{"id":195,"date":"2022-06-06T09:00:31","date_gmt":"2022-06-06T16:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/?p=195"},"modified":"2022-06-08T16:50:32","modified_gmt":"2022-06-08T23:50:32","slug":"artificial-intelligence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/2022\/06\/06\/artificial-intelligence\/","title":{"rendered":"Artificial Intelligence"},"content":{"rendered":"

Who were these people, and how did\/does each contribute to the development of artificial intelligence? How did\/does each think \u201cintelligence\u201d could be identified?<\/em><\/p>\n

Alan Matheson Turing was a British mathematician who used the theory of machine learning and computing to take a leading role in breaking Nazi cipher during WWII.\u00a0 In one of Turning\u2019s papers he discussed how to build and test intelligent machines.\u00a0 He believed if a machine could engage with a human, without being detected as a machine, it demonstrated intelligence (Frankenfield, 2022).<\/p>\n

John McCarthy was a professor whose research focused on artificial intelligence.\u00a0 He has been referred to as the Father of AI and is known to have coined the term artificial intelligence<\/em> at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence.\u00a0 McCarthy defined intelligence as an ability and believed that a system could process that ability to various degrees (Sutton, 2020).<\/p>\n

Herb Simon has been referred to as one of the founding fathers of AI.\u00a0 He is known for working with Allen Newell to develop a computer program that simulated human decision making.\u00a0\u00a0 Simon defined human intelligence, as a behaving system, and thought that the more complex environments we find ourselves in, the more complex our decision making becomes (The Decision Lab, 2021).<\/p>\n

Marvin Minsky was a mathematician and computer scientist who cofounded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u2019s Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1959 with John McCarthy (BBC News, 2016).\u00a0 He believed a computer could replicate the functions of the human brain.\u00a0 Minsky was driven by the concept that human intelligence for common sense reasoning could be imparted to computers or machines.<\/p>\n

Timnit Gebru is a well-known scholar in the AI ethics community.\u00a0 As a computer scientist she researches algorithmic bias.\u00a0 Gebru believes intelligence can be used or misused for harmful, illegal, or unintentional purposes though human bias in coding.\u00a0 Gebru believes that intelligence is embedded in everyday products and as humans we aren\u2019t always able to distinguish between AI and machine learning (Woolery, 2022).<\/p>\n

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How do \u201cmachine (programming) languages\u201d differ from human (natural) ones?<\/em><\/p>\n

Human language is the principal method of communication, it is a system of spoken and written symbols, that humans have used to express themselves and their identities.\u00a0 As time goes on, language evolves and changes.\u00a0 Machine language is also a method of communication created by humans to communicate instructions to a machine or a computer (Harris, 2018).\u00a0 There are several differences between human and machine language.\u00a0 The most obvious may be that programming language was intended for machines.\u00a0 Machine language doesn\u2019t follow grammar rules and it doesn\u2019t change depending on the context.\u00a0 It also doesn\u2019t evolve and develop like human languages do; there is no room for errors or improvement.\u00a0 Finally, machine language is non-emotional; intonation or body language have no effect on machine language.<\/p>\n

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How does \u201cmachine (artificial) intelligence\u201d differ from the human version?<\/em><\/p>\n

Human intelligence is our ability to acquire skills and knowledge.\u00a0 As Challot (2019) indicates, the AI community often measure intelligence by the skills exhibited by AI. \u00a0There are several ways that AI differs from human intelligence.\u00a0 As humans we are able to adapt to changing environments by using different cognitive processes, AI has the ability to mimic human behaviour and actions.\u00a0 As humans we use our brains to solve problems, remember, and think; AI relies on data and instructions from humans.\u00a0 Humans rely on learning from past knowledge and experience; AI doesn\u2019t think, it learns from data and performs tasks efficiently, however, it relies on human commands.\u00a0 Finally, AI is designed to mimic human behavior, it isn\u2019t able to make rationale decisions like humans (Vadapalli, 2021).<\/p>\n

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How does \u201cmachine learning\u201d differ from human learning?<\/em><\/p>\n

