Zapotecs

Learning about the Zapotecs this week was enlightening. I saw many parallels between the Zapotecs and the Waorani, especially in that the effect globalization had on the groups was largely negative, except to introduce the groups to a market-based economy. Though this may be positive within a capitalist framework, I think that there is much harm caused to the group because of the way they were forced to change their lives in order to fit this type of system. Additionally, the fact that they are also gatekeepers of their knowledge on plants is worrying, as they say there is nobody to add to this knowledge. This is a reccuring pattern not only in South America but in other Indigenous communities throughout the world. It is questionable to see that altough Indigenous people are expected to take on new vegetables, customs, foodways and other alien things, others are not willing to help them in a time where community is exceedingly valuable.

I found it interesting that squash flowers were eaten by the Zapotecs, as I have only ever seen them be used in high-end restaurants here in Canada. I also was surprised that the Zapotecs may have been credited with creating pulque, an originator of mezcal. I will admit that I thought alcohol was not very prevalent in Indigenous groups, and this alone is indicative of the fact that I need to continue reading up on Indigenous histories and foodways, beyond this course.

Through our in-class discussion with the group, I was most shocked to learn about the enormous amount of municipalities within Oaxaca, rendering negotiations and other legal proceedings a near impossibility. This would result in direct impacts on the region’s Indigenous groups’ sovereignties, causing any sort of issue to be remediated within a much longer time frame than acceptable.

Thank you to the group for offering a really interesting analysis on the Zapotecs!

Abusing La Pachamama

Daughter of the lake was a strong love letter to Mother Water, and included all the emotions that are often removed from mining and its subsequent effects. Especially jarring were the multiple scenes where locals would anxiously ask the camera what would come of them once all the water was gone. Having often visited these parts of South America, I was disappointed with myself that I had not known about these tensions, and the strain it places on farmers. This film was very moving, and paired with the Argumento and Pimento reading, the themes of evolving Indigenous communities within the context of the capitalist growth mindset is one that may seem difficult to reconcile. However, the introduction of sumaq causay was one that made the decisions that Indigenous groups take more understandable. To protect water, food, and other important facets of life that others want to exploit is a noble and brave thing to take on, and shows the altruism the Quechua and other pan-American Indigenous groups take on. I found the complexity of potatoes fascinating, and wish I knew more about the varieties that I buy at the store. Potatoes are incredibly nutritious, and their deep ties to Quechua culture being overlooked in development projects continues a dangerous precedent. This is similar to what we have read about in other weeks: Mayan corn being re-sold to Mexicans, the continuation of a system that exploits those that try to conserve history through food.

Towards the Centre of Mole

Enrique Olvarez’s episode of Chef’s Table was one of the most interesting episodes I have watched from the series. Though I had heard of mole before, I had never seen it or understood what it was. The complete blackness of the mole was shocking to me, because it is not something that I normally see in the foods that I eat. I was intrigued by the food critic saying that Mexican food is generally regarded as cheap, mainly street food – I hadn’t thought of this before, but I have never been to an upscale Mexican restaurant, neither have I heard of one before Pujol.

 

The diversity of Mexican food was striking to me, especially the mention of chicatana ants being used in cooking and only being available in the Oaxacan coast for less than a week per year. However, this should not have been so shocking, as I knew that the food was UNESCO-designated. This is a fundamental antithesis to the type of Western food system that provides low-quality ingredients all year round. The respect and passion that Olvarez has for all the ingredients he works with show how important they are to Mexican, Mesoamerican culture. This tied into the podcast lecture, that was very informative in terms of cultural habits and the reasons why corn is so sacred to the Mesoamerican peoples. The mention of milpa (sustainable Indigenous corn agriculture) in Chef’s Table was probably one of the most important parts of the show, because it shows that there is hope in conserving traditional practices in Mexico, whilst modernizing them.

Extractivism and Garinagu

I found it interesting to learn more about the Garinagu people because it is a group that I had never heard of, yet have a very rich history. What I found most fascinating about this module was that when I took ANTH210 last year (Eating Culture – highly recommend), the professor explained his past research in Papua New Guinea, and the preparation of cassava was exactly the same as what was described in the podcast lecture Tamara recorded! He provided images and videos, and from what I saw in the podcast lecture, all the tools and practices were the same. It is amazing to see how such geographically distinct and separate groups can have similar habits and foodways, especially when considering how complex the preparation of cassava is. There is such an intricate mix of different cultures in the Garinagu people, and I found it interesting that so many aspects of this show up, especially in the videos that were also assigned for this module. This ties into the strong family bonds in the coco tortilla video, which as the family said, were brought together by passing down food, cooking, dancing and just generally learning to form mearningful relationships through being united by a common point. Even with all the changes that come with immigration, this family decided that cooking was the best way to preserve their memories of home.

