{"id":820,"date":"2019-03-07T21:15:02","date_gmt":"2019-03-08T04:15:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/?p=820"},"modified":"2020-02-27T20:00:06","modified_gmt":"2020-02-28T03:00:06","slug":"phylum-arthropoda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/2019\/03\/07\/phylum-arthropoda\/","title":{"rendered":"Unit 5-7: Phylum Arthropoda"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-821\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Cladeart.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"772\" height=\"517\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Cladeart.png 772w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Cladeart-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Cladeart-768x514.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Cladeart-552x370.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 772px) 100vw, 772px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YQb7Xq0enTI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em>The Basics:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c<b>Arthro<\/b>\u201d means <b>Joint<\/b>; <b>Pod <\/b>&#8211; \u201c<b>Foot\/limb<\/b>\u201d<\/li>\n<li>The most successful animals on Earth &#8211; found in air, land, sea and make up <b>~75% of known living and fossil species.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Appeared 545 Million Years ago<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DtNAqK_V-lg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_822\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-822\" style=\"width: 697px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-822\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.55.26-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"697\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.55.26-PM.png 697w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.55.26-PM-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.55.26-PM-552x385.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 697px) 100vw, 697px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-822\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Arthropod diversity<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>A. Evolution of Body Plan<\/h3>\n<h5><b>1. Jointed, Paired Limbs<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Extremely diverse and modified for different functions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Segmentation allowed for this specialization.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_823\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-823\" style=\"width: 281px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-823\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.56.28-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.56.28-PM.png 281w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.56.28-PM-275x300.png 275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-823\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Specialization of jointed limbs<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\n<h5><b> Segmentation:<\/b><\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_825\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-825\" style=\"width: 346px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-825\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.58.26-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"346\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.58.26-PM.png 346w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.58.26-PM-296x300.png 296w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-825\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: Comparative segments<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><b><\/b><b>Evolved from segmented ancestors. Segments have been lost or fused together.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Body Plan usually has three major sections: head, thorax, abdomen:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>HEAD: Has sensory\/food manipulation <i>appendages.<\/i><\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>THORAX: Section with <i>jointed limbs for movement<\/i><\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>ABDOMEN<\/b><b>: Contains vital organs (<\/b><b><i>heart, reproductive organs, digestive organs<\/i><\/b><b>)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_824\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-824\" style=\"width: 481px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-824\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.58.35-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.58.35-PM.png 481w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-7.58.35-PM-300x125.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 481px) 100vw, 481px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-824\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4: Insect segmentation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\n<h5><b>Exoskeleton<\/b><\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>An outer skeleton found in arthropods. <\/b><b><i>Protects internal muscles, blood vessels, etc.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Made of <b>chitin<\/b> <i>(material made up of modified glucose. Also found in fish scales, cell walls in fungi, squid beaks).<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Has be <b>thick, heavy and inflexible<\/b><b> &#8211;<\/b> <i>Lobsters\/crabs<\/i><i> or <\/i><b><i>thin, light, and flexible<\/i><\/b><i> &#8211; <\/i><i>Grasshopper joints\/wings<\/i><i>.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_826\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-826\" style=\"width: 850px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-826\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.00.10-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.00.10-PM.png 850w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.00.10-PM-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.00.10-PM-768x383.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.00.10-PM-552x275.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-826\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5: Exoskeleton vs. Endoskeleton<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-827\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.00.19-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"746\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.00.19-PM.png 746w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.00.19-PM-300x136.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.00.19-PM-552x251.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Size limitations:<\/p>\n<p>Largest Terrestrial Arthropod: Coconut Crab! <b><i>4.1 kg (9.0 lb)<\/i><\/b> <b>\/ \u00a0<\/b><b><i>1m (3.3 ft) claw-to-claw<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Z_mq_63fEdI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Largest Aquatic Arthropod:<i>\u00a0(Japanese Spider Crab)<\/i> <strong><i>19 kg (42 pounds) <\/i>\/ <i>5.5 m (18 feet) claw-to-claw<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_828\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-828\" style=\"width: 303px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-828\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.02.08-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"303\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.02.08-PM.png 303w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.02.08-PM-288x300.png 288w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-828\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6: Japanese Spider Crab<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><i>So how do arthropods grow if their exoskeleton cannot grow?<\/i><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_829\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-829\" style=\"width: 438px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-829\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.03.48-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"438\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.03.48-PM.png 438w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.03.48-PM-300x249.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-829\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7: Ecdysis in Arthropods<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><b>Molting <\/b>&#8211; The process of shedding, or losing, the <i>rigid exoskeleton<\/i> to let the organism grow.<\/p>\n<p>In arthropods this is known as <b><i>Ecdysis<\/i><\/b>.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/C0D1cR5hPN8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Dangers of Molting:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Arthropods shed not just their outer body covering, but their eye surfaces, and even the lining of the internal passageways leading to the respiratory system &#8211; <b><i>body parts can get stuck and ripped off.<\/i><\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Arthropods can get <\/b><b>stuck leaving their old exoskeleton<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Arthropods are <\/b><b><i>soft and vulnerable<\/i><\/b><b> for many weeks while the new exoskeleton hardens.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5><b><i>4. Bilateral Symmetry <\/i><\/b><\/h5>\n<p>The body plan of arthropods can be divided in half making a right and left side that are mirrors of each other.