Machine learning involves exposing a computer to training data, and based on that data, the computer learns to process the data, which allows the computer to form predictions and judgments (Heilweil, 2020).\u00a0 Human learning involves actively making sense of the world around us by acquiring new knowledge, behaviours, and skills.\u00a0 Humans use their brains, bodies, and environment to learn; if humans are given new information, we can change how we think or feel about knowledge that we have.\u00a0 As Heilweil (2020) points out, AI doesn\u2019t have the ability to change how it predicts information.\u00a0 This has led to AI predictions being biased; we often don\u2019t know how bias is built into data or what data helped build it.<\/p>\n

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How do YOUR answers to these questions differ from what a machine could generate?<\/em><\/p>\n

My responses to the above questions were derived by reviewing course contents, doing my own online searches and research, from my past work experience, and from my past learning through the MET program.\u00a0 If I imagined responses to the above questions that only included artificial intelligence, it would exclude any information that I personally learned through the course readings, past work experience, and my past learning experiences in the MET program.\u00a0 My reasoning process uses the knowledge that I currently have to draw the conclusions and create the explanations for the above questions.\u00a0 For me personally, this knowledge and experience is drawn from my own teaching experience, as well as, my current and past experience and knowledge gained through work and educational experiences.\u00a0 Artificial intelligence may not have the same experiences and knowledge that I possess, and therefore, if I compared my thoughts to what AI would produce on this topic, we would likely draw different conclusions.\u00a0 Based on the research I\u2019ve done for this assignment; I believe that my conclusions are more in-depth and thoughtful then if generated by AI.\u00a0 I believe that humans form opinions better than machines and although humans have their own bias, they have the ability to identify their bias and have the ability to exclude their bias in thoughtful conclusions and explanations.<\/p>\n

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References<\/strong><\/p>\n

BBC News. (2016, January 26). AI pioneer Marvin Minsky dies aged 88. BBC News.<\/em> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-35409119<\/a><\/p>\n

Biography.com Editors. (2020, July 22). Alan Turing.<\/em> Biography. https:\/\/www.biography.com\/scientist\/alan-turing<\/a><\/p>\n

Chollet, F. (2019, November 5). On the measure of intelligence.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1911.01547<\/a><\/p>\n

Frankenfield, J. (2022, February 22). What is the Turing test?<\/em> Investopedia. https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/t\/turing-test.asp<\/a><\/p>\n

Harris, A. (2018, November 2). Human languages vs. programming languages – Ana Harris.<\/em> Medium. https:\/\/medium.com\/@anaharris\/human-languages-vs-programming-languages-c89410f13252<\/a><\/p>\n

Heilweil, R. (2020, February 18). Algorithms and bias, explained.<\/em> Vox. https:\/\/www.vox.com\/recode\/2020\/2\/18\/21121286\/algorithms-bias-discrimination-facial-recognition-transparency<\/a><\/p>\n

Sutton, R. S. (2020). John McCarthy\u2019s definition of intelligence. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, 11<\/em>(2), 66-67.\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/jagi-2020-0003<\/a><\/p>\n

The Decision Lab. (2021, March 2). Herbert Simon.<\/em> The Decision Lab. https:\/\/thedecisionlab.com\/thinkers\/computer-science\/herbert-simon<\/a><\/p>\n

Vadapalli, P. (2021, December 20). AI vs Human Intelligence: Difference Between AI & Human Intelligence.<\/em> upGrad Blog. https:\/\/www.upgrad.com\/blog\/ai-vs-human-intelligence\/#:%7E:text=While%20Human%20Intelligence%20aims%20to,analogous%2C%20but%20machines%20are%20digital<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Woolery, E. (2022). Timnit Gebru: Machine learning, bias, and product design.<\/em> Timnit Gebru: Machine Learning, Bias, and Product Design – DesignBetter. https:\/\/www.designbetter.co\/conversations\/timnit-gebru<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Who were these people, and how did\/does each contribute to the development of artificial intelligence? How did\/does each think \u201cintelligence\u201d could be identified? Alan Matheson Turing was a British mathematician who used the theory of machine learning and computing to take a leading role in breaking Nazi cipher during WWII.\u00a0 In one of Turning\u2019s papers […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":71792,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-195","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ed-tech-foundations"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/71792"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=195"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":197,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195\/revisions\/197"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=195"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=195"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ubc.ca\/robinmchugh540\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=195"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}