The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was created in 1995 by the South African government. With a democratically elected Black majority government elected in 1994, the move from the government was to come to terms with the events of Apartheid and to begin healing the country from the discrimination and human rights abuses that non-white South African had suffered for so long. Apartheid was a time of discrimination and legal racial segregation by the white minority against the non-white majority in the country (1). It was a social and legal system from 1948 until 1994 (2). The institutional racism in South Africa had stripped the political and civil rights of non-whites, with all public services like education and health care being segregated. The TRC was established to heal the country by publicizing the entire truth of the violence and discrimination during Apartheid, as well as finding a way to rehabilitate victims and give them reparations. Beginning in 1995, the TRC heard from various victims and perpetrators about the human rights violations which happened under Apartheid, these hearings were then used to give amnesty to some perpetrators and reparations to victims. The Commission operated as an independent body free from political interference, but this was controversial as the Commission itself was born out of political compromise (3).

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1 The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Apartheid | Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Dec. 2018.
2 United States Institute of Peace. “Truth Commission: South Africa.”, 22 Oct. 2018.
3 Vora, Jay A., and Erika Vora. “The Effectiveness of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” Journal of Black Studies, Jan. 2004: 305.

Rehabilitation:
Promoting democratization and a culture of tolerance was key as it would promote national reconciliation and rehabilitation. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission strongly agreed that in order to transform South Africa into a country of tolerance and democracy, the entire brutal truth of the country’s past had to be acknowledged and revealed (1). Rehabilitation was key for South Africa, as it was not enough to give sums of money to victims and apologize, the culture of South Africa needed to be changed into an inclusive one as the country is very diverse. Voting rights was one issue in the rehabilitation process as before 1994, whites were the only ones who could vote. In addition, one suggestion by the African National Congress was to set up community based services and activities which could help promote healing and rehabilitation. Some examples of community based services and activities are; housing projects for those who lost housing, life skills training for victims, and programs for the continuation of studies (2). These community projects would go beyond reparation and help the nation heal by creating services which not only help victims recover but also services which allow victims to become more fully involved in community, like by pursuing further studies.

Reparation:
Reparations was a key issue in the TRC’s work as it was agreed that victims would need help to rehabilitate as many had lost land and family members during Apartheid. It was perhaps the most important issue as the Commission argued that without proper reparation and rehabilitation measures, the country will not be able to heal (3). However, this issue was not covered very well by the TRC as it took more than 5 years for the Commission to implement the reparation policy (4). With natives having been victims for more than 40 years, waiting another 5 years for the reparation they had been promised highlight’s the failure of the TRC in resolving this issue. In addition, the victims received significantly less than they had been promised (5). The importance of this issue in the peace process can be described as shining a focus on repairing the relationship between the victims, giving them back their dignity and preventing future human rights abuses. One issue then with reparation is for the TRC to decide which communities and individuals should get reparations or rehabilitation.

Amnesty:
The TRC had to deal with the racial injustice and gross human rights violations which happened in South Africa. The aim was to create accountability for the human rights violations that had happened but the TRC also created a process of amnesty for those who disclosed their crimes fully. Those crimes who were proved to be politically motivated were given amnesty (6). This issue of amnesty is important as it highlights the process of reconciliation for the Commission. In addition, this process of reconciliation through amnesty was done by an independent body which ran parallel to the justice system, therefore this process of amnesty was never politically motivated (7). The TRC hoped that with amnesty, perpetrators would be able to openly describe all of the acts that they had done under Apartheid and this would lead to the full truth of that period being revealed. However, by focusing on individual perpetrators, the TRC lost out on focusing on the ordinary violence of Apartheid. The focus of the TRC was more on major political figures which enforced Apartheid, instead of people like neighbors who may have been perpetrators too.
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1 Vora, Jay A., and Erika Vora. “The Effectiveness of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” Journal of Black Studies, Jan. 2004: 305.
2 African National Congress. "Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission". 1996.
3 Truth and Reconciliation Commission. "Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Final Report". 1998: 1.
4 Pillay, Suren, and Helen Scanlon. Truth and Reconciliation Commissions in Africa: South Africa, Nigeria,Ghana and Sierra Leone. Centre for Conflict Resolution, 2008: 19.
5 Ibid. p. 19.
6 Ibid. p. 18.
7 Vora, Jay A., and Erika Vora. “The Effectiveness of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” 305.

