tonnes of food locked up in warehouses with no market because they simply could not compete with free. Their petitions to the government to ask America to donate money to buy local food bore no fruits.

Why Food Aid is harmful http://www.jonathanlea.net/2015/why-foreign-aid-is-harmful/

In 1943, the US congress passed a bill that American food aid must be grown in America. The US decided to focus on what was best for its farmers and not the world`s hungry. As Thurow et al (2009) the authors of ‘who is aiding whom?’ put it, “Even as American generosity grew— half of all international food aid is provided by the United States— so did its self-interest”. One of the farmers in the book is heard saying that American farmers need Ethiopian famine, otherwise where would all the surplus grown in the US go? When food prices dropped in the US due to over production, the volume of food aid rose. America`s generosity came with conditions which mostly put their interests first. Never mind that it would cost so much less to buy local food in or close to the areas experiencing famine. It was estimated that about 50% of all the costs associated with food aid come from transportation and storage of food. It seems to me that that was the least of US problems. As long as the system was working for them they cared less about farmers in Ethiopia. This creates a cycle of dependency and significantly undermines agribusiness in recipient countries. Food aid is critical when there are deficits in a country and the US generosity has no doubt helped save lives. However, the US needs to revise its stand on food aid so that it cannot further propagate hunger and dependency.

Chimamanda in her famous TED Talk ‘The danger of a single story’ mentions a couple things that stood out to me. She warns of the danger of telling a single story of a people definitively because that is all they become in the eyes of many. The media constantly portrays Africa as a place of despair, a people waiting to be saved by a ‘kind, white foreigner’. This is a narrative that is believed by so many people in the west. The media uses stories to break and malign, but as Chimamanda clearly articulates, stories can also be used to empower and humanize. The reading on ‘Development Made Sexy (2008)’ by Cameron and Haanstra clearly describes the role that the development agencies and media play in shaping representations of development in the global south and the global north. In an effort to raise more funds intended for international development projects, the representations of development have switched from that of scarcity and guilt to the celebration of abundance in the global north.

Madonna in an orphanage in Malawi with her adopted son. http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/where-family-aid-offers-alternative-to-orphanages/article61097.ece

The perceived sex appeal and influence of celebrities is now the most wildly used form of representation. By getting celebrities to endorse development causes therefore influencing the opinions and actions of many on matters development, more funds are raised. Cameron and Haanstra however warn that depicting development as sexy may undermine the goal of promoting a deeper understanding of development issues in the global north. They raise 5 critical questions which include whether some issues/forms of agency cannot be represented as sexy and will therefore be marginalized. She also questions whether the shift of focus from the southern others to the northern selves will influence the imagined relations between the north and the south, whether this representation will promote/ mask the underlying structural causes that produce and sustain poverty and social injustices and how it constructs gender identities and relations. These are critical questions that show that representation of development as sexy may not be the better alternative and might infact just be another fund-raising strategy by the development industry whose funds do little to end poverty.

To summarize, I have demonstrated above why AID might not be the be best solution to end world poverty because so far not much progress has been made. I do however recognize that Aid is sometimes necessary to alleviate certain circumstances e.g. natural disasters and war but as mentioned in the film poverty Inc., this should not be a long-term solution. Focus should be shifted to capacity building nations that need support so they can be able to meet their needs in a sustainable manner without relying on external help. What developing countries need is profitable trade partnerships, well paying jobs, both domestic and foreign investments, research institutions, you name it! These are the things that will steer economic growth and development, not aid.

Africa’s billion dollars https://www.youtube.com/user/HealthPovertyAction

As an African, I am excited for the future of African countries, the fastest growing economies are in Africa. With a people so determined to change their stories and how Africa is perceived world over, Africa may just be the next frontier! This also means that development institutions clearly need to revise their ways of doing development work. It is important that the poor become the main focus of development work and not have few individuals benefit from it and maintain the status quo in a system that is simply not working. Media does play a key role in shaping perceptions and they should work hand in hand with development institutions and most importantly the poor in the global south to ensure that they are represented in the most accurate and respectful way possible.

