Question: Is Wireless a Health Hazard?
Health Risks from Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi transmits radio signals in the same general frequency range as microwave ovens. Yet compared to ovens and even cell phones, wireless network cards and access points transmit at much lower power. WLANs also send radio signals only intermittently, during data transmission, whereas cell phones transmit continuously while powered on. Overall, the average person’s cumulative exposure to microwave radiation from Wi-Fi is much, much less than exposure from other radio frequency devices.Schools have nonetheless remained concerned about the health risks of wireless networks on children. A few schools have banned or limited the use of Wi-Fi as a safety precaution:
- Ballinderry Primary (UK) Decides to Shut Off Wi-Fi (2008)
- Lakehead University Restricts Deployment of Wi-Fi on Campus (2006)
Health Risks from Cell Phones
Scientific research into the effects of cell phone radiation on the human body also has produced inconclusive results. Some are adamant there is no health risk while others are convinced that cell phones increase the risk of brain tumors. As with Wi-Fi, some schools have considered banning cell phones due to radiation concerns:
Worried and wondering
- I have noticed the since Telstra have put an NBN wireless and another box of some sort in my bedroom I have had pain in my legs and throughout my body. My bed is right next to it, as that is where the electric plug is for my light. Am worried about the effect of the waves coming out through the boxes. Am seriously thinking of moving into the other bedroom – at least then I will know if it is that affecting me. Would be interested if anyone knows anything.
- —Guest Mary Burland
New router triggering symptoms
- I always thought WiFi was terrific–a wonderful way to communicate and with no problems. I’ve used it at public places as well as at my children’s homes and experienced no bad effects. Then recently I got a Jetpack [Verizon router] for use in my home and it’s been frightening. I’ve experienced headaches, dizziness and have had a lot of trouble thinking clearly when I use it. I took the device back to the company and told the reps about these problems. They (and my family) look at me with great disbelief–can’t understand how this could happen. I cannot explain it either, but for sure, the Jetpack created some serious problems for me.
- —Guest Kathy
All these waves and transmissions
- I feel I live in an age where the pressure is for me to keep up with all this technology. I have a mobile phone, laptop, tablet, iPod, dab radio, cordless phone, e-reader with Wifi. And I feel yuk. I don’t know whether this is to do with waves being sent out, but… compared to my youth my body inside doesn’t feel as great and its not because of aging. I think it’s also to do with all this processed food, even vegetables and fruit I find lack the nutrition they once had. Wi-Fi is still relatively all new and we don’t know all the effects it truly is doing to people. All I know is my mum has lung cancer, never smoked a day in her life, is under 50 and has been told her cancer is a rare mutation. I think this partly has to do with working next to a mobile mast [cell tower] for 10 years and use of mobile phoneS. My grandad also is suffering from Alzheimers, which is probably to do with old age… but like someone said in a previous comment, this wasn’t so common 50 years ago.
- —Guest Ryan
Wi-Fi can be harmful as well as it can’t
- The whole world today is becoming a different thing where one can’t tell what is harmful or not. But I say that let’s live by the world and not let the world live by us… .
- —Guest toh
EMF-sensitive
- In my case, proximity to many wireless devices such as WiFi transmitters results in a restless jittery feeling, headaches and sometimes nausea and muscle weakness. My brother has similar reactions, though for him the worst symptom is tinnitus. My doctor, who specializes in complex chronic illnesses, has noted that EMF-sensitivity is becoming much more common amongst his patients.
- —Guest Marie
How wireless is affecting my health
- Wi-Fi gives me a bad headache after some time. So do also cellphones and cordless phones. Gives me a constant high frequency ear sound inside my head. Bad sleep disorder, all nights.
- —Guest Haraldur
+30 scientific gatherings try to warn
- Vienna Resolution 1998 Salzburg Resolution 2000 Declaration of Alcalá 2002 Catania Resolution 2002 Freiburger Appeal 2002 Bamberger Appeal 2004 Maintaler Appeal 2004 Coburger Appeal 2005 Oberammergauer Appeal 2005 Haibacher Appeal 2005 Pfarrkirchener Appeal 2005 Freienbacher Appeal 2005 Lichtenfelser Appeal 2005 Hofer Appeal 2005 Helsinki Appeal 2005 Parish Kirchner Appeal 2005 Saarlander Appeal 2005 Stockacher Appeal 2005 Benevento Resolution 2006 Allgäuer Appeal 2006 WiMax Appeal 2006 Schlüchterner appeal Brussels Appeal 2007 Venice Resolution 2008 Berlin Appeal 2008 Paris Appeal 2009 London Resolution 2009 Porto Alegre Resolution 2009 European Parliament EMF Resolution 2009 Dutch Appeal 2009 Int’l Appeal of Würzburg 2010 Copenhagen Resolution 2010 Seletun Consensus Statement 2010 Potenza Picena Resolution 2013
- —siencewisdom
Asbestos was used in hospital buildings
- To the reader who mentioned WiFi in hospitals: Once upon a time, asbestos was used in hospital buildings, too. Doesn’t mean it was/is safe.
- —Guest June
Hazardous? Yes
- Wifi is everywhere… The same as smoking was permitted everywhere, even in hospitals. It is going to take some heavy research, and a ton of evidence for this current America to give up Wifi… . Convenience has always surpassed safety in this country. Sad, but so true.
- —Guest Riffio
Why are only cell phones at issue?
- Because wireless cell phone frequency is lower than the land line or cordless phone.
- —Guest Arya
Why only cell phones?
- It isn’t only cell phones – cordless landline phones are indeed hazardous to your health as well.
- —Guest Stacy
Research on tinnitus needed
- I can’t help but wonder if tinnitus is caused by Wi-Fi or irritated further because of it.
- —Guest Anonymous
Wireless and radiation
- The wireless devices that we use today, use Em waves to send signals. Our prolonged exposure to these Em waves can result in harming our body. The effects may be nausea, dizziness, headaches etc. But the most feared effect is mutation. Mutagens like radiation can change the genetic code/sequence of the cell DNA which can result in formation of mutant cells which divide at an uncontrollable pace . This can lead to formation of tumor and thus cancer. And the most feared property of tumor cells is metastasis (these mutant, abnormal cells may show up at another site in the body). We can’t avoid these EM waves in our world today, but we can limit the exposure of our body to these harmful radiations. These changes are not caused suddenly but due to frequent and prolonged exposure to radiation. Wireless devices emit radiation, and I request everyone to avoid too much use of these devices. Use them when needed.
- —Guest Shaun
Noticing there is more dementia
- I am 70 years old. When I was younger, I had no problem sleeping soundly. And there were less people with dementia. I have noticed that since the increase in more radio waves being used there is more dementia. Also I have more trouble shutting my mind off for sleeping. I wish I had a lead lined room to stop radio waves and see if that would help. Any studies being done?
- —Guest Ron
Nothing like the sun, no worries
- The sun puts out more radiation then Wi-Fi can ever dream to put out. Wifi is not radiant energy per se like the sun – you can feel the sun’s heat. However, anything that cause inflammation can cause cancer which comes from changes in oncogenes that can be from radiation, genetic or immunologic.
Headaches from tablet
- I got a tablet for my birthday and used it mainly to listen to audio books an watch videos. I started to get headaches and decreased thinking ability. I believe this was due to prolonged use of my tablet. I use it a lot less now, mainly to check emails. I feel a lot better with less use. Oh, and on the issue of government making sure the people are not exposed to harmful substances / EM fields / drugs etc. – ha, give me a break. If you use a device or are exposed to something and you feel bad or sick, trust your own judgement not what vested interests or authority figures say.
- —Guest Danny
Enjoy it
- I have trust in the matter that when is found out that any harm can be caused by Wifi, we will be notified. If people want to have conspiracy theories about wireless companies or whatever, that is fine. I choose to live my life without worrying over every little thing. I enjoy wireless Internet immensely, as I am on the toilet as I write this on a tablet. It makes life easier and more fun, and if it so happens to bite me in the … years from now, so be it.
- —Guest Rabin
Health issues here
- I always got a hot spot on the side of my head when I used analog wireless. I had to ask callers to call on my land line if they wanted to chat. I have the iPhone 4 digital now but I am still aware of the signal. I put it on airport as often as possible – turn it on for messages – I spend as little time in town at my apartment – 3 to 4 days max because of the proliferation of Wifi devices. I see 28 Wifis and 7 other devices on my internet connection that are transmitting through my apartment. I spend as much time down the coast as possible and I am thankful my signal is only 1 bar and often not even that. For my health I hope the signal never gets any stronger. My body can feel exposure.
