Wang, F., Zhou, J., Xie, X., Hu, J., Chen, L., Hu, Q., . . . Yu, C. (2015). Involvement of

SRPK1 in cisplatin resistance related to long non-coding RNA UCA1 in human ovarian cancer cells. Neoplasma,62(03), 432-438. doi:10.4149/neo_2015_051

 

This article investigates UCA1’s effects on SRPK1 in cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. They started by looking at UCA1 expression in cancer and non cancer cells and its corresponding resistance to cisplatin treatment followed by assessing the expression of SRPK1 and apoptosis pathway proteins to explore the mechanism. Lastly, they looked at the effects of knocking out SRPK1 on cisplatin resistance. Results found an increased expression of SRPK1 and anti-apoptosis proteins in transgenic UCA1 cells, and knocking down SRPK1 could partly rescue the effect of UCA1 expression on cell migration, invasion and cisplatin resistance in cells. Based on these findings, they suggested that SRPK1 and apoptosis pathway proteins may be involved in the effect of UCA1.

 

Pan, J., Li, X., Wu, W., Xue, M., Hou, H., Zhai, W., & Chen, W. (2016). Long non-coding

RNA UCA1 promotes cisplatin/gemcitabine resistance through CREB modulating miR-196a-5p in bladder cancer cells. Cancer Letters,382(1), 64-76. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.08.015

This paper described that UCA1 is highly overexpressed in bladder cancer cells, and that UCA1 promotes cell migration and invasion. The authors wanted to further study the mechanism of cisplatin and gemcitabine resistance in bladder cancer cells. Their experiment in vitro showed that an overexpression of UCA1 results in reduced cell apoptosis and enhanced cell viability, and a knockdown of UCA results in an opposite effect. They concluded that UCA1 activates miR-196a-5p through CREB, a transcription factor that can be activated by the AKT pathway.

 

Fan, Y., Shen, B., Tan, M., Mu, X., Qin, Y., Zhang, F., & Liu, Y. (2014). Long non-coding RNA UCA1 increases chemoresistance of bladder cancer cells by regulating Wnt signaling. FEBS Journal,281(7), 1750-1758. doi:10.1111/febs.12737

The authors of this research article investigated the role of UCA1 lncRNA in cisplatin resistance during chemotherapy for bladder cancer. They showed that cisplatin‐based chemotherapy results in up‐regulation of UCA1 expression in patients with bladder cancer. Their experiment sets the base to ours by showing that overexpression of UCA1 significantly increases cell viability during cisplatin treatment in bladder cancer. Furthermore, they demonstrated that UCA1 increases the cisplatin resistance of bladder cancer cells by enhancing the expression of Wnt6, and thus represents a potential target to overcome chemoresistance in bladder cancer. Our project arises from the question posed by this article.

 

Wang, F., Li, X., Xie, X., Zhao, L., & Chen, W. (2008). UCA1, a non-protein-coding RNA up-regulated in bladder carcinoma and embryo, influencing cell growth and promoting invasion. FEBS Letters,582(13), 1919-1927. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2008.05.012

 

This is a research article that studied the role of lncRNA UCA1 in bladder carcinoma. They performed a gene expression analysis via RT-PCR to find potential targets of UCA1 in drug resistance. Some of the upregulated genes in high expression of UCA1 include WNT6, CYP1A1, AURKC. Some of the downregulated genes include: methyl CpG binding domain protein 3 (MBD3) and serine/arginine-rich protein specific kinase 1 (SRPK1). They confirmed these results with a microarray analysis. This paper gives important background information to our predictions and possible results.