My peers’ definition of extractivism as a “pattern” of resource acquisition is astute, and I think in this case, the extractivism I think of when reflecting on Caribbean people and groups is the type of knowledge and cultural extractivism that happens in Northern countries such as Canada: we take bits and pieces of patois, food, and other cultural items and appropriate them, amalgamating these distinct things into something that can be grouped as “Caribbean.”

As an aside, I just finished reading Frying Plantain by Torontonian Zalika Reid-Benta, and I think that the themes we explored in this specific week (on immigration, preservation of culture through community and food, trying to associate multiple parts of yourself, etc.) were shown beautifully in this short story collection. The stories even go through moving between being Jamaican and Canadian, and food is often centered.

Diluting Ayahuasca: How Westerners Commodify Spirituality

I will admit that previously, I associated ayahuasca to VICE, Joe Rogan, and others that have introduced themselves into the modern ayahuasca narrative. I didn’t know what it was and couldn’t understand why it was legal in countries where most drugs are not. Upon a quick Google search after reading the articles, I found a couple of naturopaths based in Vancouver that offered ayahuasca in local retreats. 

Upon reading Homan and Rumrill’s articles on the diffusion and dilution of ayahuasca throughout the world because of its appropriation by Westerners, I began thinking of similar experiences, hallucinogens, foods, or other practices and commodities that have been commodified and cheapened throughout the world because of increased globalization and the resulting cultural appropriation. Even though I thought of many examples, the one that was most relevant to the theme of the course was quinoa. Because of the popularization of quinoa as a “superfood” in the Occident, the increase in demand has resulted in the malnutrition of Peruvians, the only country which produces this grain. Here is a quick video on the subject for anyone interested.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hdl8tzldsDY&ab_channel=Channel4News

I think that although Rumrill especially seemed to have some contempt for the tourists visiting ayahuasca regions to participate in the practice and essentially contributing to the cultural dissolution of the practice, these sorts of activities are often marketed as good for the region, and therefore it makes it hard to see the harm in them if you are only staying there for a short amount of time. Also, he points to the fact that Westerners want quick fixes, and the fact that ayahuasca has obviously been marketed to them in a way that they think will provide magic solutions should moreso be attributed to the owners and operators. These articles enlightened me to the fact that there should be more regulation of how ayahuasca is operated, especially considering how dangerous it can be to people who are not ready to experience coming face-to-face with past traumas.

Understanding Indigenous Agroecology

I had never heard the term “Indigenous agroecology” before reading my peers’ post. I think it is important to consider the use of this practice within local ecologies that might be in need of a re-introduction of native species in order to properly thrive. The team’s example of soybeans in Brazil as agroecology (though not Indigenous agroecology) was interesting, as it stressed the importance of Indigenous worldviews on natural resource conservation. I never grew up in a place where Indigenous agroecology was integrated, so I am interested to learn how it can be done throughout the course.

The first time I visited the UBC farm, a friend who was doing a practicum there showed my friends and I around, and we got to check out the Indigenous garden. Something about it really stuck with me, I think because I realized at that time that I had never seen a garden that was 100% native. Landscapes have been so heavily altered that it is hard to see what may traditionally be considered an unruly mess and understand its undeniable positive impact on local ecologies. On a smaller scale, my mom used to pull out these “weeds” from her garden, but decided one year to let them grow and see what they did. It turns out that the bees cannot get enough of them, and so she has decided to let them do their thing. Instead of draining wetlands and introducing alien species, we should all stop and understand why Indigenous peoples’ culture is so strongly linked to the natural world.

Keyword: public/audience

An audience or public implies the participation of many in a unified, observant group that in LAST303, may be Indigenous or non-Indigenous. However, individuals can be also be appreciated as part of a larger audience. “Sometimes audiences represent a problem to be criticized, and sometimes they are a force to be celebrated” (Hills 17). As Tuhiwai Smith et al. explain, it has proven to be challenging for settlers to read Indigenous work: many times, upon encountering Indigenous literature on decolonization, settlers wonder what decolonization will look like for themselves, effectively rejecting their role as audience and speaking over Indigenous peoples. The “produsage” (Hills 18) of settler literature on Indigenous knowledges has negatively affected the way whitestream academia perceives the work of Indigenous authors, possibly undermining the validity of Indigenous knowledge and denigrating their cultural identity, reducing their voice as being part of the audience instead of the speakers. 

