The phrase “oligarchic democracy” is the adjective being employed to define the political democratic system in the Ukraine. Oligarchic democracy describes the big business and political group interaction. Democracy becomes subjected to the big business forces in the country. http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-studies/2012-10-16/oligarchic-democracy-influence-business-groups-ukrainian-politics. Oligarchic democracy would place lower on Sartori’s ladder of generality in Collier and Levitsky’s article as by adding the subtype ‘oligarchic’ to democracy; we can stretch the conceptual meaning of democracy to cover political systems subjected to big business forces.

The article http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/social-democracy-across-sea “Social Democracy across the Sea” is the adjective used to describe Egypt’s system by the Egyptian Social Democratic Party in Egypt. Past and present Egyptian social democratic parties include egalitarianism, secularism and peace in the defining characteristics of a social democracy.

Both of these articles address conceptual innovation. How to make a concept– democracy– more precise by adding defining attributes such as adjectives like ‘social’ and ‘oligarchic’. The trade-off in these articles is that we have a more complete and well-rounded perspective of democracy in Ukraine and Egypt by adding these adjectives onto the democratic noun root.