References

• Andrew Mwendwa(2007) TED TALK: Aid for Africa? No Thanks.
• Bovard, J.,(1986). The Continuing Failure of Foreign Aid. Cato Institute Policy Analysis No 65.
• Cameron,J., Haanstra, A., (2008) Development Made Sexy: how it happened and what it means, Third World Quarterly, 29:8, 1475-1489, DOI:10.1080/01436590802528564
• Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie(2009) TED TALK: The Danger of a Single Story.
• Green, M., (2006) Representing poverty and attacking representations:
Perspectives on poverty from social anthropology, The Journal of Development Studies, 42:7, 1108-1129, DOI: 10.1080/00220380600884068
• Moyo, D. (2009). Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for africa(1st American ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• Poverty Incorporated: Fighting Poverty is Big Business, But Who Profits the Most? By Michael Matheson Miller
• Ramachandran, V., & Walz, J. (2015). haiti: Where has all the money gone?Journal of Haitian Studies, 21(1), 26-65.
• Thurow, Roger; Kilman, Scott. (2009): Enough: Why the World¹s Poorest Starve in and Age of Plenty. Journal of PublicAffairs. Ch 6: Who’s Aiding Whom?
• Wilson,K., (2011) ‘Race’, Gender and Neoliberalism: changing visual representations in development, Third World Quarterly, 32:2, 315-331, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2011.560471

This alludes to the notion that we need to reform our education institutions that are oppressive in nature if we are ever to move forward.
youngmormonfeminists.org

I had never had to think about race until I moved to Canada. Growing up, most if not all people around me looked like me. This therefore meant that conversations about race were minimal to non existent. Most of these conversations were had in school when we discussed colonization or went on about our favourite Mexican soap operas that are still very popular in local TV shows. This blog would however be incomplete if I failed to mention the fact that the western way of life was always depicted as being better than our own, or at least that is how it occurred to me. I first experienced blatant discrimination because of my race here in Canada and I came to the quick realization that I was black and that my skin colour alone predetermines a lot of factors that occur in my day to day life. Race suddenly became a big part of my identity. The articles on Critical Race Theory resonate with me so much that I felt compelled to blog about them.

http://likesuccess.com/

Gloria Ladson’s, Just What is Critical Race Theory talks about CRT as an important and intellectual social tool for deconstructing oppressive structures and discourses, reconstruction of human agency and construction of equitable and socially just relations of power. She criticizes the notion of categorizing “whiteness” with terms such as school achievement, beauty and science while “blackness” is associated with underclass, gang’s, welfare recipients etc. She argues that CRT is important because it gives people of colour(POC) a voice thus integrating their experiential knowledge and allowing them to name their own realities. Gloria provides some key insights on how CRT can be incorporated in education to challenge the oppressive nature of education that usually undermines POC and their experiences. Tara J Yosso in Whose Culture has Capital analysis of CRT proposes similar arguments and criticizes the normative nature of judging all other forms of knowledge relative to the white middle class culture which is often portrayed as the standard. CRT therefore challenges the deficit way of thinking that is often associated with communities of colour. She details the various forms of community cultural wealth that POC bring to the table like linguistic capital which are often not acknowledged in schools because they do not conform to the cultural capital that is considered valuable like technological skills that a white middle class would posses as a result of having access to a computer from a young age. She however brings a very important perspective of us not thinking of racial oppression in terms on black and white because that also undermines the experiences of other minority groups and POC. This is a perspective that seems to be missing in Gloria’s article.

A model of community cultural wealth.
(Tara J Yoso; Cultural Capital and Critical Race Theory.)

Reading through those articles I could not help but think about my own experiences as a black student in Canada. Many at times I have felt inadequate because eloquence is constantly associated with intelligence;  I do not consider myself eloquent in the English language. Adopting CRT in institutions will therefore shade light on other strengths that I bring to an institution like UBC. Skills such as being multilingual, resilient, a high achiever against all odds, being a peoples’ person who is able to inspire a deep sense of community in people etc.