<\/p>\n<h3>B. Feeding and Excretion<\/h3>\n<p>Arthropods have a very <b>diverse diet<\/b> due to their extremely high variation of specialized appendages.<\/p>\n<h5><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-830\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.05.14-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"831\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.05.14-PM.png 831w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.05.14-PM-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.05.14-PM-768x301.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.05.14-PM-552x217.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 831px) 100vw, 831px\" \/><\/h5>\n<p>Have a <b>one-way digestive system<\/b> (runs mouth to anus where undigested food is excreted)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Developed system: Contains a <\/b><b>foregut<\/b><b> (pharynx and esophagus to the stomach), <\/b><b>midgut <\/b><b>(stomach), and <\/b><b>hindgut<\/b><b> (colon, anus) \u2013 much like humans.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><i>Excretion:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Terrestrial arthropods have <b><i>malpighian tubules<\/i><\/b><b><i>, <\/i><\/b><i>which collect waste from the blood and add it to undigested food to be excreted.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>This saves <b>water<\/b> since the liquid and cellular waste is added to the digestive waste and is dry<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_831\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-831\" style=\"width: 558px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-831\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.06.06-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"558\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.06.06-PM.png 558w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.06.06-PM-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.06.06-PM-552x343.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 558px) 100vw, 558px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-831\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8: Malpighian Tubules<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>C. Respiration and Circulation<\/h3>\n<p>Arthropods possess an <b>open circulatory system <\/b>consisting of heart and a system of arteries.<\/p>\n<p><b>Open Circulatory System<\/b><b> &#8211; Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, <\/b><b>where tissues are surrounded by the blood<\/b><b>. The blood eventually diffuses back into the circulatory system.<\/b><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_832\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-832\" style=\"width: 580px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-832\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.07.06-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"580\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.07.06-PM.png 580w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.07.06-PM-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.07.06-PM-552x349.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-832\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9: Open vs. Closed circulatory systems<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Respiration:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Aquatic arthropods possess<\/b> <b>gills for respiration<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>They vary in structure and location but are <b>all outgrowths of integument (skin)<\/b> and are therefore covered by the exoskeleton (which is thin enough that gas exchange can occur).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>2. Terrestrial Arthropods use <\/b><b>book lungs<\/b><b> and <\/b><b>trachea<\/b><b> as respiratory organs.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Trachea<\/b> &#8211; Tiny tubes that run around the body to transport gases. (insects)<\/p>\n<p><b>Spiracle<\/b><b> &#8211; <\/b>Opening to the Tracheae from the outside. <i>How gases enter\/exit.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_833\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-833\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-833 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/how-insects-breathe.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"375\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-833\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9: Insect breathing. Gas enters through spiracle and is transported via a system of trachea<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><b>Book Lungs &#8211;<\/b> Found in arachnids. Gases still enter\/exit through spiracles, but gas is exchanged in the <b>blood in the \u201cpages\u201d of the lung area<\/b>, rather than filling a system of trachea (as in insects) .<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_834\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-834\" style=\"width: 325px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-834\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.10.01-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.10.01-PM.png 325w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.10.01-PM-265x300.png 265w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-834\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10: Book lungs are found in arachnids<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>D. Reproduction<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Typically Sexual Reproduction<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_835\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-835\" style=\"width: 304px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-835\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.11.10-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"304\" height=\"229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.11.10-PM.png 304w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.11.10-PM-300x226.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 304px) 100vw, 304px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-835\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 11: Insect reproduction<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Separate sexes in arthropods<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Paired <i>sex organs<\/i>, or <i>gonads<\/i>, are connected directly to ducts that open onto the ventral surface (front\/belly)<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Internal Fertilization<\/b> &#8211; Sperm is transferred <b>into<\/b> the female via packets called <b>spermatophores<\/b><b>.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__RqOzOzWjY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Note:<\/i><\/b><i> Some insects (like Stick Insects) can asexually reproduce through <\/i><b><i>parthenogenesis. Growth and development can occur without fertilization &#8211; i.e. female lays eggs that become female without fertilization<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-836\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.12.24-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"830\" height=\"319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.12.24-PM.png 830w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.12.24-PM-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.12.24-PM-768x295.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.12.24-PM-552x212.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 830px) 100vw, 830px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/znlU8nR5hI8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>E. Major Groups of Arthropods<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-837\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.13.07-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"854\" height=\"411\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.13.07-PM.png 854w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.13.07-PM-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.13.07-PM-768x370.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/03\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-07-at-8.13.07-PM-552x266.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 854px) 100vw, 854px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Please refer to <strong>Subphylums of Arthropoda<\/strong> hand out for more details!<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"post-excerpt\">The Basics: \u201cArthro\u201d means Joint; Pod &#8211; \u201cFoot\/limb\u201d The most successful animals on Earth &#8211; found in air, land, sea&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48401,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1200970],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-820","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology-11"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/820","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/48401"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=820"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/820\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1382,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/820\/revisions\/1382"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=820"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=820"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=820"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}