{"id":225,"date":"2017-03-03T21:26:05","date_gmt":"2017-03-04T04:26:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/?p=225"},"modified":"2019-01-10T20:52:13","modified_gmt":"2019-01-11T03:52:13","slug":"class-reptilia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/2017\/03\/03\/class-reptilia\/","title":{"rendered":"Class Reptilia"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_226\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-226\" style=\"width: 700px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-226 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.28.30-PM-1024x653.png\" width=\"700\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.28.30-PM-1024x653.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.28.30-PM-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.28.30-PM-768x490.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.28.30-PM-552x352.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.28.30-PM.png 1039w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-226\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Comparing Reptiles and Amphibians<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Review padlets (pass: bio)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.padlet.com\/mrpletsch\/bio11\">Biology 2-1 review question padlet<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.padlet.com\/mrpletsch\/bio\">Biology 1-1 review question padlet<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reptiles were the first animals adapted to life <u><b>entirely on <\/b><\/u><u><b>land<\/b><\/u>.<\/li>\n<li>Reptiles evolved from <u><b>amphibians<\/b><\/u> ~ 320 million years ago and displaced amphibians in many environments.<\/li>\n<li>Reptiles are <b>ectotherms<\/b> (&#8220;cold-blooded&#8221;)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Rv9hn4IGofM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><b>Major Evolutionary<\/b><b> Advancement &#8211; <\/b><b>Amniotic<\/b> <b>Egg<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Developed from internal fertilization and provides the embryo with atmospheric oxygen, food, and water.<\/li>\n<li>Egg covered in a mineralized shell \u2013 reptiles have leathery eggs<\/li>\n<li>Removes nitrogenous wastes and protects the embryo from drying out.<\/li>\n<li>This marks the start of the <b>amniotes <\/b><b><i>(<\/i><\/b><i>animals with amniotic eggs)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><b>Amniotes<\/b> include : Class Reptilia, Class Aves, and Class Mammalia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The amniotic egg is different because they have four extra <u><b>membranes:<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n<p>a.<u><b>Amnion<\/b><\/u>&#8211; thin membrane enclosing the fluid in which the embryo floats\/prevents drying out.<\/p>\n<p>b.<u><b>Allantois<\/b><\/u>&#8211; stores wastes produced by the embryo.<\/p>\n<p>c.<u><b>Yolk Sac<\/b><\/u>&#8211; Surrounds the yolk (nutrients for embryo)<\/p>\n<p>d.<u><b>Chorion<\/b><\/u>&#8211; Outermost membrane of the egg &#8211; protects embryo and allows gas exchange<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_216\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-216\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-216\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/rep1-300x168.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/rep1-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/rep1-768x429.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/rep1-1024x572.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/rep1-1140x637.png 1140w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/rep1-552x309.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/02\/rep1.png 1347w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-216\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Diagram of a reptilian Amniotic Egg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>General Anatomy<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Have claws to protect and help them obtain food<\/li>\n<li>90 degree leg position Provides greater body support compared to amphibians.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Integument: <\/b>Tough, dry <u><b>scaly<\/b><\/u> skin that offers protection against desiccation (drying out) and physical injury.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Skin can also have chromatophores for colouration.<\/li>\n<li>All reptiles shed their skin, however snakes shed the entirety of their skin in one session. This replaces old worn out skin and removes parasites.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_227\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-227\" style=\"width: 700px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-227\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep2-1024x661.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep2-1024x661.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep2-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep2-768x496.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep2-552x356.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep2.png 1029w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-227\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: Komodo Dragon (taken by me!)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>Physiology<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Ectothermy<\/b><b> \u2013 \u201cCold blooded\u201d<\/b><\/li>\n<li>Reptiles are <b>ectotherms<\/b>, meaning they rely on environmental (or outside) heat sources<\/li>\n<li>Since they do not produce much internal sources of heat\/regulation, <b>ectotherms<\/b> are able to use much less energy and have lower metabolic.<\/li>\n<li>The term \u201ccold-blooded\u201d is technically not correct since blood temperature changes with environmental temp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_228\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-228\" style=\"width: 667px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-228\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"667\" height=\"643\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep4.png 667w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep4-300x289.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep4-552x532.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-228\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4: Graph of ambient temperature vs. body temperature. Notice how the ectotherms temperature is rises with the ambient temperature, where as endotherms (who produce their own heat) maintain a relatively steady temperature.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>But, What about fish and amphibians? <\/i><\/b><\/li>\n<li><i>Fish and amphibians are all <\/i><b><i>ectothermic <\/i><\/b><i>as well!