There is strength in diversity! http://inamerica.blogs.cnn.com/

I have lost track of the number of times when both professors and students alike mentioned aid/donations as a key solution towards ending some of the challenges faced by developing countries. I find that to be a deficient and very westernized way of thinking that has, in the first place, put most African countries in the unfortunate situations that they are in right now. I hope we get to that point where race and other forms of subordination like sexism and classism can be freely discussed and addressed in education institutions without tension being created. This will be a necessary step as we work towards educational reform.

http://www.wilramsey.com/fight-slavery/

Growing up, I constantly wondered why most of the domestic workers in my community were young girls. Girls who were mostly older than me but still too young to be out of school. I always thought that most of these girls chose to work as opposed to going to school. The reading on poverty and child trafficking in

http://ki-media.blogspot.ca/ 

Nigeria was definitely an eye opener. It had never  occurred to me that some of these girls could have been trafficked or had to leave home against their will. This article shades light on an issue that is very common in many African homes yet one that is not talked about as often as it should.

Adesina, in Modern day slavery: Poverty and child trafficking in Nigeria is challenging the Nigerian government to take more stringent steps in the fight against human trafficking. While the government has placed much emphasis on curbing external trafficking of persons, little has been done to address internal trafficking, an issue that is constantly on the rise.

https://racheldawn.me/2014/03/21/human-trafficking-modern-day-slavery          

Poverty is identified as being the root cause of child trafficking. Some children are forced into it by luring, family obligations and the desire to experience a better life in the city. Most of these children come from very humble backgrounds where basic survival is a struggle. They usually do not go to school and hardly ever have enough food to eat. In Nigeria, most of the children who fall victims of child trafficking end up working as domestic servants in homes or businesses of their clients. Few are forced into prostitution, a topic that was widely dissected in Women in street Prostitution: The Result of Poverty and the Brunt of Inequity by Jacquelyn Monroe.

Prostitution is an act that is bashed and frown upon in many societies both developed and developing countries alike. The biggest misconception about prostitution is that the women sex workers get into it by choice for financial gains. Monroe clearly articulates that mounting financial burden often influenced by single parent headed homes and poverty are the key motivators for most female sex workers. All feminists do agree that Institutional forms of oppression such as structural racism, classism and sexism do play a critical role in forcing women of colour and minorities into prostitution, of not just any kind, but the least favoured one which is street prostitution that exposes them to various forms of violent acts.

Both articles do raise an issue of bias and structural inequities that exists in our legal systems. Most of the Child traffickers in Nigeria often go unpunished or are given very lenient penalties which do not match the crimes that they commit. As for prostitution, the women are always the main targets of law enforcement agencies yet the pimps, the clients and the Johns are often not penalized.

http://dailytrojan.com/2016/02/03/in-light-of-structural-inequity-ban-greek-life/

To address these key issues in our society, structural inequities do need to be addressed. Equal opportunities for both genders in terms of education and job accessibility and living wages will go a long way towards improving living standards of low income earners. Institutions like NGO`s and governments need to join hands in the fight against human trafficking and unfair victimization of female sex workers. We need to have impartial laws when it comes to penalizing human traffickers and pimps that that continue to exploit women through their predatory activities.

One key issue that both articles did not address in details was the role that we as society play. Such acts of violence against women are still rampant in society today because we tolerate them. Governments and NGO`s can not work in isolation, we need to raise awareness on human trafficking and shaming of pimps and the male clients who are often not mentioned when we think of prostitution. Thinking of human trafficking of children for domestic work, there can only be supply as long as there is demand. If we cut short the demand for young female domestic workers who are often mistreated, then the supply will ultimately dwindle. Taking on a personal initiative to educate those around us on these issues and to report the perpetrators of such acts will in the end be beneficial to us all.