National Party (NP): The party governed South Africa from 1948-1994, where until 1989 they enforced the ideas of white supremacy through their creation and continuation of Apartheid; in 1989 under de Klerk’s leadership, they began to move away from Apartheid and instead support a constitutional arrangement that would give political representation to the Black majority. They provided a submission for the commission where they said they supported the TRC as they were attempting to transform their political values from the past and share power with South Africa’s black majority (1).

African National Congress (ANC): Was a political opposition movement to Apartheid, led by Nelson Mandela (2); initially were a peaceful group, but later became violent and were ultimately banned from 1960-1990 by the white government until de Klerk lifted it; however, they continued to operate underground during that time (3). They made the first call for the Truth Commission in 1994 (4), and also provided a submission where they detailed their campaigning strategy against Apartheid while also stating they did not have any direct policies or leadership that contributed to human rights violations, but they admit they could have done more to prevent or stop the abuses(5).

United Democratic Front (UDF): A major anti-Apartheid movement launched in 1983, who consisted of many other anti-Apartheid groups. They took part in peaceful protests against Apartheid, and supported the TRC where they made a submission answering questions for whether their activities contributed to human rights abuses (6).

Human Rights Violations (HRV): One of the three committees created by the TRC: investigated 21,000 statements (7) made to the TRC of potential human rights abuses committed between 1960 - 1994. It first considered the nature of the violation and perpetrator outlined in the statement, and then if applicable, the statement was referred to the Reparation and Rehabilitation Committee (8).

Amnesty Committee (AC): One of the three committees created by the TRC: ensured that all applications for amnesty followed the provisions of the ACT; if granted, the perpetrator is free from prosecutions for that act. Amnesty can be applied for any omission, offence or act related to a political objective that occurred between March 1st, 1967 and September 30th, 1997 (9).

Reparation Rehabilitation (R&R): One of the three committees created by the TRC: strives for healthy coexistence and ensurance of no repetition of violations. They provide support for victims to restore their dignity and supply policy recommendations for victims healing, rehabilitation and affected communities (10).

South African Police Service (SAPS): The predominantly white police force of South Africa, whose duties were both civil and military which allowed for them to be ‘an arm’ in the Apartheid regime (11). They were known to be ‘brutal, partisan and corrupt’ and committed many human rights violations (12).

South African Defence Force (SADF): The predominantly white armed forces of South African, who at times, worked alongside the police to stop strikes and rebellions (13). They were employed by the Apartheid government, and therefore, enforced the racist Apartheid agenda, and took part in human rights abuses, such as torture, ill-treatment and unjustified use of lethal force (14).

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1 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “National Party.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1 Oct. 2020.
2 “Truth Commission: South Africa.” United States Institute of Peace, 22 Oct. 2018.
3 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “African National Congress.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 28 July. 2020
4 “TRC Final Report: Volume 1.” South African History Online, 29 Oct. 1998: 49.
5 “African National Congress: Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” Truth & Reconciliation Commission, Aug. 1996
6 “United Democratic Front (UDF).” South African History Online, 03 Sept. 2020.
7 “TRC Final Report: Volume 1.”: 165.
8 “The Committees of the TRC.” Truth & Reconciliation Commission.
9 Ibid
10 Ibid
11 “South African Police Services (SAPS).” South African History Online, 08 March, 2019
12 Will, Matthew. “The South African Experience with Changing the Police from Within.” Jstor Daily, 22 June, 2020.
13 “South African Defence Force (SADF).” South African History Online, 27 Aug, 2019
14 Stott, Noel. “From the SADF to the SANDF: Safeguarding South Africa for a better life for all?” Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 2002: 3.

United Nations (UN): The Security Council defined Apartheid as a crime against humanity in Resolution 556, on 13 December 1984. Defining Apartheid as a crime against humanity was a key step in the creation of the TRC (1).

British Petroleum (BP): A key business that supported apartheid policies, and was an ultimate factor that sustained the economy and therefore allowed for Apartheid to continue (2); once oil was embargoed by the UN, BP continued to supply it in secrecy, allowing for the essential supply of fuel to continue in South Africa. BP did not send a submission to the TRC, and this lack of participation was seen as a failure of accountability, within South Africa and Britain (3).

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1 “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume Two.” Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 29 Oct. 1998, 95.
2 “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume Four.” Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 29 Oct. 1998, 50.
3 “Oil Giants Fail to Explain Apartheid Role.” South African Press Association, 1997.