<\/i><\/li>\n<li><b><i>Question:<\/i><\/b><i> Reptiles and all previous vertebrate classes are <\/i><b><i>ectothermic<\/i><\/b><i> \u2013 can you make a prediction as what major evolutionary advancement will occur in terms of thermoregulation?<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Physiology &#8211; Senses<\/h3>\n<p><b>Jacobson\u2019s Organ<\/b><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_229\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-229\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-229 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep5-300x266.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep5-300x266.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep5-552x489.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep5.png 687w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-229\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5: Jacobson&#8217;s organ<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>The olfactory areas in the nose are not well developed in reptiles.<\/li>\n<li>Using their tongues, many reptiles, amphibians, and mammals can can detect chemicals (smell\/taste) in the air via the <b>Jacobson\u2019s organ.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Heat<\/b><b>-sensitive <\/b><b>organs (or pits) <\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In some snakes<\/li>\n<li>Detect the heat from prey, and nerves transmit this info to the same area in the brain that receives optic nerve impulses (sees a \u201cheat image\u201d of prey \u2013 just like an infrared camera!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Physiology &#8211; Digestive System<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Digestive tract is similar to amphibians, however is longer, with a larger J shaped s\n<figure id=\"attachment_231\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-231\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-231 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep6-300x250.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep6-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep6-768x640.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep6-552x460.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep6.png 1016w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-231\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6: Comparing vertebrate digestive systems (first five classes)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>tomach (similar to higher vertebrates such as mammals)<\/li>\n<li>It includes the mouth and its salivary glands, the esophagus, the stomach, and the intestine and ends in a <b>cloaca<\/b><b>.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>One pair of salivary glands evolved to become venom<b> glands<\/b> in many reptiles. (yes, snake venom is <b>modified saliva!)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u><b>Fun fact<\/b><\/u>: Evolution of Snake Venom<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In snakes, venom has evolved to kill or subdue prey and due to its effectiveness, snakes diversified relatively rapidly.<\/li>\n<li>Interestingly, the venom system has also subsequently atrophied, or has been completely lost in many species after its evolution.<\/li>\n<li>For example, many American Rat Snakes lost their venom following the evolution of constriction as a means of prey capture. (however they still possess remnants of the system)<\/li>\n<li>BC has its own venomous rattlesnake \u2013 The Northern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus oreganus)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4CQKLiwQCIs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_233\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-233\" style=\"width: 700px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-233\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.42.51-PM-1024x761.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.42.51-PM-1024x761.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.42.51-PM-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.42.51-PM-768x571.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.42.51-PM-1140x847.png 1140w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.42.51-PM-552x410.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-7.42.51-PM.png 1194w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-233\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7: Northern Pacific Rattlesnake range<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>Physiology &#8211; Reproduction<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Oviparous with internal fertilization (lays amniotic eggs)<\/li>\n<li>Most male reptiles have two sex organs called <u><b>hemipenes<\/b><\/u>. They are housed internally in males just at the base of the tail, and are everted when needed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_234\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-234\" style=\"width: 652px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-234\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"652\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep7.png 652w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep7-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep7-552x295.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-234\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8: Everted hemipenes (Order Squamata)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>In many snakes, the hemipenes possesses spines or hooks, in order to anchor the male within the female.<\/li>\n<li>Unlike many other reptiles, alligators\/crocodiles use a penis that is always erect and \u201cpops\u201d out of their bodies to mate\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_235\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-235\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-235 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep9-300x197.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"197\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep9-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep9-768x505.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep9-552x363.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep9.png 833w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-235\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9: A graph plotting proportion of female turtles born vs. incubation temperature<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li>\n<li>In some reptiles, nest <u><b>temperature<\/b><\/u> determines <u><b>sex<\/b><\/u> of the hatchlings. This is called <b>temperature-dependent<\/b><b> sex determination.<\/b>For example, In turtles, low temperatures during incubation produce males and high temperatures produce females.