- —Guest Mimi
Is there proof of Wifi danger?
- Is there a full proof that wifi is dangerous or not? I know of many people who believe that it is dangerous and of many who say it isn’t. I have to do a summer project report about wifi – its danger and how to prevent it. But when I searched I found a number of sites saying it isn’t. Can anyone please tell me if there is any proof that wifi is dangerous? -star ^_^
- —Guest star
Man made chaos and double standards
- It is impossible to find no interaction of matter with waves/ radiations. The potency and exposure periods are still to be researched for safe tolerance limits to still recast and prove it. It will very depending on age, health etc. Never forget of impact on animals, birds, plants etc. Therefore, how will you discover the safe limit and for whom will it apply? Are we, independent of nature, other species, agriculture and plants?? This radiation will continue to spread like it is happening for chemical pollution, petro-chemical pollution, fertilizer pollution and never to miss the medicinal and clinical pollution; while simply forgetting about theological and cultural pollution already crossed individual’s tolerance limits (to protect the native structures) and it’s confinement to some regions! All this man made chaos and double standards, implement to create economic concentrations and for spreading the technology or it’s benefits!
- —Guest Vivek Gupta
Electromagnetic stress from heavy metals
- I developed electrical sensitivty over a period of time and fell quite ill with it. I discovered that my silver / amalgam fillings, which contain mercury and other metals, were causing a lot of ill health and also causing a magnet effect around any electrical sources i.e. using a PC, Wi-Fi, even going into shops etc, where there is fluorescent lighting. I have had my amalgam fillings removed and replaced with white composites, and I am currently going through a detoxification process to remove the metals from my body. This is a very common problem amongst people, especially with highly sensitive individuals like myself.
- —Guest LKT
If wireless are harmful… then why?
- If wireless are harmful, then why do we use them at hospitals all over the country… even in patient areas.. and also as a guest to keep you entertained? I work at a major hospital and see them all over the place as well other hospitals… and we are one of the biggest hospitals within USA with over 30,000 employees.
- —Guest Willie
Wi-Fi is harmful
- Wireless is hazardous to our health. I believe all devices that have WiFi can cause cancer due to massive radiation. We use them daily so its very easy to have cancer. The manufacturer does (?) tell the all truth.
- —Guest josphat
So many different kinds of transmissions
- Man is surrounded all around by different types of radiations of different frequencies at different power. Moreover, man stands as a transmitter of various radiations generated within human body ranging from thermal radiations, Infra red, microwave, bio luminescence , mental modes etc. Man interact with external world sometimes through these radiations, some times through power as well as data acquired from external world. Man takes data in the forms what his five sense organs ear, skin, eye, tongue, nose) can collect . Truly speaking, man is a like a browser client with Nature as the server. Regarding the effects of radiation, it depends on the frequency range and its actual power. Mobile is uses low power transmitters and the user is far away from the source. Radiations from hand set is more. Broadcasting uses HPT and user is far away . The television set generated powerful electron beams. The computer screen generates more power and user is very close to it.
- —Guest Lokanath M.P.
Why only cell phones?
- If wireless cell phones are a hazard to the health, why aren’t land line phones that are wireless (cordless phones)?
- —Guest Glenn Lego
Everyone is a research scientist
- Everyone saying there is no harm from this low level radiation must be research cell biologists and scientific researchers. Look at the Bioinitiative 2012 report. Lots of reports showing damage to proteins and damage on a cellular level. This info doesn’t get much play because it is being suppressed by the big bucks of the wireless communication industry. Cigarettes, asbestos, thalidomide, nearly every new drug and medical procedure–all safe– oh, wait–NO THEY WEREN’T. How many people are going to be damaged–now and future generations because the morons in this country don’t read scientific journals where real info is published. They read the information sheet that comes with their new phone in which the phone manufacturer says everything’s just great–no worries! We are such an uneducated society that we believe if we can’t see it–it can’t harm us. If the government says it is OK, then it must be OK. Maybe we all need a lesson in biology, medicine, physic,…and less Angry Birds.
- —Guest SADFORU
Until it happens to you
- I would have erred on the side of thinking the ‘experts’ were making sure no damage was being done to us regarding RF’s until I started having a problem myself. Moved into a new home with two smartmeters and developed electromagnetic hypersensitivity or electromagnetic injury. Became highly sensitized to frequencies. I also can ‘feel’ a phone turn on or off, transmissions from phones, wifi, signals from phone towers as I drive past them. My life is a mess due to this. I never had this problem before. Can’t even live in my own home or go to a restaurant that has wifi. To all those naysayers out there–I wouldn’t have believed it but certainly do now since it happened to me. I can only use a computer that doesn’t have wifi and only for about 5 minutes before I can feel the effects. My utility company won’t change out my meters. I am going to attempt this myself. Don’t judge how other feel just because you don’t feel it. It is real and, if it happens to you, you will be suffering.
- —Guest veronica
Targets or victims?
- Cavemen lived under EM fields. But I think telecommunication fields are stoked at specific times of the day, most probably at night, routed through neighborhood complex trunks. I watch wiring go up, curiously fortified equipment through even the most mundane of neighborhoods. If the average family isn’t being targeted, I wouldn’t doubt they’re collateral victims of new technologies. And I’m the first to admit I love my WiFi and cell phone.
- —Guest kandiamo
A scientific approach
- I love wireless. But that being said, as a scientist I never doubt biological effects. At the molecular level, cells permit entry of substances and shaping of enzymes for reaction based entirely on electro-chemical environment. Enzymes and cell membrane channels have to be in a very specific configuration to permit normal activities to continue. Usually, cells buffer their own water to create this environment, but it is possible for external fields to rearrange ions in such a way as to make these essential reactions ineffective or nonexistent. When I experienced ‘restless legs’ I wondered if it was result of ambient EM field from the wires running along my apartment window just 20 feet away. The experiment was simple: Use mylar (plastic impregnated with aluminum) to ‘shield’ my legs under a sort of Faraday cage. I used a backpacking emergency blanket, tossing it carelessly over my legs when I woke in pain, resulting in a cooling sensation enabling me to sleep again.
- —Guest kandiamo
Re:Responses
- I have read several studies, one from Germany where a number of children at a Wi-Fi’d school started having sleep and attention issues post-installation. My old cell, which had a SAR rating of .59 or something I now use an iPhone4 (2 x the W/kg). The side of my head was getting hot after just a few minutes! It used to be more like ~30. So I got an anti-radiation case by Pong, is indi verified to reduce cell radiation, and now it takes about twice as long with the iPhone4 to get as hot (~8 minutes). But the old cell was still much less than half the effect. I’m talking temperature, not feeling! Something another person can come up and touch, and say “wow” b/c the other side of my head is not hot! Old Cordless 2.4GHz, some Microwaves 2.4GHz, much Wifi is still 2.4 GHz. 1) they can (and do) interfere with each other 2) stand 3′ away from microwave 3) strength of Wifi depends on standard, frequency, and OUTPUT POWER of ANTENNA! You think there’s no difference or effect based on this?
Going back to direct connection
- I was given a wireless mouse a couple of years ago and became progressively more sensitive to it over a period of three months, until every time I touched it, I would get a pain (not RSI) in either wrist. When I got rid of the mouse and went back to analogue, the pain went away, but I am now highly sensitive to mobile phones and have just sold my smart phone as I can no longer use it or even touch it without getting a headache. I replaced it with one of the lowest rating of SAR that I could find, but this is still causing me discomfort. I am now going back to old school hand sets. There is huge amounts of money involved in the proliferation of these technologies. Don’t expect government or industry to be protecting your health any time soon.
- —Guest Auckland
Wi-Fi is going to give us cancer
- Dear Guest Henrietta, Your story is identical to mine. Our Smart meter did me in too. The peak was when I woke up one day screaming because my head wanted to explode. I had to have it replaced. For about a week I felt numbness on the left side of my head. I couldn’t speak properly, I was so scared. Now I have no tolerance for Wi-Fi. I feel pressure in my head along with a burning sensation on top of my head. I have permanent retainers on and I get a metal taste in my mouth when there’s a wireless connection near me. I now feel my skin burning. I am very concerned!
- —Wz81
Yes – wireless makes me sick!
- I used to use wireless laptops, Wii, DECT cordless phones, wireless printer, cell phones and on and on. That is until a smart meter was placed on my house and the transmitters were turned on. It took months to figure out what in the world was causing the headaches, dizziness, burning skin, ringing in the ears. The smart meter did me in, and now I cannot tolerate wireless devices. Even walking through Walmart’s doorway scanners gets me. It’s become an absolute nightmare of trying to find a place to live and function without feeling assaulted by cell tower and all the other wireless signals.
