{"id":90,"date":"2017-01-25T20:11:11","date_gmt":"2017-01-26T03:11:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/?p=90"},"modified":"2019-08-09T10:25:08","modified_gmt":"2019-08-09T17:25:08","slug":"class-chondrichthyes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/2017\/01\/25\/class-chondrichthyes\/","title":{"rendered":"Class Chondrichthyes"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>Jawed, cartilaginous fish<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>General Characteristics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sharks, skates, rays, ratfish\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_91\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-91\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-91\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Screen-Shot-2017-01-25-at-6.17.38-PM-300x205.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Screen-Shot-2017-01-25-at-6.17.38-PM-300x205.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Screen-Shot-2017-01-25-at-6.17.38-PM-768x525.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Screen-Shot-2017-01-25-at-6.17.38-PM-552x377.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Screen-Shot-2017-01-25-at-6.17.38-PM.png 925w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-91\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Heterocercal caudal fin<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li>\n<li>Appeared ~450 million years ago.<\/li>\n<li>Paired fins.<\/li>\n<li>Cartilaginous skeleton (complete)<\/li>\n<li>Heterocercal caudal fin (not symmetrical &#8211; vertebral column runs into caudal fin).<\/li>\n<li>No swim bladder.<\/li>\n<li>Almost all are marine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca\/species-especes\/documents\/publications\/sharks\/other\/bc-sharks\/bcsharks-requinscb-eng.pdf\">Sharks of British Columbia [infographic]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>(<strong>Fun fact<\/strong>: Bull Sharks can live in both fresh and salt water and have been known spotted 4000km up the Amazon river, in Ganges river, the Mississippi, and in Lake Nicaragua!<\/em><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sharksavers.org\/en\/education\/biology\/how-bull-sharks-survive-in-fresh-water\/\">How bull sharks survive in freshwater [website]<\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Major evolutionary advancement: <strong>JAWS!<\/strong><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_92\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-92\" style=\"width: 508px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-92\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/jawevolution-300x60.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"508\" height=\"110\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-92\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Proposed mechanism of jaw development. Gill arches in primitive jawless fish evolved over time.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Jaws developed over time from the gill arches, which support the gills, of jawless fish. (Homologous \u2013 <em>derived from the same thing<\/em> &#8211; to gill arches)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Question: <\/strong>What<em> benefits would having a jaw confer to an organism?<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Many believe the jaw developed first as a way to increase respiratory efficiency \u2013 eating was a secondary function!\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_93\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-93\" style=\"width: 215px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-93\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/placoid-251x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"215\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/placoid-251x300.png 251w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/placoid.png 252w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 215px) 100vw, 215px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-93\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: Placoid scales<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Anatomy &#8211; Integument: Placoid scales<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Structurally similar to vertebrate teeth (homologous)<\/li>\n<li>Made of dentine surrounded by enamel. Nutrients supplied by blood vessels.<\/li>\n<li>These scales make their skin so rough it can be used as sand paper!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As with all fish, sharks\/relatives have a lateral line, which gives them a \u201csixth sense\u201d to detect vibrations in water.<\/p>\n<p>However, Chondrichthyans also have special sensing organs called the Ampullae of Lorenzini giving them a \u201cseventh sense.\u201d<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Anatomy and Physiology &#8211; Ampullae of Lorenzini<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Ampullae of Lorenzini are electroreceptors which detect electrical fields given off by muscle contractions <u><u>of living things.<\/u><\/u>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_96\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-96\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-96\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/800px-Lorenzini-300x154.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/800px-Lorenzini-300x154.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/800px-Lorenzini-768x394.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/800px-Lorenzini-552x283.jpg 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/800px-Lorenzini.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-96\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4: Close up of a shark rostum &#8211; notice the series of dots scatter throughout. These are the Ampullae of Lorenzini<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li>\n<li>That electrical signal goes through fluid filled pores and strike nerves to signal the brain.