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Parthenogenesis &#8211; reproduction<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Parthenogenesis<\/b> = reproduction from an ovum without fertilization<\/li>\n<li>The only vertebrates that show <b>true parthenogenesis<\/b> are the squamates, with about 50 lizard species and one snake being obligate parthenotes.<\/li>\n<li>These are <b>unisexual species, all individuals being females<\/b> that reproduce asexually without the intervention of any male.<\/li>\n<li>Ex. Tropical Night Lizards<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Physiology &#8211; Circulatory system<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<figure id=\"attachment_236\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-236\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-236 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep10-300x163.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep10-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep10-552x299.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep10.png 747w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-236\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10: Comparing vertebrate hearts<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Most reptiles have a <u><b>three<\/b><\/u>-chambered heart and <u><b>double<\/b><\/u> loop blood circulation (similar to amphibians)<\/li>\n<li>However, reptiles have an <b>incomplete septum<\/b>, or wall dividing the <b>ventricle into two.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>More efficient than amphibians, but still not the most complex!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_237\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-237\" style=\"width: 654px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-237\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep11.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"654\" height=\"925\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep11.png 654w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep11-212x300.png 212w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep11-552x781.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-237\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 11: Typical reptilian circulation (Order Crocodilia not included)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_246\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-246\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-246 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep-300x198.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep-768x506.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep-552x364.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep.png 825w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-246\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 11-b: Comparing Vertebrate respiratory systems<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em><strong><u>Crocodiles \u2013 a big difference!<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Order Crocodilia<\/strong> (Alligators and crocodiles\u00ad) have developed <strong>four chambered hearts<\/strong> and are closely related to birds \u2013 What heart structure would you expect in Class Aves?<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Physiology &#8211; Respiration<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Reptiles are more active than amphibians, so they need more oxygen.<\/li>\n<li>Reptiles cannot <b>skin breathe<\/b>; their dry scaly skin is \u201cwatertight\u201d to avoid water loss.<\/li>\n<li>The lungs of reptiles contain a larger surface area<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_238\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-238\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-238\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep12-300x226.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep12-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep12-552x415.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep12.png 734w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-238\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 12: Comparing amphibian and reptile lungs<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Groups of Reptiles<\/h1>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-239 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-8.01.17-PM.png\" width=\"1101\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-8.01.17-PM.png 1101w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-8.01.17-PM-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-8.01.17-PM-768x294.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-8.01.17-PM-1024x392.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-8.01.17-PM-552x212.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1101px) 100vw, 1101px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Order Testudines (&#8220;<em>Turtles, tortoises, terrapins&#8221;)<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In North America:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Turtles&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Are usually <u><b>water<\/b><\/u>-dwelling and have streamlined, <u><b>disk<\/b><\/u>-shaped shells and webbed feet or flippers to rapidly move in water.<\/li>\n<li>They swim, but they also climb out onto banks, logs, or rocks to bask in the sun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_240\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-240\" style=\"width: 525px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-240\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep13.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep13.png 525w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep13-300x129.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-240\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 13: Turtle!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Tortoises&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Are <u><b>land<\/b><\/u>-dwelling and tend to have <u><b>dome<\/b><\/u>-shaped shell to retract their head &amp; limbs.<\/li>\n<li>They have thick sturdy legs and feet for moving on land and eats low-growing shrubs, grasses, and even cactus.<\/li>\n<li>Tortoises that live in hot, dry habitats use their strong forelimbs to dig <u><b>burrows<\/b><\/u>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_241\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-241\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-241 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep14-300x238.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep14-300x238.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep14-552x439.