{"id":1183,"date":"2019-10-03T19:31:38","date_gmt":"2019-10-04T02:31:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/?p=1183"},"modified":"2019-10-03T19:54:28","modified_gmt":"2019-10-04T02:54:28","slug":"unit-2-2-dna-heredity-and-evolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/2019\/10\/03\/unit-2-2-dna-heredity-and-evolution\/","title":{"rendered":"Unit 2-2: DNA, Mutation, and Evolution"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Heredity: Crash Course Biology #9\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CBezq1fFUEA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><b>DNA<\/b> is <b>D<\/b>eoxy<b>r<\/b>ibonucleic acid &#8211; A Linear molecule that <b>stores biological information<\/b> in units known as nucleotides.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All living things have genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA.<\/li>\n<li>Since genetic material codes for every trait in an organism, <b>evolution is based on changes to genetic material<\/b>!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1184\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.19.02-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"238\" height=\"288\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>DNA <\/b>structure:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>DNA Nucleotide <\/b><b>\u2013<\/b> 3 components: a phosphate group (PO4), a pentose (5 carbon) sugar, and a nitrogenous base.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_140\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-140\" style=\"width: 642px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-140\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/DNAstruc.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"642\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/DNAstruc.png 642w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/DNAstruc-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/DNAstruc-552x423.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-140\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: DNA nucleotide structure<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>The DNA \u201calphabet\u201d is formed by four different nitrogenous bases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A &#8211; Adenine, T &#8211; Thymine, C &#8211; Cytosine, G &#8211; Guanine<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>DNA <\/b>is <i>double stranded<\/i> &#8211; it is formed by two chains of nucleotides bonded together<\/li>\n<li>Creates a <b>Double Helix<\/b> (twisted ladder)<\/li>\n<li>Nucleotide Bonding:\n<ul>\n<li><b>C<\/b> with <b>G<\/b>: <b>Cytosine<\/b> always pairs with <b>Guanine<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>A<\/b> with <b>T<\/b>: <b>Thymine<\/b> always pairs with <b>Adenine<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1186\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.22.48-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"856\" height=\"412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.22.48-PM.png 856w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.22.48-PM-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.22.48-PM-768x370.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.22.48-PM-552x266.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 856px) 100vw, 856px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-141\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/dnastruc2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"532\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/dnastruc2.png 532w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/dnastruc2-280x300.png 280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 532px) 100vw, 532px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>DNA Organization:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><b>Nucleotides<\/b> &#8211; Individual \u201cletters\u2019 of the DNA<\/p>\n<p><b>Gene<\/b> &#8211; A section of DNA that codes for one protein<\/p>\n<p><b>Chromosome<\/b> &#8211; Large pieces of DNA that wrap and condense before replicating<\/p>\n<p><b>Genome<\/b> &#8211; The entirety of the genetic material in an organism<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1187\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.23.58-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"415\" height=\"306\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.23.58-PM.png 415w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.23.58-PM-300x221.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1188\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.24.34-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"842\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.24.34-PM.png 842w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.24.34-PM-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.24.34-PM-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.24.34-PM-552x309.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 842px) 100vw, 842px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>End of Flipped Classroom Notes &#8211; We will do this next part Tuesday!<\/h3>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Genes and Mutations: <\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><b>Gene<\/b> = A length of DNA that codes for a single protein (i.e. influences a characteristic) Each gene is at a specific location.<\/p>\n<p><b>Allele <\/b>= Specific forms of genes, or (i.e. variations or versions of genes &#8211; think blue eyes vs. brown eyes).<\/p>\n<p><b>Heredity<\/b> = the passing on of characteristics genetically from one generation to another.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1189\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.25.47-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"383\" height=\"179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.25.47-PM.png 383w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.25.47-PM-300x140.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 383px) 100vw, 383px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><strong><em>Do more genes = more complexity?<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><b>No! <\/b>Number of chromosomes or genes do not necessarily mean more advanced!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1190\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.26.57-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.26.57-PM.png 529w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.26.57-PM-300x271.