Barrier 1
The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission faced resistance by high ranking military officers, and politicians, who did not want to work with the commission. These senior military personnel did not want to apply for amnesty because they believed that their actions did not constitute gross violations of human rights, but were rather deemed “justifiable acts of war”(1). Political parties such as the African National Congress and the Inkatha Freedom Party initially refused to participate in the hearings because they believed that the commission committees were not impartial (2).

Barrier 2
A lack of resources for the amnesty process resulted in inadequate legal representation and psychological support for victims. If victims were able to obtain representation, the standard of this representation was often significantly lower than that of the perpetrators, who could obtain highly paid government-funded representation (3). This was important because accountability of perpetrators would be increased if stronger cross-examinations were occurring on applicants’ testimonies (4). Furthermore, testimonies and revelations during amnesty hearings often had upsetting effects on many survivors and victims. However, psychological support during the amnesty hearings were inadequate, especially where long-term support was needed (5).

Barrier 3
The South African government was slow at implementing the TRC’s recommendations. By the end of 2010, only a few of the commission’s recommendations had been implemented. Specifically, the government severely delayed any actions to fulfill the recommended financial reparation policies for victims, and prosecute the individuals about whom there was credible evidence of their involvement in human rights abuses (6). The government’s failure to pay reparations and carry out prosecutions disillusioned many victims because it seemed as the government was facilitating impunity and perpetrators were devoid of taking accountability for their actions (7).

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1 Graybill, Lyn S. “Pursuit of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa.” Africa Today, 1998: 109
2 Graybill, Lyn S. “Pursuit of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa.”: 108
3 Garkawe, Sam. "The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: a suitable model to
enhance the role and rights of the victims of gross violations of human rights?" Melbourne University Law Review, Aug. 2003: 363
4 Garkawe, Sam. "The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: a suitable model to
enhance the role and rights of the victims of gross violations of human rights?": 364
5 Garkawe, Sam. "The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission": 363
6 Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. “Truth and Justice: Unfinished Business in South Africa.” 2003: 1
7 The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Apartheid | Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Dec. 2018.

The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission has been internationally regarded as a success. The commission’s amnesty hearings have gained attention around the world because it was the first commission to hold public hearings where both victims and perpetrators were heard (1). The TRC focussed on addressing the painful past of the country, that was trying to heal from racial tensions, social issues and institutional problems. It created a method where victims, perpetrators, and the South African society could work together to reflect on the past in order to build a united nation for the future. Desmond Tutu’s idea of ubuntu — the basic connectedness of all human beings beyond all lines of race and class — formed the foundation of how he led the effective TRC (2). The openness of the perpetrators and victims to apologize and forgive rather than focussing solely on revenge was a part of why the TRC is considered a success (3). The Ubuntu philosophy helped the peace process effectively achieve its goal of promoting peace and reconciliation after the painful Apartheid regime (4). The TRC’s approach was praised because it was an innovative model for building peace and justice that focused on creating a foundation for building reconciliation among all South Africans (5). The South African TRC has added a new model for truth and reconciliation for countries struggling against impunity and the search for justice and peace.

The South African TRC was successful because it focused on transparency and healing not only the nation, but also meeting the needs of individual victims. The amnesty hearings provided citizens a space through which people could actively address the past in order to move forward. This model worked towards healing individual wounds in order to create a bridge from the past to the future, and from a deeply divided society to a united nation (6). Confronting the painful past of South Africa’s past was a necessary step in promoting healing, because while it may not have been easy, the future of a new nation could not be built on denial of the past (7). Furthermore, the TRC process created a space for the nation to grow by learning about other cultures, making amends, reducing stereotypes, creating a culture of respect, and enhancing tolerance.

The TRC was an important step for South Africa’s transition to a full and free democracy. The commission was successful at fulfilling one of its most fundamental mandates: safely bringing the country into a modern and democratic era (8). The TRC is considered an important founding moment of the establishment of a new nationhood in South Africa (9). Rather than building a nation off of a foundation of amnesia, the TRC argued that to effectively pursue a whole-scale transformation to democracy, the painful past of South Africa needed to be revealed (10). The TRC "had helped to create the space for words and not weapons. The space for the tender roots of a new democracy to take hold" (11).