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep14.png 619w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-241\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14: Tortoise!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Terrapins&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Spend their time both on land and in water, and live along rivers, ponds, and lakes. Terrapins are often found in <u><b>brackish<\/b><\/u>, swampy areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_242\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-242\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-242 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep15-300x213.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep15-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep15-768x544.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep15-552x391.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep15.png 775w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-242\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 15: Terrapin!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>Order Squamata <em>(&#8220;Lizards and Snakes&#8221;)<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Snakes and lizards have a kinetic <u><b>skull<\/b><\/u>, which means it is modified to have movable joints, specialized for eating large prey.<\/li>\n<li>In snakes, the two halves of the lower jaw (mandibles) are joined only by muscles and skin, allowing them to spread widely apart.<\/li>\n<li>Since a snake must keep breathing during the slow process of swallowing, its tracheal opening (glottis) is thrust forward between the two mandibles.<\/li>\n<li>Swallowing may take several hours but <u><b>saliva<\/b><\/u> begins digestion during swallowing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_243\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-243\" style=\"width: 505px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-243\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep16.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"505\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep16.png 505w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/rep16-300x209.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 505px) 100vw, 505px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-243\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 16: The kinetic jaw of a snake<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Snakes have no external ears or tympanic membrane, but are quite sensitive to <u><b>vibrations<\/b><\/u> carried in the ground &#8211; their jaw carries the vibrations into the ear to the cochlear bone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/f8L62rInB5U?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Order Crocodilia (&#8220;<em>Crocodiles and alligators&#8221;<\/em><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Crocodilians are large, aquatic reptiles; of the living reptiles, they are the most closely related to <u><b>dinosaurs<\/b><\/u>.<\/li>\n<li>Live in tropical and subtropical regions around world and can usually be distinguished based on <u><b>head<\/b><\/u> morphology:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Crocodiles &#8211; Long <u><b>triangle<\/b><\/u>-shaped heads; when mouth is closed you can see the upper and lower teeth showing; teeth vary in size.<\/p>\n<p>Alligators &#8211; <u><b>Wide<\/b><\/u> flat heads with round noses; When mouth is closed only the <u><b>upper<\/b><\/u> teeth are showing; Teeth vary in size.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_244\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-244\" style=\"width: 783px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-244\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-8.18.20-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"783\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-8.18.20-PM.png 783w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-8.18.20-PM-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-8.18.20-PM-768x294.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/Screen-Shot-2017-03-03-at-8.18.20-PM-552x211.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 783px) 100vw, 783px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-244\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 17: Crocodile and alligator morphology<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>All are aggressive carnivores<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Order Sphenodontia (<em>&#8220;Tuataras&#8221;)<\/em><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Tuataras are <u>nocturnal<\/u>, lizard-like reptiles that live in burrows often shared with petrels. They usually hide in burrows during the day and feed on <u>insects<\/u>, worms, and other small animals at night<\/li>\n<li>Only 2 living species; both inhabit only a few small islands of <u>New <\/u><u>Zealand<\/u>.<\/li>\n<li>They were once widespread throughout the two main islands of New Zealand. Humans introduced non-native animals, including rats, cats, dogs, and goats, which prey upon tuataras and their eggs.\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_245\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-245\" style=\"width: 717px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-245\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/tuataras.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"717\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/tuataras.png 717w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/tuataras-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/03\/tuataras-552x368.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-245\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 18: Tuatara<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"post-excerpt\">Review padlets (pass: bio) Biology 2-1 review question padlet Biology 1-1 review question padlet Reptiles were the first animals adapted&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48401,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1200970],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-225","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology-11"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/225","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/48401"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=225"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/225\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":273,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/225\/revisions\/273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=225"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=225"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=225"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}