Archive for the ‘One Big Union’ tag
Who were the “working class,” how did they respond to industrialization, and what explains these responses?
Introduction
Sharpening of class differences (the class interests of both the buyers and sellers of wage labour) occurred during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Increase number of strikes, as Canada witnessed labour conflict from coast to coast. But who were the wage workers and how were they organized?
How did industrialization change the Canadian working class?
Historiography
The historiography has tended to focus on skilled workers who belonged to trade unions. This labour elite enjoyed higher status, more job security, and greater income than unskilled. The trade unions that they were associated to grew out the defensive struggle to preserve skilled workers’ autonomy within the work place, and their place at the top of the working class.
Craig Heron notes that skilled workers, “recognized their exalted status over helpers and labourers.”
However, the majority of wage workers were unskilled. These unskilled workers lacked specialized skills, received lower wages, and more likely influenced by seasonal fluctuations of work.
Significantly, skilled workers tended to be white, males, of mostly British ethnic origin.
Women and ethnic or racial minorities such as Eastern Europeans and Chinese had little place in trade union movement.
Theories
Historians looking for examples of class consciousness have tended to focus on those most likely, the skilled workers.
Controversies
Who represented the working class? How representative were skilled workers? What does the experience of unskilled workers tell us about labour conflict during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Sources and methods
Increase number of strikes
Worksongs – “There Is Power in the Union”
Events and incidents
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or Wobblies – establishment of one Big Union. Why was there a need for one Big Union?
Conclusion
Industrialization transformed the Canadian working class. Historians should perceive the working class as fragmented by skill, gender, race and ethnicity. Yet the Industrial Workers of the World sought to override this fragmentation by establishing one “Big Union” that would unite all of labour against capital. Although the Wobblies ultimately failed, they popularized the idea of the “grand industrial union” and the “general strike,” ideas that would be revitalized after World War I.
Industrial Workers of the World
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or Wobblies were a radical union organization. In comparison to trade unions, the Wobblies aimed to organize all workers in an industry, skilled and unskilled, native and immigrant, men and women. Wobbly theorists believed that industrial unions were eventually to give way to one “grand” or “big” union, in order to unite against capital.
Although the economic downturn of 1913-1915 and World War I eroded Wobbly strength, however, their history testifies to the tension created by industrialization in Canada, and to the very different ways that various elements within the working class responded to such tensions. The Wobblies popularized the idea of the “grand industrial union” and the “general strike,” both of which would guide Canadian workers-skilled and unskilled-in their protest against social conditions at the end of World War I.