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5>Differences in Genes:<\/h5>\n<p>Humans share ~99.9% of DNA<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>However, in every given human there are approximately 3 million differences in individual bases.<\/li>\n<li>These differences create specific forms of genes, or (i.e. variations or versions of genes) called <b>alleles<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>There can be two or more alleles of a specific gene, depending on the gene.<\/li>\n<li>Remember that humans have two copies of each gene \u2013 one maternal and paternal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1191\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.28.20-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"434\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.28.20-PM.png 434w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.28.20-PM-300x151.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1192\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.29.05-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"731\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.29.05-PM.png 731w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.29.05-PM-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.29.05-PM-552x342.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5>Mutations:<\/h5>\n<p>A single change in DNA can produce new alleles.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>New alleles <b>can<\/b> lead to new traits<\/li>\n<li>This creates diversity in a population and allows evolution to work!<\/li>\n<li>Mutation = Any change to genetic material<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Most importantly &#8211; mutations are <\/b><b>random!<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1107\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/09\/Six-Kingdoms-Diagram-03-Paxton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"980\" height=\"760\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/09\/Six-Kingdoms-Diagram-03-Paxton.jpg 980w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/09\/Six-Kingdoms-Diagram-03-Paxton-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/09\/Six-Kingdoms-Diagram-03-Paxton-768x596.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/09\/Six-Kingdoms-Diagram-03-Paxton-552x428.jpg 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Billions of years of random mutation led to new life!<\/p>\n<p><b>Mutations can be: <\/b><i>Positive, <\/i><i>Negative, <\/i><i>Neutral<\/i><\/p>\n<h3>Mutations and Frequencies &#8211; A Case Study<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What is Sickle Cell Anemia?\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/iTm7jHIZAic?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A single base mutation changes the protein for <b>hemoglobin<\/b> (a protein that carries oxygen in our blood.<\/li>\n<li>This alters the composition and shape of the resulting protein, creating a <b>sickle shaped blood cell.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-191\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/3.15.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"658\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/3.15.png 658w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/3.15-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/3.15-552x337.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Sickle shaped red blood cells <\/b>cannot carry oxygen as efficiently.<\/p>\n<p><b>Symptoms:<\/b> Weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, strokes, blindness, or damage to the lungs, kidneys, or heart.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This is <b>a negative mutation <\/b>that causes <b>many<\/b> to die before individuals can pass on the DNA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-192\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/3.16.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"769\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/3.16.png 769w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/3.16-300x235.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/3.16-768x601.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/3.16-552x432.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 769px) 100vw, 769px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1 in 5000 in the EU have SCA<\/p>\n<p>1 in 500 African Americans have SCA<\/p>\n<p>1 in 100 Africans have SCA<\/p>\n<p><i>There are <\/i><b><i>two alleles for this gene<\/i><\/b><i> &#8211; A (Normal hemoglobin) and S (Sickle Hemoglobin)<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>Since humans have <\/i><b><i>two copies of each gene (one from mother, one from father)<\/i><\/b><i> there are three characteristics that can be expressed.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1195\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.52.55-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.52.55-PM.png 318w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/10\/Screen-Shot-2019-10-03-at-7.52.55-PM-300x255.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In our model experiment, the question we are going to try to answer is:<\/p>\n<h5><b>Question: <\/b><i>Sickle cell disease typically leads to premature death among suffers, however it is still prevalent in Africa. Why has such a fatal disease been able to persist at a relatively high frequency?<\/i><\/h5>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Malaria and Sickle Cell Anemia \u2014 HHMI BioInteractive Video\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Zsbhvl2nVNE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"post-excerpt\">DNA is Deoxyribonucleic acid &#8211; A Linear molecule that stores biological information in units known as nucleotides. All living things&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48401,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1200970],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1183","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology-11"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1183","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/48401"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1183"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1183\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1194,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1183\/revisions\/1194"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1183"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1183"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1183"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}