The South African TRC is only one part of the difficult, intricate and long-term process of reconciliation. Despite its challenges and critiques however, the TRC played a crucial role in helping the nation address their past of injustice and inequality, while finding a way to move forward. The South African TRC has become renowned as a successful model for other countries that are dealing with post conflict issues. While the TRC was not perfect, ultimately, its results responded to the needs of the people and the nation.

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1 The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Apartheid | Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Dec. 2018.
2 Battle, Michael. “A Theology of Community: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu.”
Interpretation, Apr. 2000: 181
3 Arthur, Dominic D. et al. "An Analysis of the Influence of Ubuntu Principle on the South Africa Peace Building Process." Journal of Global Peace and Conflict, 2015: 73
4 Arthur, Dominic D. et al. "An Analysis of the Influence of Ubuntu Principle on the South Africa Peace Building Process.": 73
5 The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Apartheid | Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End.”
6 Andrews, Molly. “Grand National Narratives and the Project of Truth Commissions: A
Comparative Analysis.” Media, Culture & Society, Jan. 2003: 59
7 Vora, Jay A., and Erika Vora. “The Effectiveness of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” Journal of Black Studies, Jan. 2004: 302.
8 Ibhawoh, Bonny. “Do Truth and Reconciliation Commissions Heal Divided Nations?” The
Conversation, 28 June 2019.
9 Ibhawoh, Bonny. “Do Truth and Reconciliation Commissions Heal Divided Nations?”
10 Vora, Jay A., and Erika Vora. “The Effectiveness of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission.”: 305.
11 Vora, Jay A., and Erika Vora. “The Effectiveness of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission.”: 306.

African National Congress. “Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” 1996. https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans/submit/anctruth.htm. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. “Truth and Justice: Unfinished Business in South Africa.” 2003. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr53/001/2003/en/. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

Amnesty International. “Amnesty International Report 2009 - South Africa.” 2009. https://www.refworld.org/docid/4a1fadc05f.html. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

De Klerk, Frederick. “Submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission by Mr. Frederick De Klerk, Leader of the National Party.” 1996. https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02264/05lv02303/06lv02331/07lv02332.htm. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

Mandela, Nelson. “Statement by Nelson Mandela on receiving Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report.” 1998. http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/1998/981029_trcreport.htm. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

Mbeki, Thabo. “Statement to the National Houses of Parliament and the Nation at the Tabling of the Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” 2003. http://www.nftc.org/default/ussabc/Mbeki_Sp.pdf. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

South Africa. “Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act 34 of 1995”. 1995. https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1995-034.pdf. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

The Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation & the Khulumani Support Group. “Submission To The Truth And Reconciliation Commission: Survivors' Perceptions Of The Truth And Reconciliation Commission And Suggestions For The Final Report.” 1998. https://www.csvr.org.za/publications/1705-submission-to-the-truth-and-reconciliation-commission-survivors-perceptions-of-the-truth-and-reconciliation-commission-and-suggestions-for-the-final-report. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission. “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Final Report.” 1998 https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/truth-and-reconciliation-commission-trc-0. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

UN General Assembly (25th session). “The policies of apartheid of the Government of South Africa.” 1970. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/645550?ln=eng. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

UN General Assembly. “International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid.” 1976 https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.10_International%20Convention%20on%20the%20Suppression%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Apartheid.pdf. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

Andrews, Molly. “Grand National Narratives and the Project of Truth Commissions: A
Comparative Analysis.” Media, Culture & Society, vol. 25, no. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 45–65, doi:10.1177/0163443703025001633.

Molly Andrews is a professor of political psychology who has conducted research projects in South Africa where she examined testimonies from their truth and reconciliation Commission. This article examines the importance of publicly acknowledging personal suffering in the processes of truth and reconciliation commissions. To conduct her research, Andrews studied transcripts from the the proceedings of the South African TRC. Andrews concluded that by allowing victims to give testimonies, they were able to participate in acknowledging the painful past of their nation in order to create a bridge from the past to the future.

Diedrich, Frank. “The TRC’s Balancing of Law, Religion and Economics in South Africa – A Model for Alternative Dispute Resolution?” Verfassung in Recht Und Übersee, vol. 40, no. 1, 2007, pp. 5–22, 10.5771/0506-7286-2007-1-5.