<\/li>\n<li>Can find hidden prey, differentiate patterns (i.e. injured\/weakened prey)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><strong>Fun fa<\/strong><strong>c<\/strong><strong>t<\/strong><\/em>: Sharks can use their ampullae to navigate the globe by tracking earth\u2019s electromagnetic field. This orients them and helps with migration. (Campagno et al. 2005). Hammerhead sharks are one such migratory shark.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_94\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-94\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-94\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Screen-Shot-2017-01-25-at-6.29.42-PM-300x187.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-94\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5: Great Hammerhead Shark (<em>Sphyrna mokarran)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Hammerhead sharks have evolved to have <strong>more ampullae<\/strong> due to the evolutionary benefits conferred. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.discovery.com\/tv-shows\/discovery-presents\/videos\/ultimate-guide-the-sharks-hammerhead-sharks\/\">More on Hammerhead Sharks [Video &#8211; discovery]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sharksavers.org\/en\/education\/biology\/the-sixth-and-seventh-sense\/\">Ampullae of Lorenzini additional information [Website]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Physiology &#8211; Digestive System<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>More complex then in class Agnatha.<\/li>\n<li>Have a U-shaped stomach (Not as complex as humans)<\/li>\n<li>Stomach leads to the intestine which is called the <strong>spiral valve.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Intestines are short, but have folds arranged in a spiral (increasing surface area).<\/li>\n<li>This leads to a <strong>cloaca<\/strong> \u2013 an opening for the urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems (one hole for all!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_95\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-95\" style=\"width: 296px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-95 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/sharkdigestive-296x300.png\" width=\"296\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/sharkdigestive-296x300.png 296w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/sharkdigestive-552x560.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/sharkdigestive.png 621w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 296px) 100vw, 296px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-95\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6: Shark digestive tract<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Sharks\/relatives also have an <strong>enlarged liver<\/strong> (up to 20% of the weight of the fish) that produces lots of oil. The principle component of shark liver oil is called <strong>squalene<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Question<\/strong>: <em>Why would a shark \u2013 a free swimming fish \u2013 want to produce a lot of oil<\/em>?<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Physiology &#8211; Reproduction<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Sharks\/relatives produce less offspring than other fish, but they are larger and typical survive longer. (More energy into offspring = less offspring produced that have higher survival rate)<\/li>\n<li>Long gestation (development of offspring) and take a long time to reach maturity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Internal fertilization<\/strong> (Sperm and egg join <strong>inside <\/strong>the body of a parent).<\/li>\n<li><strong>External fertilization<\/strong> (Sperm and egg join <strong>outside <\/strong>the body of a parent).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Many different forms:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Oviparous<\/strong> (\u201cEgg Laying\u201d)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_97\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-97\" style=\"width: 198px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Eikapsel_Katzenhai-198x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"198\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Eikapsel_Katzenhai-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Eikapsel_Katzenhai-768x1164.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Eikapsel_Katzenhai-676x1024.jpg 676w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Eikapsel_Katzenhai-1140x1727.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Eikapsel_Katzenhai-552x836.jpg 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Eikapsel_Katzenhai.jpg 1827w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-97\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7: Mermaid purse (Chondrichthyan egg case)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Some lay eggs on the bottom and the baby sharks (pups) develop in a <strong>mermaid purse <\/strong>(egg case).<\/li>\n<li>Nutrients from yolk sac inside the egg.<\/li>\n<li>Ex. Horn Shark (<i>Heterodontus francisci<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Viviparous<\/strong> (\u201clive bearing\u201d)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Develop inside mother<\/li>\n<li>Get nutrients from umbilical cord (like humans)<\/li>\n<li>Births live young.<\/li>\n<li>Ex. Great Hammerhead (<em>Sphyrna mokarran)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ovoviviparous<\/strong> (\u201cAplacental yolk sac viviparous\u201d)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mother produces eggs (like oviparous system) <strong>but<\/strong> carries the eggs inside until they hatch.<\/li>\n<li>Nutrients from yolk sac.<\/li>\n<li>Births live young that lived off a yolk sac inside an egg.<\/li>\n<li>Ex. Spiny Dogfish (<em>Squallus acanthias)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Intrauterine cannibalism<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Similar to ovoviviparous.