{"id":853,"date":"2019-04-03T13:06:21","date_gmt":"2019-04-03T20:06:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/?p=853"},"modified":"2019-04-03T13:07:17","modified_gmt":"2019-04-03T20:07:17","slug":"the-respiratory-system-part-1-structures-and-mechanisms-of-breathing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/2019\/04\/03\/the-respiratory-system-part-1-structures-and-mechanisms-of-breathing\/","title":{"rendered":"The Respiratory System Part 1: Structures and Mechanisms of Breathing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8NUxvJS-_0k?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Respiration &#8211; Defined<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-854\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.46.26-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"777\" height=\"336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.46.26-PM.png 777w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.46.26-PM-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.46.26-PM-768x332.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.46.26-PM-552x239.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>1. Structures of the Respiratory System<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Nasal Cavity<\/b> &#8211; The <b>nasal cavity<\/b> is the inside of your <b>nose<\/b>.\n<ol>\n<li>Lined with a <b>mucous membrane<\/b> that helps keep your <b>nose<\/b> moist.<\/li>\n<li><b>Cilia<\/b> &#8211; Trap dust, debris<\/li>\n<li>Warms and moisten air<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b> Mouth<\/b><b> &#8211;<\/b> Another pathway for air into the respiratory system.<\/li>\n<li><b> <\/b><b>Pharynx<\/b> &#8211; a common pathway for food and air. Nasal cavity and mouth meet here.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_855\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-855\" style=\"width: 526px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-855\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.48.08-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.48.08-PM.png 526w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.48.08-PM-300x222.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 526px) 100vw, 526px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-855\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Divisions of the pharynx<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ol>\n<li><b> Glottis<\/b> &#8211; Opening to the Larynx (voice box). <b>When we breath the <\/b><b>glottis<\/b><b> is open, when we swallow the epiglottis covers the glottis is prevent food entering the larynx.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Epiglottis<\/b> &#8211; <b>Flap that covers the glottis. Prevents food from entering the lungs.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b> <\/b><b>Larynx<\/b> &#8211; Triangular, cartilaginous box that contains the vocal cords and regulates air entry into the lungs.\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><i>Vocal cords<\/i> &#8211; Vibrate as air moves past, producing sound.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_856\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-856\" style=\"width: 317px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-856\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.55.14-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"317\" height=\"154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.55.14-PM.png 317w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.55.14-PM-300x146.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 317px) 100vw, 317px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-856\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Larynx Structure<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-859\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.51.27-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"760\" height=\"355\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.51.27-PM.png 760w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.51.27-PM-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.51.27-PM-552x258.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_860\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-860\" style=\"width: 477px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/tumblr_on6ep0dQga1qckzoqo1_1280.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"477\" height=\"356\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-860\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: Vocal cords of a singer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ol>\n<li><b> <\/b><b>Trachea<\/b> &#8211; \u201cWindpipe.\u201d <b>The sturdy pathway for air to the lungs<\/b>. Like the nasal passage, it is covered in <b>cilia<\/b> and <b>a mucous membrane<\/b>.\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><i>Held open by cartilaginous rings.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Cilia beat upward moving mucus and any particles away from the lungs. Smoking destroys cilia!<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><b> <\/b><b>Bronchi<\/b><b>\/<\/b><b>Bronchioles<\/b> &#8211; The trachea branches into two <b>bronchi<\/b> which are the pathway into the lungs. <b>The<\/b> <b>bronchi<\/b> <b>branch into even smaller pathways called<\/b> <b>bronchioles<\/b> which get narrower and thinner walled as they go onward (bronchioles are not supported by cartilage rings)<\/li>\n<li><b>Alveoli<\/b><b> &#8211; <\/b><b>Sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs.<\/b>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>One cell thick for rapid gas exchange with blood.<\/li>\n<li>Expand and stretch as air enters.<\/li>\n<li>~300 million alveloi per lung (150 m2 of alveolar area)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_861\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-861\" style=\"width: 263px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-861\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.57.36-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"263\" height=\"201\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-861\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4: Alveoli<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ol>\n<li><b> <\/b><b>Diaphragm<\/b><b> &#8211; <\/b><b>Thick, dome shaped <\/b><b>muscle<\/b><b> at the bottom of the thoracic (chest) cavity.<\/b> Separates abdomen from chest. <i>Attached to ribs, sternum, and vertebral column.