Frank Diedrich is a law professor who examines how law, religion, and economics has determined the success of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa. With his expertise in the legal system, Diedrich examines routes that South Africa could have taken to end the Apartheid conflict, for example a civil war. However, the article discusses how South Africa put a lot of importance on the rule of law. The role of Christianity is also highlighted as it contributed to the Commission’s decisions towards giving amnesty and healing the country instead of having individual court trials for all who committed human rights abuses.

Durbach, Andrea. “Towards Reparative Transformation: Revisiting the Impact of Violence against Women in a Post - TRC South Africa.” The International Journal of Transitional Justice, vol. 10, issue 3, 2016, pp. 366-387, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijw017

Andrea Durbach was born and educated in South Africa where she later served as a political trial lawyer and human rights advocate for victims and opponents of apartheid laws. She is currently a professor at UNSW Law and previously served as the Director of the Australian Human Rights Centre. This article criticizes the TRC for the absence of sexual violence in defining gross human rights abuses. Due to this absence, the sexual violence continues and becomes facilitated as a routine. She explains how in the TRC they portrayed women making statements as women empowerment, yet they left out a key part of the abuses for women. She believes in order to makes reparations for women, the TRC has to address the past and publicly acknowledge ‘the underlying structural inequaltieis that precipitated or compounded sexual violence against women,’ but until that happens, South Africa will continue to have the most sexual violence against women in the world.

Garkawe, Sam. "The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: a suitable model to
enhance the role and rights of the victims of gross violations of human rights?" Melbourne University Law Review, vol. 27, no. 2, Aug. 2003, p. 334+. Gale OneFile: LegalTrac, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A111509174/LT?u=ubcolumbia&sid=LT&xid=e801d279.

Sam Garkawe is a law professor who has specialized in teaching international criminal law and justice. Garkawe was elected to the Executive Committee of the World Society of Victimology and is a member of their UN Liaison Committee. He has published many articles in the field of victimology, specifically regarding the role of victims in international criminal justice processes such as the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. This article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of South Africa’s truth and reconciliation processes. To complete his analysis, Garkawe focuses on the amnesty hearings, the victims’ testimonies and the nations formulation of rehabilitation policies. Garkawe concludes that successful TRCs should focus on “victim-centered” ideals, and must be responsive to the needs and interests of the victims.

Gibson, James L. “The Contributions of Truth to Reconciliation.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 50, no. 3, June 2006, pp. 409–432, 10.1177/0022002706287115.

‌James L. Gibson holds the position of Professor Extraordinary in Political Science at Stellenbosch University in South Africa. He has written extensively about the both Apartheid and the Truth and Reconcilitation Commission of South Africa in both books and articles. This article analyzes whether the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s work on bringing the truth to light is what made reconciliation possible. It demonstrates well how the commitment of South Africans to the rule of law and legal universalism was a big contributor in going from accepting the truth of the human rights abuses to accepting to work towards reconciliation. Overall, this article highlights how reconciliation was not just accepted, it was a process brought by the uncovering of the truth and the values held by South Africans.

Graybill, Lyn S. “Pursuit of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa.” Africa Today, vol. 45, no. 1, 1998, pp. 103–133. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4187209.

Lyn S. Graybill is a professor of international affairs who has specialized in the role of religious and cultural resources in international ethics and human rights. She has authored multiple books about resistance politics, human rights and democracy development in South Africa. This article assess how the South African truth and reconciliation commission handled human rights violation committed by the former regime. Graybill focused on analyzing the benefits and drawbacks of the amnesty hearings to make an assessment of the political, procedural and ethical criticisms of the South African TRC. Graybill concludes that while the commission was not perfect, it has worked to provide restorative justice to the victims of the previous regime.

Mamdani, Mahmood. “Amnesty or Impunity? A Preliminary Critique of the Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (TRC).” Diacritics, vol. 32, no. 3, 2002, pp. 33–59, 10.1353/dia.2005.0005.

Mahmood Mamdani is a specialist in the study of African and international politics, colonialism and post‐colonialism. The article by Mamdani is a good critique of the Commission’s report, it explores throughout the article how the commission ignored many important parts of Apartheid such as the legal apparatus by which human rights abuses were made possible. The Truth and Reconciliation’s decision not to discuss the legal aspects of Apartheid is argued to be a grave mistake for the Commission. This missing issue from the final report of the Commission fails to highlight the detention without trial or laws passed which allowed violations that many were victim too during Apartheid. As put by Mamdani, Apartheid was a legal apparatus, not only a social problem.