<\/li>\n<li>Mother produces up to 50 pups in each of two uteruses<\/li>\n<li>The first pup to be able eats all of the other pups.<\/li>\n<li>Two large pups are born live.<\/li>\n<li>Ex. Sand tiger shark (<i>Carcharias taurus<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>We typically think of oviparousity as the most primitive and viviparousity as more advanced.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BWI60arRyG4\">Comparing reproductive methods in sharks [Video]<\/a> &#8211; This is a great resource for clarifying these methods!<\/p>\n<p><strong>Question: <\/strong><em>What does that mean for ovoviviparous organisms in terms of the evolutionary continuum?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Important note:<\/strong> Oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous are not terms exclusive to sharks! These terms can be used across animals to describe reproductive method! (<em>Example: Humans are viviparous)<\/em><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Chondrichthyan spotlight (<\/strong>You don\u2019t have to write this down):<\/h4>\n<p><strong>Greenland Sharks (<\/strong>Somniosus microcephalus)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_102\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-102\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-102\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Screen-Shot-2017-01-25-at-7.15.05-PM-300x97.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"97\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Screen-Shot-2017-01-25-at-7.15.05-PM-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Screen-Shot-2017-01-25-at-7.15.05-PM-552x179.png 552w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/Screen-Shot-2017-01-25-at-7.15.05-PM.png 764w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-102\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8: Greenland Shark (<em>Somniosus microcephalus)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JrWEi2SVu8c\">Greenland sharks &#8211; [Video]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eR0Ybn4i4ts\">Greenland shark hunting &#8211; BBC Life [Video]<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Has a high concentration of a toxin &#8211; trimethylamine N-oxide \u2013 which causes the meat to be toxic if not treated.<\/li>\n<li>Can grow up to 7.3\u00a0m (24\u00a0ft) and more than 1,400\u00a0kg (3,100\u00a0lb).<\/li>\n<li>Often has a parasite on its eye, causing it to be nearly blind. However, preliminary studies believe the parasite can act as a lure for prey giving the shark a a benefit as well.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Most importantly:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_99\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-99\" style=\"width: 411px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-99\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2017\/01\/greenshark-300x215.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"411\" height=\"297\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-99\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8: Nielsen <em>et al<\/em>., 2016 paper abstract<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Is the longest-lived vertebrate animal known &#8211; at 392 <span class=\"_Tgc\">\u00b1<\/span> 120 years! They don&#8217;t reach sexual maturity until 156 <span class=\"_Tgc\">\u00b1<\/span> 22 years!<\/p>\n<h4>Extra questions:<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Describe how the Ampullae of Lorenzini helps Chondrichthyans navigate and migrate.<\/li>\n<li>Outline four reproductive methods found in Class Chondrichthyes. Which one is exclusive to this class?<\/li>\n<li>Explain how a shark is able to maintain buoyancy.<\/li>\n<li>What is the <strong>spiral valve? <\/strong>Describe its form and function.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the structure of placoid scales. What are they homologous to?<\/li>\n<li>Outline the development of jaws in vertebrates. Include what previous structure the jaw is thought to have evolved from.<\/li>\n<li>What is the difference between <strong>external<\/strong> and <strong>internal<\/strong> fertilization? Give an example for each method.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>One last resource (not testable)<\/strong> &#8211; a 2006 documentary about shark finning called &#8220;Sharkwater&#8221; has been uploaded in its entirety by the creator. If you are interested in conservation issues or sharks, check it out! There are so many misconceptions about this class of vertebrates; education is the first step to protecting sharks &#8211; which in turn will help protect food webs and biodiversity in our oceans.<\/p>\n<p>(Note: It is rated PG but there are some graphic scenes involving shark finning)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/88724551\">Sharkwater (2006)\u00a0[Vimeo] <em>Running time 1 hour 30 minutes<\/em> <\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ripetungi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Shark-Attack-Stop-Finning-Infographic.png\">Shark infographic [infographic]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"post-excerpt\">Jawed, cartilaginous fish General Characteristics: Sharks, skates, rays, ratfish Appeared ~450 million years ago. Paired fins. Cartilaginous skeleton (complete) Heterocercal&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48401,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1200970],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-90","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology-11"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/48401"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=90"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":138,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90\/revisions\/138"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=90"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=90"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=90"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}