{"id":1363,"date":"2020-02-27T19:58:07","date_gmt":"2020-02-28T02:58:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/?p=1363"},"modified":"2020-02-27T19:59:23","modified_gmt":"2020-02-28T02:59:23","slug":"5-8-phylum-echinodermata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/2020\/02\/27\/5-8-phylum-echinodermata\/","title":{"rendered":"Unit 5-8: Phylum Echinodermata"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1364\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.36.57-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"694\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.36.57-PM.png 694w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.36.57-PM-300x202.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.36.57-PM-552x372.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Zombie Starfish | Nature&#039;s Weirdest Events - BBC\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/KrfcglOmBYw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>The Basics:<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c<b>Echino<\/b>\u201d &#8211; <i>Spiny<\/i>, \u201c<b>Derm<\/b>\u201d &#8211; <i>Skin<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Many have spiny skin (i.e. sea urchins, or the internal skeleton of sea stars) but many do not.<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Appeared between 541-488 Million Years Ago (Cambrian Explosion &#8211; same as chordates)<\/li>\n<li><b>Coelomates with deuterostome development.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>Most closely related phylum to chordates!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1365\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/echinoderm-diversity.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/echinoderm-diversity.jpg 550w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/echinoderm-diversity-300x136.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5><strong>A. Evolution of Body Plan<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><b>1. Deuterostome development<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>During embryonic development the <b>blastopore<\/b> develops into the <b>anus<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>Largest group of deuterostomes outside of Chordates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1366\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.41.04-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"316\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.41.04-PM.png 316w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.41.04-PM-269x300.png 269w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>2. Water Vascular System<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Unique system of <b>fluid-filled canals<\/b> and <b>tubes<\/b> that help with feeding, movement and respiration.<\/li>\n<li>Only found in <b>echinoderms<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1367\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.42.05-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"349\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.42.05-PM.png 349w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.42.05-PM-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Major Parts of the water vascular system:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Tube Feet<\/b> &#8211; Have a <b>ampullae<\/b> a \u201cballoon\u201d that fills with water causing the foot with a <b>suction cup<\/b> to extend and stick to prey\/ground.<\/li>\n<li><b>Sieve Plate<\/b> &#8211; The entrance for water into the water vascular system (also called a <b>madreporite)<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li><b>Ring Canal<\/b> &#8211; Central canal where all canals branch from.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>3. Endoskeleton<\/b> &#8211; Always covered in a thin layer of skin therefore it is a <b>endoskeleton (like us!)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Made of calcium carbonate<\/li>\n<li>Can be loosely connected for movement (sea stars)<\/li>\n<li>Fused to form a rigid skeleton (sea urchins)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4. <b>Radial Symmetry <\/b>&#8211; <i>Symmetry around a central axis. In echinoderms they have <\/i><b><i>5 symmetrical sections (pentaradial symmetry)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1368\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.44.06-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"733\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.44.06-PM.png 733w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.44.06-PM-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.44.06-PM-552x153.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Important Note:<\/p>\n<p><i>It is important to note that <\/i><b><i>echinoderms<\/i><\/b><i> developed from a <\/i><b><i>bilateral ancestor<\/i><\/b><i> and <\/i><b><i>developed radial symmetry secondary<\/i><\/b><i>.<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>We can see this in their <\/i><b><i>larval stages<\/i><\/b><i> which are all bilaterally symmetrical!<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1369\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.47.01-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.47.01-PM.png 399w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.47.01-PM-300x190.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Shape of Life: Echinoderms - The Ultimate Animal\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9_S-dASjQ-w?start=635&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h5><strong>B. Feeding and Excretion<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><b>One-Way digestive system<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Typically have two stomachs <b>&#8211; a cardiac stomach<\/b> which can be moved outside of the body begin digestion and a <b>pyloric stomach.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1370\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.48.03-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"398\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.48.03-PM.png 398w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.48.03-PM-300x179.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Due to this, <b>sea stars <\/b>can digest prey <b>much larger than their stomach<\/b> since they begin digestion outside their body.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Powerful enzymes liquify prey &#8211; digested completely within the stomachs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1371\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.49.19-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.49.19-PM.png 399w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.49.19-PM-300x202.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1372\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.49.52-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.49.52-PM.png 801w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.49.52-PM-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.49.52-PM-768x334.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.49.52-PM-552x240.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Excretion:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Digestive waste exits the anus on opposite side of mouth.<\/li>\n<li>No distinct excretory organs &#8211; nitrogenous waste is removed from the water vascular system via diffusion through tube feet or with digestive waste.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>C. Respiration and Circulation<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Respiration:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use <b>water vascular system<\/b> in respiration and circulation.<\/li>\n<li>Gas exchange occurs through simple gills and diffusion through tube feet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Circulation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced circulatory system.<\/li>\n<li>All fluids and \u201cblood\u201d circle throughout the hydraulic-like water vascular system. Blood has no pigment (i.e. no colour)<\/li>\n<li>No heart!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1373\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.51.12-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"190\" height=\"250\" \/><\/p>\n<h5><strong>D. Reproduction<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Sea Urchins Pull Themselves Inside Out to be Reborn | Deep Look\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ak2xqH5h0YY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><b>Sexual Reproduction:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Male and female are separate individuals.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>External fertilization through broadcast spawning<\/li>\n<li>Females can release up to <b>100 million eggs at one time<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Sexual Reproduction &#8211; brief life cycle:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fertilized embryo develops into <b>bilateral, planktonic larvae<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The <b>planktonic larvae<\/b> gradually change into <b>radially symmetrical adults<\/b> under the course of <b>two-months<\/b> and settle on the ocean floor.<\/p>\n<p><b>Asexual reproduction:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Asexual reproduction through fragmentation or fission (rare)<\/b><\/li>\n<li>Due to repetition of organs in each area and a nerve disk, echinoderms can regenerate if they are fragmented with a piece of their central disk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Dividing Starfish\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/AaN6uRvfPLY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h5><strong>E. Major Groups of Echinoderms<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><b>Class Asteroidea (Sea Stars)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Predatory<\/li>\n<li>Two-stomachs (pyloric and cardiac)<\/li>\n<li>5 or more arms that are wide near the central disk and gradually get thinner.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Class Opiuroidea (Brittle Stars)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>5 or more thin, flexible arms.<\/li>\n<li>Many are filter feeders.<\/li>\n<li>All organs in central disk &#8211; not in arms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1377\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.57.35-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"265\" height=\"226\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Class Echinoidea (Sea Urchins)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Round body covered in spines<\/li>\n<li>Hard, fused endoskeleton<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1376\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.56.55-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"296\" height=\"221\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Class Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Appear bilaterally symmetrical, although they are still <b>radially symmetrical<\/b> (dorsal-ventrally stretched).<\/li>\n<li>Tube shaped detritivores.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1375\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.56.26-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"246\" height=\"186\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Class Crinoidea (Crinoids &#8211; feather stars)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cup-shaped body with many feathery arms.<\/li>\n<li>Filter feeders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1374\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.55.58-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"374\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.55.58-PM.png 374w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2020\/02\/Screen-Shot-2020-02-27-at-6.55.58-PM-300x185.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"post-excerpt\">The Basics: \u201cEchino\u201d &#8211; Spiny, \u201cDerm\u201d &#8211; Skin Many have spiny skin (i.e. sea urchins, or the internal skeleton of&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48401,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1200970],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1363","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology-11"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/48401"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1363"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1381,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363\/revisions\/1381"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1363"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1363"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}