Valji, Nahla. “Race and Reconciliation in a Post-TRC South Africa.” Centre for the Study
of Violence and Reconciliation, 2004, Accessed 8 Nov 2020.

Nahla Valji is a policy specialist on rule of law and justice at UN Women, in New York. She is the co-founder for the African Transitional Justice Research Network and the International Journal of Transitional Justice, while she maintains her position at the Center for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation in South Africa. This article provides criticism towards the TRC for promoting a ‘rainbow nation’ throughout South Africa since the reconciliation. She explains how the TRC was silent on the topic of race, and how the denial of the racist history, produces an unwillingness to acknowledge it today. Thus, when racial violence occurs, it is seen as an extreme scenario, instead of a continuation from the past.

African National Congress. “Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission”. 1996. https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans/submit/anctruth.htm. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.
‌
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. “Truth and Justice: Unfinished Business in South Africa”. 2003. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr53/001/2003/en/. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

Andrews, Molly. “Grand National Narratives and the Project of Truth Commissions: A
Comparative Analysis.” Media, Culture & Society, vol. 25, no. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 45–65, doi:10.1177/0163443703025001633.

Arthur, Dominic D., Abdul K. Issifu, and Samuel Marfo. "An Analysis of the Influence of
Ubuntu Principle on the South Africa Peace Building Process." Journal of Global Peace and Conflict, vol. 3, no. 2, 2015, doi: 10.15640/jgpc.v3n2a4.

Battle, Michael. “A Theology of Community: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu.”
Interpretation, vol. 54, no. 2, Apr. 2000, pp. 173–182, doi:10.1177/002096430005400206.

Carroll, Rory. “De Klerk ‘Lied to Cover up Human Rights Abuses.’” The Guardian, 22 Mar.2003, www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/22/southafrica.rorycarroll. Accessed 23 Nov.2020.

“Desmond Tutu.” The Forgiveness Project,www.theforgivenessproject.com/stories/desmond-tutu/. Accessed 23 Nov. 2020.

Garkawe, Sam. "The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: a suitable model to enhance the role and rights of the victims of gross violations of human rights?" Melbourne University Law Review, vol. 27, no. 2, Aug. 2003, p. 334+. Gale OneFile: LegalTrac, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A111509174/LT?u=ubcolumbia&sid=LT&xid=e801d279.

Ibhawoh, Bonny. “Do Truth and Reconciliation Commissions Heal Divided Nations?” The
Conversation, Academic Journalism Society, 28 June 2019, theconversation.com/do-truth-and-reconciliation-commissions-heal-divided-nations-109925.

“Oil Giants Fail to Explain Apartheid Role.” South African Press Association, 1997. www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1997/9711/s971107d.htm. Accessed 4 Nov. 2020.

Pillay, Suren, and Helen Scanlon. "Truth and Reconciliation Commissions in Africa: South Africa,
Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone." Centre for Conflict Resolution, 2008.
‌
“Sharpeville Massacre, 21 March 1960.” South African History Online, 2009,
www.sahistory.org.za/article/sharpeville-massacre-21-march-1960. Accessed 23 Nov. 2020.

“South African Constitution 1996.” South African History Online,
https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-african-constitution-1996. Accessed 23 Nov. 2020.

“South African Defence Force (SADF).” South African History Online, 27 Aug. 2019. www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-african-defence-force-sadf. Accessed 8 Nov. 2020.

“South African Police Services (SAPS).” South African History Online, 8 Mar. 2019. https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-african-police-services-saps. Accessed 8 Nov. 2020.

Stott, Noel. “From the SADF to the SANDF: Safeguarding South Africa for a better life for all?” Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, vol. 7, 2002.

“The Committees of the TRC.” Truth & Reconciliation Commission. https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/trccom.html. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Apartheid | Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Dec. 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “African National Congress.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 28 Jul. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-National-Congress. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa | South African History.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 4 Feb. 2019, www.britannica.com/topic/Truth-and-Reconciliation-Commission-South-Africa. Accessed 23 Nov. 2020.

“The June 16 Soweto Youth Uprising.” South African History Online, 2016, www.sahistory.org.za/article/june-16-soweto-youth-uprising. Accessed 23 Nov. 2020.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission. "Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Final Report". 1998. https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/truth-and-reconciliation-commission-trc-0. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.
‌
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