- —Guest Henrietta
Something out of Star Wars
- @”Guest at” : it appears “the Force” is strong in you my friend.
- —Guest Guest jedi
Feeling heat waves
- I have been feeling hot from the inside and wondering what the cause could be, until I heard that someone connected this with wifi waves. Also headaches and insomnia. I gather some other people have these things too. That everyone does not is no surprise as everyone has different sensitivities. For example, I really couldn’t understand dyslexia until I had a child with the condition. I am very interested in hearing other people’s experiences with wifi.
- —Julie3925OO
Back in the day…
- when i started as a tv apprentice in 1952, all the line output transformers were shielded with warnings about operating with the cover off. We were talking about a mere 10kh. I wonder why much higher frequencies don’t seem to matter now. -John Methven
- —Guest methven
Weighing the harmfulness of WiFi
- I do know this: Profit carries more weight than people.
- —cjaa1
Placebo effects
- I have been dealing with RF radiation since the early seventies. If you can honestly claim you feel the effects of these transmitters, you are a miracle individual. Automatic door openers at the supermarket and Walmart would literally lay you out on the ground as they operate in the same spectrum. So do your Microwave ovens. Even though this is fact and based on real world medical evidence, this doesn’t negate the possibility of cumulative cellular damage over time. The fact is everyone is in constant contact with these RF fields every second of every day. Some are man made some are natural occurring. The come from the stars, from the atmospheric conditions, from electrical and electronic devices everywhere around us.
- —Guest Scott
The effects of WiFi and coffee
- Too much of most anything can be bad. Ergo, all things in moderation, except moderation, I say. I browse during coffee in the mornings, via my WiFi and was getting a sharp pain in my right eye. I soon discovered that you must remove the spoon from the coffee cup prior to raising toward your face.
- —Guest Ignatius
Just paranoia
- There’s pretty strong evidence of wireless causing no ill effects on health. I don’t just mean a “lack of evidence” for ill health, but real evidence of a lack of a problem. One thing we know about wireless / microwave / 3G signals is that there is a lot more of it now than there was 20 years ago. If any of it really was harmful, there would be a marked increase in headaches / brain tumors / cancer clusters / whatever else , yet there is no non infectious condition that has shown a marked increase in the last 20 or so years that would correlate to the vastly increased use of wireless. It’s very easy of course to imagine a “feeling” when turning on a mobile phone or standing near a mobile transmitter, and I don’t blame people for being worried, but these kind of feelings don’t stand up to a blind test. Try it yourself: Ask someone else to turn your phone on or off and see if you can consistently tell if it’s on or not by just by holding it near your head.
- —Guest Skeptic
Eye damage from wireless?
- I have been exposed for 4 years to a PC transmitter. My son has a wireless receiver and the transmitter is in my bed room. I have recently developed blindness in the left eye. What causes this problem is lack of blood flow to the eye, or small blood vessels at the back of the eye drying out. I sleep between the transmitter and receiver and on my right side, putting my left eye at a higher level than my right eye. I believe the exposure of the past four years to this transmission has damaged my left eye. Does anyone else have the same problem? P.S. I am moving this problem out of my bedroom.
- —Guest CARLTON
Could be staring at the screen too long
- If you get a headache from using your laptop, it doesn’t necessarily mean it is the radio signals. I get headaches from using my desktop, that does not even have a wireless adapter. Take a break from looking at the screen for too long. Your screen might be the main cause of your headache. For those who get a creepy feeling…yeah whatever. Reset yourself.
- —Guest clapYOass
Avoiding hands-free devices
- I can now understand what is really going on in my body system. Some times i do feel slight headache when ever I put on my wireless hands-free, but I never knew that it was the cause of my problem. Pleas stay away from wireless devices.
- —Guest Jude Akwarandu
Can you feel it from a sixth sense?
- When I’m transmitting wireless information, I get a feeling inside my body, I think near my right kidney. If I turn the wireless off, its gone. I tested this with my friend. We had a wireless modem and a wireless computer. When he started downloading, the feeling would get stronger. I could “sense” it.
- —Guest at
Are headaches a coincidence?
- I believe there is a risk in wireless/mobile signals. However, while there is so much money involved in this area no true answers will be given. I have switched my wireless network off at home as I was suffering constant headaches. Since then my headaches have stopped. Coincidence??
A balanced opinion on Wi-Fi (?)
- I believe that these wireless devices only emit a very small amount of radiation which has very little affect on the body. However, when your exposed to these small amounts of radiation surely this must creep up on us and damage our body in some way. It’s currently under research whether radio waves emitted by wireless devices can damage men’s sperm cells. However, I’m not entirely sure if the research has been complete yet. Google it. But my opinion on them is that the radio waves are much too weak to pose potential to harm to the body. We need to research this more to find out whether these devices can actually pose a threat to our good health.
- —Guest JCC
Radio wave patterns
- Anyone know where to find the radiation patterns emitted by the different routers?
- —ichidoyo
Everything is causing cancer
- Bottom line: You can not change Wifi, it’s too ingrained in today’s society. The one thing you can do is adapt to it and regulate the rest of what you do to lower your chances of cancer. Unfortunately for Americans that’s going to be tough. Our food with the chemicals, our clothes, our stress above all, causes a propensity for cancer. Get over it! So exercise, do not use the cellphone every five minutes. Try not to use Wifi too much, but if you must, then at least look for organic food, exercise extensively and try to live a happy life.
- —Guest Cancer
Wi-Fi is surely harmful
- Whenever I started wireless tethering from my Android, I would feel something… inside my body. After i turn it off, it is gone. So, if you can avoid it, avoid it.
- —Guest amirkodi
What will we then do
- So this makes our life in danger. What will we then do? Should we stay a bit farther away from the device?
- —Guest Fredrick Ogutu
Having problems for more than ten years
- I have been having problems with wireless devices and mobile phones since 1999, when I was 19 years old. I only can use a couple of phones, and it is really hard to find which ones they are when I want an upgrade. The more advanced the phone is, the more they affect. I am sure if they did any test on me they would find out with 5 minutes that phones are a big risk to the public… .
- —Guest levon
Do not believe
- This is not right..I have Wifi at home. We do not have these issues.
- —Guest Ap
Are headaches a symptom?
- I sometimes get headaches when using the laptop but not much else. Is this a symptom [caused by wireless signals]?
- —Guest guest guest
Wifi, E, 3G frequencies are risky
- Completely agree with the risk of communication technology (Wifi, E, “3G frequency microwave radiations”). Not just my opinion, but I am feeling pain and many health problems just when being close to any sources (receiver and transmitter) of Wifi / 3G. Now am writing these words and colleagues using smartphones and me feeling pain in my body and i cannot ask him to turn off his Wifi and 3G. My choice, I have to go away from him. I had experience with linksys wireless router from 2004, and Iphone 4 for one year. now i can not used them, and replaced it with wire router and GSM cellphone.
- —Guest Bahrain
A crawling feeling
- When I am near wireless devices, my ear feels like I have something crawling in it.
- —Guest gerrysot
It does affect human body.
- I personally believe whatever electronics invensions we humans have made till today severly affect our mind, body and soul. Its really the shit thing we have ever made. As an Electronics & telecommunication engineer, I strongly recommend people to avoid exposure to these radio waves & wifi radiations.
- —Guest Omkar Chitnis
Frying our brains and important parts
- My testosterone level, immune system, and memory have deteriorated since I installed a wireless router in my home. Coincidence? I think not.
- —Guest richman
A hypothetical question…
- What would we do if it turned out that something that was incredibly useful, something which we had come to depend on as a society and into which trillions of dollars had been invested, was contributing to a wide variety of serious health problems—cancer, heart problems, infertility, neurological problems—in hundreds of millions of people? I believe the answer is clear: the problem would be ignored and swept under the rug. Facing it would be too expensive. The only people who would attempt to cope with such a problem would be those so severely affected that they have no choice in the matter. Sites to look at – fullsignalmovie.com, disconnectbook.com, emfwise.com
- —Guest Josh
Wireless and radiation – common sense
- Wireless radio signals use different wave lengths which from common sense are harmless. I use a laptop and I haven’t experienced any issues. And to the guy who posted about having a pain in the testicle: You must have been sitting wrong. I use a laptop every day and my testicles never hurt in any way.
- —Guest thatguy
How much data do we need?
- Should we force our children to use wi-fi when their is no long term studies carried out? If its true that it harms rats and changes some peoples heart rate, than this should be more than enough reason to not use wi-fi, especially in schools.
Ex wireless technician says….