Our definition of an audience can be applied broadly to not only the students of LAST303, but also to those who have found an interest in Indigenous foodways and first foods somatically or symbolically. These people may engage with any topic related to Indigenous peoples and their nutrition, be that food insecurity, the ongoing change in food traditions, etc. Here, we include those that interact with Indigenous bands, organizations, and individuals. Indigenous peoples working with one another may themselves be considered part of an audience. As Tuhiwai Smith asserts: “I warn audiences away from asking self-serving questions or questions that make Indigenous scholars create honey-do lists for settlers” (Tuhiwai Smith et al. 14). From this we can conclude that the type of audience has its own significant role, especially in the spheres where Indigenous peoples enter. Moving forward in the course, we non-Indigenous scholars must adopt the position of an attentive public, speaking not over those who seek to teach their lessons, but instead listening to Indigenous knowledge systems and foodways from Indigenous points of view before offering an opinion.

Works cited

Matt Hills. “Audience”. Keywords for Media Studies, edited by Ouellette, Laurie, and Jonathan Gray.  New York University Press, New York, 2017, pp. 17-21.

Smith, Linda T., et al. Indigenous and Decolonizing Studies in Education: Mapping the Long View. Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, New York, NY, 2019;2018;.

Authors

Geneviève Lalonde

Alara Sever

Katerina Vyskotova

Gabriel Nogués

Fantasizing About Food

I appreciated the clarification of what was considered Latin America in lecture – I was coming into the class a bit unsure about whether some countries or specific regions were excluded from Latin America. For example, the region of Bahia in Brazil was one that was a bit of a fuzzy ground for me, given that its history is directly linked to the Atlantic slave trade, and has a dense Black population.

Belasco’s introduction to the present food system was an interesting analysis on the development of peoples’ attitudes towards food over the years. I find it bizarre to look back on the very turning point of how food is made from farm to table, especially considering how, globally, people have been returning to their kitchens to learn basic cooking skills as of the last few months. Honestly, I unfairly hold a lot against all the people who played a part in the overhaul of the food system to the food-industrial complex, because of all the miscellaneous allergies, intolerances and mystery reactions to food that I and the majority of my friends have. It is no coincidence that we are all ill at a time where even the most basic of food has suffered so many changes, and even the savviest consumer can be duped at the grocery store. We have replaced slow cooking with fast shopping, and we don’t even have the time to check in with ourselves and see how what we are eating is affecting our bodies and mental states. I recently listened to Michael Pollan’s new audiobook Caffeine (which might be of interest to others who, like me, are blindly dependent on coffee) and what stuck with me the most was how much more aware he was of how caffeine affected him after drinking a coffee three months after completely quitting coffee. I know it’s idealistic, but I found myself fantasizing about being able to do an elimination diet with food that no longer exists: food that never saw endless chemical and genetic changes, Indigenous food, food that everyone lived off that didn’t make them sick.

I am From

I am from wheat

from the softly draping Laurentides

and the Nation River

I am from lavender—

sweet, soothing.

Intoxicating.

From learning a cow’s daily routine.

From Marcel

and Sylvie.

From Sleepytime

and corn.

I am from the butter churner

whipping,

pâté chinois,

lilac,

and late family dinners.

My name is Geneviève and I am in my fourth year of Environment and Sustainability under the Geography department. I took this class because I have been wanting to take LAST100 for awhile (I saw Roma in the syllabus and thought it’d be a good excuse to watch that masterpiece again!) but this class works better with my schedule. I was also looking for another food course, as I did one in Anthropology last year and really enjoyed it! This is one of my last two electives so I’m really happy I found one that fits so well with my interests.

I am originally from a farm in rural Ontario, have lived in Whistler on-and-off for a few years, but now live in Vancouver. I have travelled a lot through Latin/South-Central America, and have returned to Ecuador a few times because of family living there. Two of my favourite spots are Mindo and Puerto Lopez. I was lucky enough to experience an intensive 5-week course in Quito to perfect my Spanish a few years ago, but besides watching Elite (honestly one of my favourite shows) and Jane the Virgin (but it’s over now…), I have no real opportunity to practice it. The next time I get to travel down South (?????) I would love to go to Argentina and Chile and experience skiing Patagonia – it’s been a dream of mine since I was a kid.

Stoked to get started with this class and get to know everyone!

🙂

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