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_862\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-862\" style=\"width: 199px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-862\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.58.13-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"199\" height=\"152\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-862\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5: Diaphragm location<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ol>\n<li><b> Intercostal muscles &#8211; <\/b>Muscles between ribs that helps seal the chest cavity and expand the chest cavity during breathing.<\/li>\n<li><b> <\/b><b>Pleural Membrane<\/b><b> &#8211; <\/b>Membranes that allow for an air-tight seal around the lungs.\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>One pleural membrane lines the chest walls.<\/li>\n<li>Inner membrane lines the lung. In between is fluid.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_863\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-863\" style=\"width: 286px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-863\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.58.57-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"286\" height=\"242\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-863\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6: Pleural Membranes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-864\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.59.41-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"773\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.59.41-PM.png 773w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.59.41-PM-300x156.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.59.41-PM-768x400.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-12.59.41-PM-552x288.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 773px) 100vw, 773px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>2. Mechanism of Breathing<\/h3>\n<p><em>How does air enter and exit the lungs?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The <b>intercostal muscles, diaphragm, and the pleural cavities <\/b>allow us to pull air in and push air out of our lungs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These structures create <b>negative pressure<\/b> inside our lungs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Negative Pressure: Air pressure less than the surrounding air (760 mm Hg)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>Think: <\/b><i>How can we create <\/i><b><i>negative pressure in our lungs<\/i><\/b><i>?<\/i><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><i>This negative pressure is created by increasing the volume inside the thoracic cavity.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_865\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-865\" style=\"width: 802px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-865\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/how-we-breathe.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"802\" height=\"352\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-865\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7: Human breathing gif<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Air will naturally move in to fill this extra volume created, moving into the lungs and balancing the pressure inside and outside the lungs.<\/p>\n<p><b>So how can we increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?<\/b><\/p>\n<h5>Inhalation &#8211; Air Moving in<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Intercostal Muscles &#8211; contract and pull the ribs up and out.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Diaphragm &#8211;<\/b> <b>Contracts and pulls downward expanding the thoracic cavity.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i>Pressure inside lungs <\/i><i>&lt; <\/i><i>than atmospheric pressure. <\/i><i>Air moves in.<\/i><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_866\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-866\" style=\"width: 504px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-866\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-1.03.47-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"504\" height=\"157\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-1.03.47-PM.png 504w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-1.03.47-PM-300x93.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 504px) 100vw, 504px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-866\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8: Inhalation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h5>Exhalation\/Expiration &#8211; Air moving out<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Intercostal Muscles &#8211; Relax. Ribs move in and down. <i>If you push out air even harder, you force the muscles to push the ribs inward past relaxation<\/i><i>.<\/i><\/b><\/li>\n<li>Diaphragm &#8211; Relaxes. Return to curved shape.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><i>Pressure inside lungs &gt;than atmospheric pressure. Air pushed out.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_867\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-867\" style=\"width: 474px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-867\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-1.05.18-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-1.05.18-PM.png 474w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/04\/Screen-Shot-2019-04-03-at-1.05.18-PM-300x220.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-867\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9: Comparing cavity volumes during inhalation and exhalation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"post-excerpt\">Respiration &#8211; Defined 1. Structures of the Respiratory System Nasal Cavity &#8211; The nasal cavity is the inside of your&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48401,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1199859],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology-12"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/853","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/48401"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=853"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/853\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":870,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/853\/revisions\/870"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}