- I repaired radio for 30 years and I am convinced that those waves can be harmful. Even recently I was using a lap top and I started having pain in one testicle which continued to a couple of weeks until I stopped using the lap top in that position.
- —Guest Aubrey Brown
Why are we continuing to use Wi-Fi?
- Since it has been confirmed that it has side effects, we should stop using it.
- —Guest RASAQ
Focusing on exposure dangers, warnings
- I was glad to see that 3 or 4 of the articles was related to exposure…not use while driving or whatever. I would like to know about the risks of WiFi and cell usage… from the EXPOSURE aspect. Common sense dictates the rest.
- —Guest mike-nw indiana
Wi-Fi is harmful but also useful
- In modern life it is essential to use Wi-Fi wireless systems. We can’t avoid this, but we can restrict its use. We can make people aware by lots of campaigning that wireless systems are very harmful.
- —Guest SUDIP PANDA
It’s not about the wireless signals
- I am sure WiFi is dangerous. But it isn’t very much so compared to CELL PHONES. These things can kill. Just watch what happens to a car driven by a crazed cell phoner. Just watch, but do not get anywhere near it. It can cause death to all those in the vicinity. I’m glad you gave everyone a chance to learn about the serious dangers of cell phones. These dangers do decrease with distance. Like being miles away from anyone with a cell phone in use in car. Oh you want to know about the dangerous waves? Sorry, I am more concerned about the traffic accidents. Scientists should get their heads on straight, do something useful, and measure the right thing for a change.
- —Guest Computerist
What do the experts say?
- People have been to various parts of the universe (to the moon and elsewhere in space). Where are they now and what is their health condition? Can anyone out there who poses to be a guru or technology or scientific expert shed light on this delicate but serious topic?
- —Guest Adamant
It’s not about the network
- Yes, I am sure the electronic soup we are all exposed to daily does affect our health, especially long term. But guess what? It pales in comparison to the human stupidity factor. Cell phones have been found to be (you cannot doubt this one) MUCH more dangerous than any wired phone affixed to a wall. It takes only ONE traffic fatality to prove that. And there are MANY. So, the main danger of cell phones lies in their use on the highway. And any other place (work) where your attention is drawn from your main activity. Simply put, the danger from radiation is there, but it’s about 10 beelllion times less than the danger from the male/female next to you doing 80 mph while talking (texting? I can’t believe real people do that) on the cell. Put them IN a cell. Thank you for listening. (Actually, reading. Hopefully not on your mobile or laptop in your car.)
- —Guest Mr. Knowitall
All things in moderation
- There are millions of youth using mobiles over extended periods. Maybe this group will be the statistical control group – yes or no?
- —Guest acheon
Radiation Is A Concern
- In the cell phone studies I have seen, virtually all of the larger, independent ones have found reason for concern, whereas the cell-phone company sponsored studies have found the opposite. How can that be called inconclusive? That’s like saying that if the members of a gang all said their fellow-gang-member was in Oklahoma during a shooting, when a handful of unlrelated witnesses I.D.’d this gang person at the crime scene committing the crime, just before the body was found, then the court would somehow find this inconclusive. The court would immediately find the individual guilty so long as several witnesses with no “dogs in the fight” corroborated one-another. We’ve got to recognize that testimony from a non-biased witness is immensely superior to that of one with a vested interest in a case. It is possible that such a person could be truthful, but it is much, much, much less reliable, esp. as a means of making an important, life-changing decision. Use non-biased witnesses.
- —Guest john m
Same ole saw
- Heard the same about traffic radar when I was a cop. Ex-cops suing the RADAR manufacturers (and losing). The radiation from a traffic radar and similar device is equivalent to about 30 healthy fireflies. Come on people, get out of the 50’s style “atomic age” fear and stop looking for a reason to complain and sue.
- —Guest Arbiter
ssnfuture is correct….
- I haven’t seen a single scientifically-valid, peer-reviewed, statistically-significant study posted here for consideration. Opinions and ad hoc speculations are worse than useless; they convey an impression of some authority without any rational basis for it. If you want to avoid wireless based on this lack of evidence, or expose yourselves to as much of it as you wish based on the same lack of evidence, I’d make no effort to stop you. But to do so based on false inferences or rumor or innuendo or suppositions is just plain foolish. Sound evidence rules; anything else is wishful thinking.
- —csscouter
Think! (before buzzing off)
- Don’t buzz off some random thought or some speculation of yours… Be more accurate and scientific…. more even if you have statistical records… you can’t say its dangerous because you think it so or you heard it from others….
- —Guest ssnfuture
Wireless health effects found worldwide
- It’s a condition spreading throughout the world and there is science behind this phenomenon. There are biological effects even at non-thermal levels of microwave radiation, and you have to be quite far away to meet the Salzburg 2002 guidelines.
- —Guest Thinkagain
Some are refusing to listen
- It is quite obvious that many will not listen despite the confirmed research and information passed across to people that wi fi is hazardous. That it affects brain memories and flow of the blood in the heart.
- —Guest ayodjy
Wireless radiation = no problem!
- I have spent over 40 years working on transmitters at all frequencies. I am 78 years old and have no health problems. Been exposed to more microwave radiation than any cellphone user will ever encounter.
Worried about the wrong things
- I went to a Cisco CWLS class a few years back. The teacher said (talking about milliwatt exposure)… “5 minutes on a cell phone is the same as 1 year sitting under a wi-fi antenna”.
- —Guest Mark
Give it a rest!
- I think its absurd. Those who are worried about this should worry about something else, like, whatever happened to Absorbine Sr.?
- —Guest stringalong
Precaution is better than cure
- There is one fantastic proverb in English that you can take horse to the the pond but can not force him to drink water. The same is that of Wi-Fi networking to convey that it is hazardous for life.
- —Guest Devendra Burad
Just adapt
- We cannot survive without wireless technology, so we can try and survive with the effects.
- —Guest calvo
Sad that it can cause health problems
- Wireless networks are cool in that you do away with cables hanging around your computer. But it’s sad to learn that it can cause serious health problems if used for a long time…. Just like smoking is cool but harmful to your body. Is there anything nice, I wonder?
- —Guest Ezra Kwiimba
Is it making us dumber?
- Maybe all these signals interacting with our bodies and heads is why students today seem dumber than my dad? Or it’s the school system. Either way, we got stupider.
- —Guest unknownchild
21st century version of smoking
- I put this in the same category as smoking. In the mid 30s (I was born in 1924) my dad would light a cigarette and say “another nail in my coffin,” and sure enough at age 50 he died of lung cancer. It took some 60-70 yrs for people to be serious about smoking as a hazard. AND PEOPLE STILL SMOKE. I expect the same thing will happen with WiFi and cell phones.
- —Guest vink80
Wi-Fi and cellular radios seem similar
- Yes, wireless networking affects our body, the radios affect our mind power. Mobile [cellular] networks use the same technique – if those radios affect our body then why not Wi-Fi? What u think buddies? Tell me if I’m right or wrong.
- —Guest govind
What about radio, and nuclear radiation?
- We have had radio for a long time. It doesn’t appear to have caused any harm. But then, it’s difficult to see the forest when you’re in it. On the other hand, we have been bombarded with radiation since the 1950s, mostly from the testing done in Arizona, the Chernobyl event and other places… You are bombarded with radiation from so many sources!
- —nesdave1
Near-field intensity
- Some research at Tel Aviv University makes a link between cell phone usage (i. e., wireless in general) and salivary gland cancer as reported recently in the American Journal of Epidemiology. Could the link be caused in part (or totally) by the electromagnetic near field radiation close to the antenna of the cell phone (of wireless device) that are proportional to the inverse 4th, 6th, etc power of distance from the antenna. Not all radiation is of the inverse 2nd power that radiates into the distance. The 2nd power term radiates to long distances but the other higher order terms can be intense right at the antenna. In optics, energy flows around discontinuities and index gradients in the near field radiation pattern are quite complicated and do not follow the pattern seen in the far field radiation pattern. What happens at microwave frequencies is the same in principle except the dimensions of the flow patterns is larger as dictated by the proportionally of the wavelengths.
- —Guest Ken
Agree there is risk
- Being an Electrical Engineer, I know that living under “high voltage” lines does effect your body and mind. This has to go for any energy producing devices as well. Use a “hands free” ear-piece when using any cell or wireless device.
- —Guest bigguy821
Who knows?
- Nobody knows what the outcome will be till some years later. Will ailments like tinnitis become worse with wireless?
- —Guest sp
How safe can it be when… .