 

Ayers, D., & Vandesompele, J. (2017). Influence of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in cancer chemoresistance. Genes, 8(3), 95. doi:10.3390/genes8030095

This review gives a thorough explanation of what miRNAs and lncRNAs are. They discuss about the cancer chemoresistance mechanisms and how miRNAs and lncRNAs are involved in chemoresistance. They created a model to show how miRNA and lncRNA might work in cisplatin resistance. However, the model seems more of a guess of the role of lncRNA by linking already known chemoresistance mechanisms rather than an informed model based on experimental results that test the role of lncRNA in chemoresistance. Nevertheless, this review article helps us set base on the clinical implications of our project: that validation of lncRNA as a biomarker for drug resistance could serve as novel drug targets and we can perform RNA directed therapy.

Wang, H., Guan, Z., He, K., Qian, J., Cao, J., & Teng, L. (2017). LncRNA UCA1 in anti-cancer drug resistance. Oncotarget, 8(38), 64638-64650. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18344

This is a review article written by researchers of the Clinical Research Centre in Zhejiang University. They compile previous research performed on lncRNA UCA1 in various cancers including ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and bladder cancer. Neuroblastoma has not been included in this article, however. This article introduces the role of lncRNA in general as well as specifically to UCA1. The role of UCA1 in drug resistance and the regulators of UCA1 expression have been discussed in various cancers in detail.

 

Piskareva, O., Harvey, H., Nolan, J., Conlon, R., Alcock, L., Buckley, P., . . . Stallings, R. L. (2015). Corrigendum to “The development of cisplatin resistance in neuroblastoma is accompanied by epithelial to mesenchymal transition in vitro” [Cancer Lett 364 (2015) 142–155]. Cancer Letters,369(2), 428. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.09.010

This is a research article in which the authors identified the proteins that are involved in cisplatin resistant cell lines in neuroblastoma through proteomic profiling, a method to identify the proteins that are present. They showed that proteins that are differentially expressed in resistant cell lines are involved in cancer promoting mechanisms such as cell migration and proliferation. Proteins that were absent (or expressed in lower levels) in resistant cells were predicted to be due to miRNA that target specific genes. This article gives us background information on how cisplatin resistance mechanisms occur.

Luo, M. (2016). Methods to study long noncoding RNA biology in cancer. (pp. 69-107). SINGAPORE: SPRINGER-VERLAG SINGAPORE PTE LTD. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1498-7_3

This is a review article that discusses the various methods of studying the function of lncRNA in cancer development. They provide how research is done in this area step by step starting from screening and identification of functional RNAs.They discuss in detail how manipulation of lncRNA expression is performed through various techniques including shRNA and transfection as a common way to investigate the function of lncRNA. Furthermore, they discuss about mapping of lncRNA binding targets in the genome to further study their function in regulating gene expression in cis. This article gives us background information such that we can design experiments for the purpose of our study.

 

Hu, Y., Zhu, Q., Deng, J., Li, Z., Wang, G., & Zhu, Y. (2018). Emerging role of long non-coding RNAs in cisplatin resistance. OncoTargets and Therapy, 11, 3185-3194. doi:10.2147/OTT.S158104

This is a review article published in dovepress which has a relatively low impact factor. However, this article discusses what cisplatin is as an anti-cancer drug and how cisplatin resistance evolves in detail. They provide a model how various lncRNAs affect pathways that are involved in the cisplatin resistance mechanisms. Some lncRNAs discussed are HOTAIR, HOTTIP, MEG3. This article helps us understand how lncRNAs might function in the context of cisplatin resistance as well as that one lncRNA can have multiple functions.

 

Wang, Q., Armenia, J., Zhang, C., Penson, A. V., Reznik, E., Zhang, L., . . . Schultz, N. (2018). Unifying cancer and normal RNA sequencing data from different sources. Scientific Data,5, 180061. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.61

 

This is a call to action paper that aims to create a standard for RNA sequencing data generation based on inconsistent data generation currently used in the field. This is important so that RNA-seq data can be compared to one another for integrative analysis. This paper proposes a standard pipeline that should be used for processing and unifying RNA-seq data from different studies. They also include standards that should be used when verifying the tools that were used in the pipeline.