{"id":970,"date":"2019-05-14T10:22:34","date_gmt":"2019-05-14T17:22:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/?p=970"},"modified":"2019-05-15T17:33:41","modified_gmt":"2019-05-16T00:33:41","slug":"urinary-system-part-2-urine-formation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/2019\/05\/14\/urinary-system-part-2-urine-formation\/","title":{"rendered":"Urinary System Part 2: Urine Formation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Please take notes on urine formation as homework (May 14th). You will be allowed to use these notes and the urinary structure notes to complete an in-class &#8220;quiz&#8221; May 16th. No notes\/homework done means you cannot bring these in. I will print a <strong>companion diagram sheet<\/strong> for you and give it to you on May 16th.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Urinary System, Part 2: Crash Course A&amp;P #39\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DlqyyyvTI3k?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em>Note: this video goes deeper than needed and into the final set of our notes &#8211; hormones and regulation!<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><b>Formation of Urine<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Three stages of urine formation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Filtration<\/b> &#8211; Removing maximum waste from blood into nephron and creating a filtrate.<\/li>\n<li><b>Reabsorption<\/b> &#8211; Bringing useful molecules back into the blood<\/li>\n<li><b>Secretion<\/b> (aka tubular excretion) &#8211; Bringing as much harmful molecules from the blood as possible.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_971\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-971\" style=\"width: 639px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-971\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-10.20.00-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-10.20.00-AM.png 639w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-10.20.00-AM-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-10.20.00-AM-552x421.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-971\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Simplified nephron\/capillary interaction<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>There is a <b>countercurrent exchange<\/b> occurring between the <b>nephron <\/b>and the <b>peritubular capillary network<\/b>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This allows for <b>osmotic gradients<\/b> to be maintained throughout the formation process.<\/li>\n<li>More Efficient<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_972\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-972\" style=\"width: 443px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-972\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-10.21.10-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"443\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-10.21.10-AM.png 443w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-10.21.10-AM-300x133.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 443px) 100vw, 443px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-972\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Countercurrent example<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>1. Filtration<\/h3>\n<p>At the glomerulus there is very high pressure, thus this type of filtration is called pressure filtration.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The substances removed create a plasma-like filtrate in the Bowman\u2019s capsule<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Things that are filtered into the Bowman\u2019s capsule from the blood:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Water<\/li>\n<li>NaCl<\/li>\n<li>Glucose<\/li>\n<li>H+<\/li>\n<li>Urea\/Uric acid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Things that are not filtered into the Bowman\u2019s capsule from the blood:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Plasma proteins (too big)<\/li>\n<li>Blood cells (too big)<\/li>\n<li>Some water, salts, glucose, amino acids, and H+ stay<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_975\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-975\" style=\"width: 699px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-975\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.44.16-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"699\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.44.16-AM.png 699w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.44.16-AM-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.44.16-AM-552x297.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-975\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: Comparison of solutes in the glomerulus and Bowman&#8217;s capsule<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>2. Reabsorption<\/h3>\n<p>Occurs at the <b>proximal convoluted tubule<\/b> and the <b>Loop of Henle<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h5><em>In the<strong> proximal convoluted tubule:<\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Selective reabsorption: <\/b>Nephron <b>actively transports<\/b> glucose, amino acids, and Na+ ions back into the blood (useful molecules &#8211; takes ATP).<\/li>\n<li>Negative ions (i.e. Cl-) follow the positive ion (Na+) <b>passively<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>More ions\/molecules moving back into the blood <b>concentrates <\/b>the blood making an <b>osmotic gradient<\/b> (Difference in concentration between two solutions )<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This causes water to reenter the blood vis <b>osmosis<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>This causes the <b>filtrate<\/b> to become concentrated as it moves through the <b>proximal convoluted tubule.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_977\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-977\" style=\"width: 364px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-977\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.46.18-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"364\" height=\"211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.46.18-AM.png 364w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.46.18-AM-300x174.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-977\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4: Example of an osmotic gradient<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h5>In the <b>Loop of Henle:<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>In the descending loop: not permeable to ions, permeable to water.<\/li>\n<li>Water leaves nephron, urine becomes more concentrated<\/li>\n<li>In the ascending loop: permeable to ions, not permeable to water.<\/li>\n<li>Na+ leaves the nephron, fluid around <b>descending loop<\/b> becomes concentrated<\/li>\n<li>This allows for <b>more water reabsorption<\/b> (back into the blood) anytime the nephron passes back into that region (even the collecting duct!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_978\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-978\" style=\"width: 844px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-978\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.47.32-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"844\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.47.32-AM.png 844w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.47.32-AM-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.47.32-AM-768x339.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.47.32-AM-552x243.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 844px) 100vw, 844px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-978\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5: Creating a &#8220;salty&#8221; medulla of the kidney<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>3. Secretion<\/h3>\n<p>Occurs in the <b>distal convoluted tubule<\/b> (+ little in collecting duct).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Movement of waste still in blood into nephron<\/li>\n<li><b>Active Transport: Urea, Uric acid, excess K+, vitamin C, drugs, H+.<\/b><\/li>\n<li>Some water enters the urine again<\/li>\n<li>The urine is now collected in the collecting ducts and carried to the bladder through the ureter for excretion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_979\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-979\" style=\"width: 327px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-979\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.49.09-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"327\" height=\"216\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.49.09-AM.png 327w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.49.09-AM-300x198.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 327px) 100vw, 327px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-979\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6: Urinary system structures<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"LOOP OF HENLE explained!!\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cYyJF_aSC6o?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Summary:<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Urine is formed through a modified <b>capillary fluid exchange<\/b> between the blood and the nephron.<\/li>\n<li><b>Filtration:<\/b> Filtrate enters the nephron from the Glomerulus (very high pressure).<\/li>\n<li><b>Filtration: Water, NaCl, Glucose, H+, Urea\/Uric acid, enter nephron.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Reabsorption<\/b> &#8211; <i>Proximal Tubule: Selective reabsorption of <\/i>glucose, amino acids, and Na+ (<b>this is active transport &#8211;<\/b> takes energy) Cl- <b>passively follows<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li><b>Reabsorption &#8211; <\/b><i>Loop of Henle: Descending loop &#8211; water leaves nephron (osmosis), enters blood.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><b>Reabsorption &#8211; <\/b><i>Loop of Henle: Ascending loop &#8211; Na+ leaves nephron enters blood (lower, thin section &#8211; Na leaves passively, higher, thick section &#8211; Na+ leaves with active transport.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><b>Secretion <\/b>(Tubular excretion): <i>Occurs in <\/i><b><i>distal convoluted tubule<\/i><\/b><i>. <\/i><b>Active Transport of <\/b>Urea, Uric acid, excess K+, vitamin C, drugs, H+ back into the nephron.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_980\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-980\" style=\"width: 666px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-980\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.51.17-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"666\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.51.17-AM.png 666w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.51.17-AM-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.51.17-AM-552x394.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-980\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7: Summary of urine formation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_981\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-981\" style=\"width: 588px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-981\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.51.51-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"588\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.51.51-AM.png 588w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.51.51-AM-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/files\/2019\/05\/Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-11.51.51-AM-552x314.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-981\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8: Another summary of urine formation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"post-excerpt\">Please take notes on urine formation as homework (May 14th). You will be allowed to use these notes and the&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48401,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1199859],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-970","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology-12"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/970","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/48401"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=970"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/970\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":985,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/970\/revisions\/985"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=970"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=970"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/mrpletsch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=970"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}