- We keep hearing so many news on this. You can’t speak on cell phone with your right year since it affects your brain faster than the left one. Sparrows no more roost where we have transmission towers… etc etc.. but can all these come to be without there really being something behind it? When you can cook with microwave, how much of it is safe when speak on phone, use wireless net connection or just use the wireless head set? Methinks, there more harm than is realized or the scientific community is prepared to tell us, since they would have been silenced on matters of commerce?
- —Guest barnabas.sam@gmail.com
Horse poo…and lots of it
- They said the same thing about Police traffic RADAR…bunch of cops sued…lost. Studies were done…RADAR not at fault. People will look for boogey men where ever they can. At the power we are dealing with in home networks, it is silly to think wi-fi could be dangerous, unless one has a 1.21 gigwatt wi-fi transceiver array somewhere in their home….
Mobile and wireless technologies : security and risk factors
- Gregor Urbas and Tony Krone
- Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice, no. 329
- ISBN 1 921185 25 2 ; ISSN 0817-8542
- Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, November 2006
Mobile and wireless technologies have evolved beyond recognition since the first radio signals were transmitted by pioneers including Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi in the late nineteenth century. Radio waves have been used since then as a basis for telephony, audio and video broadcast, and navigation and radar systems. More recently, the advent of mobile phones and similar devices has transformed business and social interactions. Today, many of us use mobile access to the internet to communicate in real time across the globe, to access business and government services online, to shop, view, read, search, explore and even simulate physical activities. Internet access no longer depends on a wired system such as a modem connected to a telephone landline – rather, it can be achieved using a mobile enabled device whenever and wherever a mobile access point is available. Such access points or hot spots are now widely available in airports, hotels, educational institutions and other public buildings. Increasing numbers of wireless networks are being installed in commercial buildings and private homes. With increasing mobile access to wireless networks, the demarcation between public and private space is being redefined. This has important implications in terms of security for those who make a mobile access point available and for those who use it. The security and risk factors associated with mobile and wireless technologies need to be understood and addressed to ensure safe and secure business and personal use of mobile technologies.
Toni Makkai Director
Wireless technologies have advanced with great speed in the past few years. Not only have the capacity and performance of wireless communications systems improved exponentially, but so has the range of information and services that can now be accessed using mobile devices. Mobile phones and other handheld devices such as palm pilots allow greatly increasing amounts of information to be retrieved, stored and transmitted in real time. This includes text as well as audio and video data, as illustrated by the ease with which mobile phone users are today able to converse by voice, email or SMS, take and transmit digital photographs, stream audio and/or video files, and upload/download a range of material directly via the internet.
The information and communications technology (ICT) revolution continues as more users adopt wireless systems, both for personal uses and in business dealings. Today, up to half of all broadband connected households in some countries have wireless access. Major cities are increasingly being serviced by multiple wireless providers and access points, so that wireless devices can be used from almost any urban location. In Australia, the number of internet subscribers reached approximately 6 million in mid-2005, with strong growth in the proportion of non dialup subscribers, such as integrated service digital network (ISDN) and digital subscriber line (DSL) broadband connections (ABS 2005). Many households and businesses have introduced some elements of wireless connectivity into their networks either through fixed wireless or mobile wireless (hotspots) internet access, though direct wireless access to internet service providers (ISPs) remains less common. Other applications of wireless connectivity include automated transmitting technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID) and other identification and access devices used in transport and building security.
Table 1 shows the four main types of wireless connectivity, based on the distances over which they operate.
Abbreviation | Name | Example | Distance |
---|---|---|---|
Source: Trusted Information Sharing Network (2006a) | |||
Note that terminology varies and further technical variations exist within each of these categories. For example, WMAN is also known as WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access). WPAN uses IEEE 802.15 standard (which includes Bluetooth from June 2002) and IEEE 802.15.3a (known as Ultrawideband). WWAN includes wide coverage area technologies such as 2G cellular, cellular digital packet data (CDPD), global system for mobile communications (GSM), general packet radio service (GPRS) and Mobitex. WMAN along with mobile broadband wireless access (MBWA) includes 802.16 and emerging standards such as 802.20 (NIST 2006; TISN 2006b). | |||
WWAN | Wireless wide area network | GSM mobile phones, 3G mobile phones | 10 km |
WMAN | Wireless metropolitan area network (IEEE 802.16) | Suburb of city connected to the internet at broadband speeds | 1 km |
WLAN | Wireless local area network (IEEE 802.11) | Local area network on the floor of a building connecting all workstations and servers | 100 m |
WPAN | Wireless personal area network (Bluetooth, Infrared) | Connecting and controlling various products and devices | 1 m |
The range of some of these technologies means that networks can now be accessed from previously unconnected locations. For example, travellers using wireless enabled laptops and mobile devices can now connect to their offices and exchange data from the comfort of an airliner flying 10,000 metres above land (TISN 2006a). Technological changes such as these can have significant effects on behaviour.
Behavioural changes
As more people become connected online through mobile technologies, there is a shift in their behavioural patterns including social interaction. This is particularly evident in the ways in which the demarcation between public and private space is understood. Davis and Pease (2000) have observed:
There are increasing opportunities for people to be isolated in public space. Business, inter-personal and entertainment activities have moved from the social and static to the personal and mobile. People have greater choice as to who they ‘meet’ and how. Physical society may, therefore, become a more hostile place, through which people travel rather than in which they expect to interact. In a dehumanised environment, people may become less ‘real’ to one another, leading to more extreme reactions and interactions.
Part of this social change is illustrated by behaviour patterns associated with mobile phone usage, whereby many people conduct private conversations in public places with little regard for their own privacy or security (or the sensitivities of those around them). To an increasing extent, mobile access to the internet is also shaping behaviour in public (Isobar & Yahoo 2006):
As the Internet becomes more pervasive, a blurring will occur between online and the ‘real world’. It will become commonplace for people to store many personal items online. It will also affect socialising, in terms of the places where people congregate and the people with whom they interact.
These behavioural aspects of new technologies are not only interesting from sociological perspectives. They also have consequences in terms of criminal opportunities to exploit the security vulnerabilities that mobile and wireless networks entail. These opportunities can be understood in terms of the benefits and risks associated with the technologies.
Benefits and risks
As with previous advances in communications systems, there are many advantages to wireless and mobile technologies (Krone 2006):
- flexibility – systems can be installed and reconfigured at minimal cost and with minimal disruption, which is particularly important in heritage buildings, or where a business needs to be flexibly configured
- mobility – people can connect to the internet from many more places, freeing them from the necessity of being physically located in an office and large amounts of data can now be downloaded onto small devices (such as data sticks, also known as USB keys).
However, there is a trade off between convenience and security. Just as with cyberspace, wireless technology blurs the distinction between the real and virtual, between physical and ICT security. Without the boundaries of a hard wired network, users are vulnerable to both intrusion and exploitation by other technology users, without necessarily being aware that this is happening. Particular security risks associated with mobile and wireless systems include:
- intrusion – networks are more open to intruder access unless protective measures (such as passwords, encryption and identifier disabling) are adopted and this may result in a greater susceptibility to theft or misuse of information contained on networks, unauthorised destruction or modification of data, and abuse of network capacity
- leeching – bandwidth can be used by intruders at the expense of legitimate businesses and users
- exploitation – network access can be misused to launch denial of service (DoS) attacks against third parties, transmit illicit material such as child pornography, or engage in other criminal activities.
The increased use of mobile devices to store large amounts of data also carries a risk of loss or theft, which can compromise the security of information. In order to minimise the risks of such abuses, mobile and wireless users need to be aware of security issues relating to the technology.
The key difference between wired and wireless networks from a security perspective is access to the system. With a wired system, there must be a physical connection in order to access data on the network. With wireless networks however, this is not the case – any person who is within the effective distance covered by a wireless access point (hotspot) has the potential to access the network by tuning in to the appropriate frequency (Kang 2005: 6). This means that an unsecured or poorly secured wireless network is highly vulnerable to accidental or deliberate intrusion. Accidental intrusion is a relatively common occurrence and is not itself normally regarded as harmful, unless the access is then exploited for further illicit purposes.
Security threats to computer networks include both physical and virtual aspects. A lack of adequate security in wireless networks can lead to criminal attacks such as theft of data, corruption of system integrity, hacking, sabotage, espionage, theft of capacity, and loss or theft of mobile and portable devices (Krone 2006). These can be broadly divided into active and passive attacks (NIST 2006; Rahman & Imai 2002; TISN 2006b).
