{"id":16,"date":"2016-06-19T17:26:43","date_gmt":"2016-06-20T00:26:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/?page_id=16"},"modified":"2016-08-14T02:07:42","modified_gmt":"2016-08-14T09:07:42","slug":"instructional-strategies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/instructional-strategies\/","title":{"rendered":"Instructional Strategies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lang (1987) stated, \u201c\u2018Theory\u2019 is used in at least three ways; it can refer to a model, a way of perceiving reality that imposes a structure on that reality, it can refer to a prediction that a certain outcome will be achieved and finally as a prescription for action based upon an ideological position\u201d (p. 13). However, theories need to be converted to concrete instructional strategies to bring them into practical use. Following is a brief mapping of the different learning theories introduced earlier to their practical implementation strategies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Behaviourism<\/b><strong>:<\/strong> Behaviourism can be used primarily in getting students master techniques through practice. It can also be used in classroom management and shaping up appropriate student behavior. Strategies include &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Solving worksheets<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Manipulating data<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Computing answers<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Agreeing upon rubrics<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Find it, Prove it<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Cognitivism:<\/strong> Can be used primarily in sequencing instructions\/experiences, creating interest (hook), sustaining attention, chunking information, connecting different concepts visually. Strategies include &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff4\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Physically demonstrate the importance of the concept. <\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff4\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Create a scenario <\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff4\"><span class=\"a\">Drama <\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Past experience drawings<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Create a dialogue from an image<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">List metaphors<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"a\">Enhance with music<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"a\">Mind-maps<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"a\">Summary graphic organizers<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Maturationism:<\/strong> Needs to be taken into account while deciding the curriculum and learning outcomes. Also needs to be considered while designing the levels of abstraction demanded by an activity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Constructivism: <\/strong>Emphasis on creating cognitive dissonance, making meaning, scaffolding, reflection. Strategies include &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span class=\"a\">Create an opposite experience<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Share perceptions and perspectives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Small group dialogue<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"ff4\"><span class=\"a\">Focus lessons on key questions <\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"ff4\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Experimenting, setting up, observing and recording<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"ff5\"><span class=\"a\">Developing hypothese<\/span>s<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Predicting<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Visible thinkin<\/span>g<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"ff4\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Interpre<\/span>t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Question<\/li>\n<li>What if ?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Constructionism:<\/strong> Emphasis is on creation as opposed to simply analysis and observation. Situated and problem based learning forms the core. Strategies include &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"a\">Build metaphors<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Collages <\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff4\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Dramatic exhibitions<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Story writing<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff5\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Musical\/media collages<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff5\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Enter the art<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Project based learning<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Connection to real life and problems<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff5\"><span class=\"a\">Data Gathering<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff5\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Experimenting, setting up, observing and recording <\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff0\"><span class=\"a\">Journal\/portfolio<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff5\"><span class=\"a\">Social significance<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff5\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Field trips <\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff5\"><span class=\"a\">Media Presentations<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff5\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Presentations with audience impact ratings<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"ff4\"><span class=\"a\">Portfolios <\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Connectivism<\/strong>: Emphasis is on sharing, connecting with peers, and already existing sources of information and building on them, distributed<em> in situ<\/em> learning, and use of social media. Strategies include &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span class=\"a\">Data Gathering<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Social reading<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Relate Concepts to the Real World<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"ff5\"><span class=\"a\">Learner-created guided readings.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"ff5\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Electronic Journal\/portfolio<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"ff5\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Social significance <\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Community celebrations<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Creating digital artifacts<\/li>\n<li>Collaboration across age groups and schools.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Phenomenology:<\/strong> Emphasis is on using all the senses to feel, make meaning, putting oneself in different roles, being aware of one&#8217;s\u00a0 and others&#8217; actions and emotions, linguistic activity, social interaction etc. Strategies include &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span class=\"a\">Drama<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Step into a picture<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Elicit personal reactions<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Share perceptions and perspectives<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Pictures from life<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Build metaphors<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Enhance with music<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Social reading<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Link to effect on you<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"ff5\"><span class=\"a\">Extending the senses<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"ff5\">\u00a0<span class=\"a\">Change perspectives<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"ff4\"><span class=\"a\">Visible thinking <\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a\">Community celebrations<\/span>, Gallery walks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Neuroscience:<\/strong> Centered around multimodal teaching, appropriate stress, age appropriate learning practices, subconscious thought, memory, motivation, repetition, rest, nutrition etc. Strategies include &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Including graphics, animations, voice<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Enhancing instruction by challenge<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Enriched environment<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Early language development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Activity 4:\u00a0Can you think of more instructional strategies to add to any of the above mentioned theories? Post them in the space provided below.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"padding: 0; margin: 0; border: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/padlet.com\/embed\/8p5k4it4r01t\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div style=\"border-top: 2px solid #a7d23a; padding: 8px; margin: 0; font-size: 12px; text-align: right;\"><a style=\"color: #41555f; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"http:\/\/padlet.com\">Created with Padlet<img decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin: 0 0 0 10px; padding: 0; border: none; width: 16px; height: 16px;\" src=\"http:\/\/padlet.com\/favicon.ico\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/instructional-cycles\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-686\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/files\/2016\/06\/Slide2-1-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Slide2\" width=\"140\" height=\"105\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/files\/2016\/06\/Slide2-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/files\/2016\/06\/Slide2-1.jpg 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/learning-theories\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-685\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/files\/2016\/06\/Slide1-2-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Slide1\" width=\"140\" height=\"105\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/files\/2016\/06\/Slide1-2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/files\/2016\/06\/Slide1-2.jpg 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">_____________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Lang, J. (1987). <i>Creating architectural theory: Role of the behavioral sciences in<\/i><br \/>\n<i>environmental design. <\/i>New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lang (1987) stated, \u201c\u2018Theory\u2019 is used in at least three ways; it can refer to a model, a way of perceiving reality that imposes a structure on that reality, it can refer to a prediction that a certain outcome will be achieved and finally as a prescription for action based upon an ideological position\u201d (p. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28824,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/28824"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":811,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16\/revisions\/811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/gult\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}