Active attacks include:
- ID spoofing or masquerading in order to impersonate an authorised user of an access point or to obtain unauthorised privileges (including de-authenticating a legitimate user)
- message modification by deleting, adding to, or altering content
- DoS attacks whereby communications facilities are impaired by incoming messages
- ‘replay attacks’ to cause a DoS, or accelerate data flow to aid in the cracking of wired equivalent privacy (WEP) encryption
- dictionary attacks to guess the base station service set identifiers (SSID).
Passive attacks rely on the collection of data in transit without interrupting the communication between authorised devices. These can take the form of:
- eavesdropping – monitoring transmissions for message content
- traffic analysis – monitoring transmissions for patterns of communication.
Any of these techniques can be used in the commission of criminal acts exploiting mobile and wireless systems. There are several steps in deliberate exploitation.
Step 1: Discovery
The process of intentionally probing wireless networks to reveal whether they are accessible is known as sniffing or, where a laptop computer is used from a vehicle, war driving (Kang 2005). The latter term derives from the 1983 movie WarGames, in which a teenage hacker is depicted searching for modem lines by means of a computer program that dials a series of listed phone directory numbers until a successful connection is made – sometimes referred to as war dialling (Ryan 2004). Similarly, war drivers are able to drive around detecting the SSIDs and security settings of wireless networks in a given area such as an urban centre and physically map these onto a geographic map, either for later use or to share the information obtained with others. Variants of war driving are war chalking, whereby individuals walk around an urban centre with wireless detection devices and mark network hotspots using chalked symbols intended to be read by other participants in the activity (Ryan 2004; Freeman 2006), and war flying, which has reportedly been successful in picking up numerous wireless networks from a plane flying over an Australian city (Dreyfus 2002).
Step 2: Connecting
The next step in wireless intrusion is to obtain access, typically from outside the premises in which the network operates. Such unauthorised access is commonly referred to as LAN-jacking. This is done by simply connecting to the wireless network. Where necessary to overcome security settings, further tools can be used to crack passwords and/or discover any encryption keys used by the wireless system, tools which can all be obtained with a minimum of effort from internet sites (Kang 2005).
An exercise conducted by KPMG using honeypot sites (created to test vulnerabilities by providing a measurable target for illicit activity) found that most probes to detect wireless connections in the London central business district were attempted during early and late workday hours – suggesting that the source was war driving commuters – but that only 16 percent of these probes went on to obtain network access, with three-quarters of these engaging in further acts that could be described as hostile, such as tampering with settings and commands (Judge 2002; OutLaw.com 2003). A recent South Australian study using three honeypot sites in Adelaide, found that these probes were more likely when the honeypot was surrounded by other wireless networks. The majority of unauthorised connections made were seeking access to the internet submitting DNS queries for popular websites or instant messaging. Two of the honeypots experienced malicious connections involving port scans or attempts to penetrate the honeypot’s virtual host (Pudney & Slay 2005).
Step 3: Exploiting access
One consequence of unauthorised access to a wireless network is that the intruder obtains free use of the network and its capabilities, including connection to the internet, at the expense of the legitimate owner (leeching). Such open ended availability and access can result in problems for both the intruders and the networks they join. For example, leeching may constitute a further offence, particularly if accompanied by dishonest intent. In some cases, stolen bandwidth can amount to a significant cost, analogous to the illegal abstraction of electricity from a building. Beyond this, however, unauthorised access allows for a number of further forms of exploitation:
- unauthorised access to information held on the network
- unauthorised creation/modification of data on the network
- DoS attacks on the network or other networks.
Unauthorised access to a network can be exploited to send spam or other messages, download or distribute illegal content such as child pornography, launch further attacks or engage in other online criminal acts. The costs to affected owners extend beyond mere unauthorised use of computing resources, and directly affect the security and privacy of information held on the system. In some cases, the major security problem is that the wireless intruder is able to assume the identity of the legitimate business concerned and conduct fraudulent or illegal transactions using that identity until discovered. This may also mean that the business owner is wrongly accused or suspected of responsibility for the acts, which apart from the risk of prosecution, may also entail significant damage to commercial reputation.
National information infrastructure
The national information infrastructure (NII) includes telecommunications, transport, distribution, energy, utilities, banking and finance industries as well as critical government services including defence and emergency services (TISN 2004). Because the electronic systems supporting the NII rely to a large extent on wireless connections (for example, communication between control towers and aircraft), it is imperative that these systems be protected by effective security measures. Although Australia has to date not suffered any major attacks against its NII through wireless networks, the risks are illustrated by the Boden case (discussed below) in which a water and sewerage system in Queensland was subject to attack (Krone 2006).
Neither the community of technology users nor law enforcement is in a position to deal alone with all threats to communications systems, nor is it reasonable to expect the costs to be borne by only one sector. A cooperative approach is necessary to keep cyberspace as safe as possible. The Australian High Tech Crime Centre exemplifies this approach to policing technology-enabled crime by working closely with private sector personnel such as bank security experts as part of its investigation operations (AHTCC 2006).
Law enforcement responses can be divided into three key areas: prevention; detection and investigation; and prosecution.
Prevention
As ICT has largely been developed without building in security mechanisms from the beginning, ICT platforms are readily misused and once a criminal application has been developed it can persist in ways that cannot easily be stopped. As a result, there is often an iterative cycle of vulnerability-exploit-patch for each new vulnerability. Public authorities have limited influence over the architecture of the wireless environment. Prevention is therefore largely in the hands of users, and the police interest is in ensuring that users take into consideration the full impact of their decisions when committing to wireless technology (Krone 2006). There is a wide range of commercially available products and services designed to enhance security of mobile and wireless networks, including encryption tools, access controls and intrusion detectors (Lopez 2004).
Wireless risks occur at several levels – including users, mobile devices, wireless networks, wireless applications and the internet (Bahli & Benslimane 2004) – so there is no single prevention strategy that will remove all risks. Recommendations made by the Advanced Computing Research Centre, based on a survey of industry experts, include strengthening of physical barriers to access points, use of authentication requirements, firewalls and intrusion detection systems, encryption and password protection, disabling of SSID broadcasting facilities and employee eduction (Krone 2006).
Detection and investigation
Law enforcement agencies have limited powers and capacity to monitor electronic signals for signs of illegal activity. There is therefore not a major role for police in the detection of illegal mobile and wireless usage. Law enforcement depends to a large extent on complaints from the public, and computer users are often unaware of intrusions on their wireless networks or unwilling to report them (Krone 2006). The annual AusCERT computer crime and security survey indicates that there is generally a low rate of reporting attacks on computers to the police. In the most recent survey, 69 percent of organisations that experienced electronic attacks or other forms of computer crime within the previous 12 months chose not to report the attack to law enforcement (AusCERT 2006). Only seven percent reported one or more incidents to the Australian High Tech Crime Centre, 22 percent to another Australian law enforcement agency, 15 percent to an external computer security incident response team (such as AusCERT) and 10 percent to legal counsel for civil remedy.
Where enforcement authorities do try to trace wireless intrusions, the investigative trail may lead only to a numeric internet protocol address in the case of a public network or the innocent owner of a wireless home network (Schiesel 2005).
Prosecution
Prosecutions for wireless network intrusion remain rare in Australia. The Boden case (see box) illustrates how wireless intrusion can affect components of critical infrastructure such as public utilities.
Overseas, the emerging picture reveals prosecutions for a range of computer offences committed against or using wireless networks. Reported cases include that of a Toronto man who allegedly used his neighbour’s internet connection to download child pornography (Schiesel 2005), while in the United Kingdom a man was reportedly fined 500 for obtaining unauthorised access to a wireless network in a residential building after being caught standing outside it with his laptop (Reade 2005). In the United States, several prosecutions have been brought against suspects accused of wireless intrusion, including a widely reported case in Michigan involving a home improvement retailer (see box).
Those who disseminate viruses or other malware, send massive amounts of unsolicited messages (spam) or distribute pornography and other potentially offensive content are finding new ways to shift their activities to mobile phones and other handheld devices, exploiting the rapidly growing popularity of instant messaging services such as SMS. Because of the widespread use of these modes of communication by children, there is a danger that they will be targeted by predators or exposed to illicit content (Read 2005). The use of war driving to exploit wireless networks for pornography spamming is illustrated by the United States case of Tombros (see box).
Wireless hacking case (Australia)
During March and April 2000, Vitek Boden made 46 attempts using wireless connections to hack into Maroochy Shire Council’s computerised waste management system. He had lost his job in developing the wireless network that controlled the sewage and drinking water system. During the attack his laptop identified itself as Pumping Station 4 and sent commands leading to the release of millions of litres of raw sewage into rivers and parks, with considerable environmental costs. In October 2001, Boden was found guilty on various charges involving computer hacking, theft and causing environmental damage, and sentenced to two years imprisonment. On appeal, convictions on two of the charges were set aside but the sentence was left unchanged: R v Boden [2002] QCA 164 (10 May 2002). A subsequent special leave application to the High Court of Australia was dismissed on 25 June 2003.
Sources: Krone 2006: 34; Smith, Grabosky & Urbas 2004: 205
Wireless hacking case (USA)
Three suspects in Michigan were indicted in November 2003 over a scheme to steal credit card records by hacking into a wireless connection for the Lowes home improvement chain. Using a laptop, they allegedly hacked into the Michigan store’s wireless network late at night from a car parked outside, thereby gaining access to the company’s central data centre in North Carolina and seven other Lowes stores around the country, at one point crashing the point of sale terminals at a California store. Their purpose was to install a data capturing program used to process credit card transactions, thus enabling theft of credit card details. In December 2004, one of the three, Brian Salcedo, was sentenced to nine years in prison while an accomplice received 26 months plus two years court supervised release.
Sources: Poulsen 2003, 2004; United States Department of Justice 2003, 2004a
Wireless war spamming case (USA)
In September 2004, Nicholas Tombros pleaded guilty in a California court to obtaining unauthorised access to wireless computer networks in order to send spam emails advertising pornographic websites. According to the United States Department of Justice, Tombros admitted that he went war driving around the Venice Beach community in California, and sent the spam messages each time his laptop connected to unprotected wireless access points. This war spamming case was the first ever prosecuted under the US CAN-SPAM Act, the United States’ anti-spamming legislation introduced in 2003.
Source: United States Department of Justice 2004b
Mobile and wireless security need to be addressed by both the users of technology and law enforcement agencies in order to minimise the risks of criminal misuse. Wireless systems installed by home users, businesses and other institutions have obvious advantages in terms of convenience and access, but this feature also increases the risks of outside intrusion and misuse. Some types of misuse can constitute criminal offences, and law enforcement agencies need to be aware of the ways in which criminals have begun to exploit the vulnerabilities of these new forms of information and communications technologies.
All URLs were correct at October 2006
- AusCERT 2006. Australian computer crime and security survey
- Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2005. Internet activity. ABS cat. no. 8153.0
- Australian High Tech Crime Centre (AHTCC) 2006. Joint Banking and Finance Sector Investigation Team (JBFSIT)
- Bahli B & Benslimane Y 2004. An exploration of wireless computing risks: development of a risk taxonomy. Information management & computer security 12(2/3): 245
- Davis R & Pease K 2000. Crime, technology and the future. Security journal 13(2): 59
- Dreyfus S 2002. War driving takes to the air over Perth.The Age 27 Aug 2002
- Freeman EH 2006. Wardriving: unauthorized access to Wi-Fi networks. Information systems security Mar-Apr: 11-15
- Isobar & Yahoo 2006. Fluid-lives.com 2006.
- Judge P 2002. Wi-Fi ‘wartrappers’ snare the drive-by hackers. ZDNet 9 Oct
- Kang M-C 2005. Wireless network security: yet another hurdle in fighting cybercrime. In Reich P (ed), Cybercrime & security vol.1 part IIA-2
- Krone T 2006. Gaps in cyberspace can leave us vulnerable. Platypus 90 Mar: 31-37
- Lopez J 2004. WLANs vulnerable to hacking.NewsFactor magazine online 14 Jun
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 2006. Guide to IEEE 802.11i: Robust Security Networks. Draft special publication 800-97. 5 Jun
- OutLaw.com 2003. KPMG honeypot lures London’s wardriving commuters.Out-Law.com news
- Poulsen K 2003. Wireless hacking bust in Michigan.Security focus 12 November
- Poulsen K 2004. Long prison term for Lowe’s wi-fi hacker.Security focus 16 Dec
- Pudney P & Slay J 2005. An investigation of unauthorised use of wireless networks in Adelaide, South Australia. Proceedings of Information Security and Privacy: 10th Australasian Conference, Brisbane, 4-6 July 2005. Lecture notes in computer science vol. 3574/2005: 29-39
- Rahman MG & Imai H 2002. Security in wireless communication. Wireless personal communications 22(2): 213-228
- Reade Q 2005. Man fined for hacking into wireless connection.Webuser magazine 25 Jul
- Ryan PS 2004. War, peace or stalemate: wargames, wardialling, wardriving, and the emerging market for hacker ethics. Virginia journal of law & technology 9(7): 1-57
- Schiesel S 2005. Growth of wireless Internet opens new path for thieves. New York times 19 Mar
- Smith R, Grabosky P & Urbas G 2004. Cyber criminals on trial. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press
- Trusted Information Sharing Network (TISN) 2004. Critical infrastructure protection national strategy
- Trusted Information Sharing Network (TISN) 2006a. Wireless security: overview for CEOs
- Trusted Information Sharing Network (TISN) 2006b. Wireless security: overview for CIOs
- United States Department of Justice 2003. Three men indicted for hacking into Lowe’s companies’ computrs with intent to steal credit card information.Press release 9 Dec
- United States Department of Justice 2004a. Three plead guilty to computer hacking.Press release 4 Aug
- United States Department of Justice 2004b. Guilty plea by local ‘war-spammer’ is first-ever conviction under Can-Spam Act. Press release 28 Sep
What are “healthy” limits of RF Exposure
A growing body of medical studies is now linking cumulative RF exposure to DNA disruption, cancer, birth defects, miscarriages, and autoimmune diseases. Smart meters significantly contribute to an environment already polluted by RF radiation through the pervasive stationing of cellular telephone towers in or around public spaces and consumers’ habitual use of wireless technologies. In the 2000 Salzburg Resolution European scientists recommended the maximum RF exposure for humans to be no more than one tenth of a microwatt per square centimeter. In the United States RF exposure limits are 1,000 microwatts per centimeter, with no limits for long term exposure.[4] Such lax standards have been determined by outdated science and the legal and regulatory maneuvering of the powerful telecommunications and wireless industries.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ceased studying the health effects of radiofrequency radiation when the Senate Appropriations Committee cut the department’s funding and forbade it from further research into the area.[5] Thereafter RF limits were codified as mere “guidelines” based on the EPA’s tentative findings and are to this day administered by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
These weakly enforced standards are predicated on the alleged “thermal effect” of RF. In other words, if the energy emitted from a wireless antenna or device is not powerful enough to heat the skin or flesh then no danger is posed to human health.[6] This reasoning is routinely put forward by utilities installing smart meters on residences, telecom companies locating cellular transmission towers in populated areas, and now school districts across the US allowing the installation of cell towers on school campuses.[7]
The FCC’s authority to impose this standard was further reinforced with the passage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act that included a provision lobbied for by the telecom industry preventing state and local governments from evaluating potential environmental and health effects when locating cell towers “so long as ‘such facilities comply with the FCC’s regulations concerning such emissions.’”[8]
In 2001 an alliance of scientists and engineers with the backing of the Communications Workers of America filed a federal lawsuit hoping the Supreme Court would reconsider the FCC’s obsolete exposure guidelines and the Telecom Act’s overreach into state and local jurisdiction. The high court refused to hear the case. When the same group asked the FCC to reexamine its guidelines in light of current scientific studies the request was rebuffed.[9] Today in all probability millions are suffering from a variety of immediate and long-term health effects from relentless EMF and RF exposure that under the thermal effect rationale remain unrecognized or discounted by the telecom industry and regulatory authorities alike.
Growing Evidence of Health Risks From RF Exposure
The main health concern with electromagnetic radiation emitted by smart meters and other wireless technologies is that EMF and RF cause a breakdown in the communication between cells in the body, interrupting DNA repair and weakening tissue and organ function. These are the findings of Dr. George Carlo, who oversaw a comprehensive research group commissioned by the cell phone industry in the mid-1990s.
When Carlo’s research began to reveal how there were indeed serious health concerns with wireless technology, the industry sought to bury the results and discredit Carlo. Yet Carlo’s research has since been upheld in a wealth of subsequent studies and has continuing relevance given the ubiquity of wireless apparatuses and the even more powerful smart meters. “One thing all these conditions have in common is a disruption, to varying degrees, of intercellular communication,” Carlo observes. “When we were growing up, TV antennas were on top of our houses and such waves were up in the sky. Cell phones and Wi-Fi have brought those things down to the street, integrated them into the environment, and that’s absolutely new.”[10]
In 2007 the BioInitiative Working Group, a worldwide body of scientists and public health experts, released a 650-page document with over 2000 studies linking RF and EMF exposure to cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, DNA damage, immune system dysfunction, cellular damage and tissue reduction.[11]
In May 2011 the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer categorized “radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans based on an increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer, associated with wireless cellphone use.”[12]
In November 2011 the Board of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM), a national organization of medical and osteopathic physicians, called on California’s Public Utilities Commission to issue a moratorium on the continued installation of smart meters in residences and schools “based on a scientific assessment of the current available literature.” “[E]xisting FCC guidelines for RF safety that have been used to justify installations of smart meters,” the panel wrote,
“only look at thermal tissue damage and are obsolete, since many modern studies show metabolic and genomic damage from RF and ELF exposure below the level of intensity which heats tissues … More modern literature shows medically and biologically significant effects of RF and ELF at lower energy densities. These effects accumulate over time, which is an important consideration given the chronic nature of exposure from ‘smart meters.’”[13]
In April 2012 the AAEM issued a formal position paper on the health effects of RF and EMF exposure based on a literature review of the most recent research. The organization pointed to how government and industry arguments alleging the doubtful nature of the science on non-thermal effects of RF were not defensible in light of the newest studies. “Genetic damage, reproductive defects, cancer, neurological degeneration and nervous system dysfunction, immune system dysfunction, cognitive effects, protein and peptide damage, kidney damage, and developmental effects have all been reported in the peer‐reviewed scientific literature,” AAEM concluded.[14]
Radiating Children
The rollout of smart meters proceeds alongside increased installation of wireless technology and cell phone towers in and around schools in the US. In 2010 Professor Magda Havas conducted a study of schools in 50 US state capitols and Washington DC to determine students’ potential exposure to nearby cell towers. A total 6,140 schools serving 2.3 million students were surveyed using the antennasearch.com database. Of these, 13% of the schools serving 299,000 students have a cell tower within a quarter mile of school grounds, and another 50% of the schools where 1,145,000 attend have a tower within a 0.6 mile radius. The installation of wireless networks and now smart meters on and around school properties further increases children’s RF exposure.[15]
Many school districts that are strapped for cash in the face of state budget cuts are willing to ignore the abundance of scientific research on RF dangers and sign on with telecom companies to situate cell towers directly on school premises. Again, the FCC’s thermal effect rule is invoked to justify tower placement together with a disregard of the available studies.
The School District of Palm Beach County, the eleventh largest school district in the US, provides one such example. Ten of its campuses already have cell towers on their grounds while the district ponders lifting a ban established in 1997 that would allow for the positioning of even more towers. When concerned parents contacted the school district for an explanation of its wireless policies, the administration assembled a document, “Health Organization Information and Academic Research Studies Regarding the Health Effects of Cell Tower Signals.” The report carefully selected pronouncements from telecom industry funded organizations such as the American Cancer Society and out-of-date scientific studies supporting the FCC’s stance on wireless while excluding the long list of studies and literature reviews pointing to the dangers of RF and EMF radiation emitted by wireless networks and cell towers. [16]
The Precautionary Principle / Conclusion
Surrounded by the sizable and growing body of scientific literature pointing to the obvious dangers of wireless technology, utility companies installing smart meters on millions of homes across the US and school officials who accommodate cell towers on their grounds are performing an extreme disservice to their often vulnerable constituencies. Indeed, such actions constitute the reckless long term endangerment of public health for short term gain, sharply contrasting with more judicious decision making.
The 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment & Development adopted the precautionary principle as a rule to follow in the situations utilities and school districts find themselves in today. “Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.”[17] In exercising the precautionary principle, public governance and regulatory bodies should “take preventive action in the face of scientific uncertainty to prevent harm. The focus is no longer on measuring or managing harm, but preventing harm.”[18]
Along these lines, the European Union and the Los Angeles School District have prohibited cell phone towers on school grounds until the scientific research on the human health effects of RF are conclusive. The International Association of Fire Fighters also interdicted cell towers on fire stations pending “’a study with the highest scientific merit and integrity on health effects of exposure to low-intensity [radio frequency/microwave] radiation is conducted and it is proven that such sitings are not hazardous to the health of our members.’”[19]
Unwitting families with smart meters on their homes and children with cell towers humming outside their classrooms suggest the extent to which the energy, telecom and wireless industries have manipulated the regulatory process to greatly privilege profits over public health. Moreover, it reveals how the population suffers for want of meaningful and conclusive information on the very real dangers of RF while the telecom and wireless interests successfully cajole the media into considering one scientific study at a time.
“When you put the science together, we come to the irrefutable conclusion that there’s a major health crisis coming, probably already underway,” George Carlo cautions. “Not just cancer, but also learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, autism, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and psychological and behavioral problems—all mediated by the same mechanism. That’s why we’re so worried. Time is running out.”[20]
Notes
[1] Energy.gov, “President Obama Announces $3.4 Billion Investment to Spur Transition to Smart Energy Grid,” October 27, 2009,
http://energy.gov/articles/president-obama-announces-34-billion-investment-spur-transition-smart-energy-grid
[2] Ilya Sandra Perlingieri, “Radiofrequency Radiation: The Invisible Hazards of Smart Meters,” August 19, 2011, GlobalReserach.ca, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=26082
[3] Dr. Bill Deagle, “Smart Meters: A Call for Public Outrage,” Rense.com, August 30, 2011, http://www.rense.com/general94/smartt.htm. Some meters installed in California by Pacific Gas and Electric carry a “’switching mode power-supply’ that ‘emit sharp spikes of millisecond bursts’ around the clock and is a chief cause of ‘dirty electricity.’” See Perlingieri, “Radiofrequency Radiation: The Invisible Hazards of Smart Meters.” This author similarly measured bursts of radiation in excess of 2,000 microwatts per meter every 30 to 90 seconds during the day, and once every two-to-three minutes at night.
[4] Magda Havas, BRAG Antenna Ranking of Schools, 2010,
http://electromagnetichealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/BRAG_Schools.pdf
[5] Susan Luzzaro, “Field of Cell Phone Tower Beams,” San Diego Reader, May 18, 2011,
http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2011/may/18/citylights2-cell-phone-tower/?page=1&
[6] FCC Office of Engineering and Technology, http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety
[7] Luzzaro, “Field of Cell Phone Tower Beams”; Marc Freeman, “Cell Towers Could Be Coming to More Schools,” South Florida Sun Sentinel, January 5, 2012,
http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-01-05/news/fl-cell-towers-schools-palm-20120105_1_cell-towers-cellular-phone-towers-stealth-towers
[8] Amy Worthington, “The Radiation Poisoning of America,” GlobalResearch.ca, October 9, 2007, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=7025
[9] Worthington, “The Radiation Poisoning of America.”
[10] Sue Kovach, “The Hidden Dangers of Cell Phone Radiation,” Life Extension Magazine, August 2007, http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2007
/aug2007_report_cellphone_radiation_01.htm
[11] Susan Luzzaro, “Field of Cell Phone Tower Beams”; Bioinitiative Report: A Rationale For a Biologically-based Public Exposure Standard For Electromagnetic Fields, http://www.bioinitiative.org/freeaccess/report/index.htm.
[12] World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer, “IARC Classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as Possibly Carcinogenic,” May 31, 2011, www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf; Joseph Mercola, “Be Aware: These Cell Phones Can Emit 28 Times More Radiation,” Mercola.com, June 18, 2011,
http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/06/18/finally-experts-admit-cellphones-are-a-carcinogen.aspx.
[13] American Academy of Environmental Medicine, “Proposed Decision of Commissioner Peevy [Mailed 11/22/2011] Before the Public Utilities Commission of the State of California,” January 19, 2012. www.aaemonline.org
[14] American Academy of Environmental Medicine, “The American Academy of Environmental Medicine Calls for Immediate Caution regarding Smart Meter Installation,” April 12, 2012, http://www.aaemonline.org/
[15] Havas, BRAG Antenna Ranking of Schools, 31-38.
[16] Donna Goldstein, “Health Organization Information and Academic Research Studies Regarding the Health Effects of Cell Tower Signals,”Planning and Real Estate Development, Palm Beach County School District, January 30, 2012.
[17] Havas, BRAG Antenna Ranking of Schools, 17.
[18] Multinational Monitor, “Precautionary Precepts: The Power and Potential of the Precautionary Principle: An Interview with Carolyn Raffensperger,” September 2004, http://multinationalmonitor.org/mm2004/09012004/september04interviewraffen.html.
[19] Luzzaro, “Field of Cell Phone Tower Beams.”
[20] Kovach, “The Hidden Dangers of Cell Phone Radiation.”
James F. Tracy is Associate Professor of Media Studies at Florida Atlantic University. He is an affiliate of Project Censored and blogs at memorygap.org.
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