I include this here as a reflection of my own sense of how integrally integrated these two courses – ETEC 565 and ETEC 532 – were for me.\u00a0 Each informed the other throughout the term, with results seemingly exponential in my own synthesis of knowledge.<\/p>\n
Incorporating Blogs and Discussion Forums for the Benefit of Language Learning: Improving My Methods<\/p>\n
Vicki Schrader<\/p>\n
University of British Columbia<\/p>\n
ETEC 532<\/p>\n
July 23, 2010<\/p>\n
<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n Teaching environments are changing, and so we teachers should too.\u00a0 Our students have been identified and labeled; we are far past the X generation or the Y generation and need to recognize that the Net-generation, or N-gens (Tapscott, 2004) have been so called with good reason.\u00a0 They are fully wired.\u00a0 They neither know nor relate to a world without digitization or an Internet connection, except for the media their teachers present to them in the archaic world of education.<\/p>\n This is an oxymoron.\u00a0 Education should be forward thinking, not living in the past.\u00a0 We educators should be preparing our students for their futures.\u00a0 Even History is purposed to inform future decisions.\u00a0 So why do so many of us continue to use and call for out-dated forms of media?\u00a0 We riso paper copies and write on whiteboards that need manual erasing with expensive felts that quickly run out of ink.\u00a0 We expect our students to write and submit essays on paper.\u00a0 The last time I allowed myself to submit a hand-written essay was in the fall of 1990 \u2013 my first semester of college twenty years ago.\u00a0 It is time to update our teaching environments.<\/p>\n The Target Environment<\/strong><\/p>\n Mine is an ELL (English Language Learners) department where currently we are very traditional: whiteboard (not interactive), overhead projector (the kind that needs transparencies), risographed handouts, et cetera. \u00a0Many of our ELL students are anxious to expedite their language learning via summer school or our district’s online school; they take English 10, 11 or 12 when they are new beginners, usually failing miserably or getting bumped through leaving their next teacher wondering how they got there.\u00a0 They struggle with English, but they are digitally literate and fluent in social media.<\/p>\n As Wesch (2007) suggests, our language learners\u2019 struggles with English may be exasperated by our choice of teaching tools and a sense of irrelevancy.\u00a0 Though teachers may themselves be frustrated by trying to stay current amidst technology\u2019s rapid changes and being unaccustomed to incorporating technology into their lessons, it is time for us to bring together students\u2019 aptitude for the digitized and their frustrations with language learning, blending that with which they are entirely comfortable with that which is foreign and frustrating.\u00a0 Failure on our part to choose current and relevant technologies risks relegating our educational environment to below optimum standards. <\/strong><\/p>\n Rationale for Target Environment Manipulation \u2013 or \u201cDigipulation\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Language learning classrooms are perfect entities for creating blended programs where online learning enhances or extends the traditional classroom, prompting greater interactive opportunities for students to read and write, and<\/em> speak and listen. The focus of a blended program would be to prompt communication between students, facilitated and monitored by the teacher in a way that the students would not feel was intimidating, but rather encouraging, providing accountability and guidance.\u00a0 Increased participatory communication in the target language, in this case English, enhances students\u2019 rate of acquisition, so if online learning can be used to increase communication in English and so also proficiency in English, without detrimental pressure on a teacher\u2019s preparation and marking time, it can \u2013 and should – be used to achieve both teachers\u2019 and students\u2019 goals.<\/p>\n The Internet, particularly with respect to the interactive web 2.0 applications, is a new genre of literacy (Alexander, 2006).\u00a0 While not entirely foreign, the style of text and its intricacies deserve due attention to ensure students\u2019 reading comprehension of online text is no more challenging than paper-based text.\u00a0 Real-world experiences are highly likely to demand their attention to and comprehension of this literary form, so its incorporation within the classroom is highly relevant and required, not to be overlooked.\u00a0 By combining these objectives and activities through blogging, writing-focused objectives can also be addressed, enhancing learning exponentially.<\/p>\n Blogging, beneficial to a composition\u2019s content and organization (Arslan and \u015eahin-K\u0131z\u0131l, 2010), presents itself in an accessible forum for timely teacher and peer feedback (Arslan and \u015eahin-K\u0131z\u0131l, 2010), which are positive attributions for improving writing.\u00a0 Through student engagement in the evaluation and feedback process, students will also improve comprehension and critical thinking skills as they challenge themselves against a peer\u2019s composition.\u00a0 As these processes can take place outside the classroom, they have the potential to be structured so as to also provide an ELL student the benefit of time to process and compose.<\/p>\n Remaining mindful of the popularity of our students\u2019 resistance towards English and their propensity towards social web 2.0 media, I am enthused by positive student perceptions reported by Fisch (2007).\u00a0 Fisch\u2019s (2007) students\u2019 reflections on how their past year of blogging provided exciting opportunities to not be limited by class time, to continue the conversation, to see the opinions of their classmates, and to probe further into the issues will hopefully translate into our students\u2019 heightened desire to engage and so develop fluency.<\/p>\n Given common timidities of the language learner, live, or \u201cfishbowl,\u201d blogging that happens synchronously within the confines of class can enhance a sense of security, allow contribution to the discussion via posting when the student is ready and providing a visual of what others \u201csay,\u201d while creating a written archive of the discussion (Fisch, 2007).\u00a0 While this may create moments of chaos and has the potential to overwhelm when multiple students post at once, it also creates pressure to post, to interact and use the target language as there is no longer the excuse of not being chosen to speak or running out of class time.\u00a0 Any impediment against speaking or writing we can remove for the student is one step closer to fluency through usage.<\/p>\n This written archive is also beneficial to the teacher.\u00a0 Immediate feedback in the fluidity of the traditional classroom can be intrusive, and so often simply does not happen.\u00a0 With these digitized conversations, a teacher can review and comment at any time, guiding and directing students as necessary.\u00a0 This can also be true of audioblogs \u2013 blogging via speech \u2013 in relation to aural and oral language (Hsu, Wang, and Comac, 2008): a teacher can review a student\u2019s speech and provide pronunciation guidance as necessary.\u00a0 In each of these cases, the student also has the record to refer back to in order to appropriately situate and apply the feedback.\u00a0 The student may well identify the same in the absence of teacher feedback or with the guidance of peer-driven feedback simply through interaction with the comfortable online environment echoic of social media.<\/p>\n In addition to blogs, discussion forums (DFs) have not only shown themselves to be beneficial to writing (Montero, Watts, and Garcia-Carbonell, 2007), but they are also reflective of oral language and, with proper prior instruction, can positively influence modal verb usage (Montero, Watts, and Garcia-Carbonell, 2007).\u00a0 To this extent, DFs may be an appropriate bridge to scaffold quieter, less confident and highly grammar-conscious students into speech.\u00a0 Students can practice conversational language in writing online, creating the narrative in their minds in the absence of a physical audience.\u00a0 Thus, when the audience is later physically present, the quiet student may feel conversation in the target language is less foreign and intimidating.<\/p>\n Currently<\/strong><\/p>\n In my context, we have been looking to effect change over the last few years, contemplating costly more appropriate, content loaded or updated textbooks that might just provide the key to expedited language acquisition.\u00a0 We have implemented intake meetings to set new students and parents off on the right foot, setting the tone for successful learning in their new-found-but-yet-unfamiliar Canadian school culture.\u00a0 We have established a parents\u2019 night and a social club to inform and connect families of different languages, hoping the common language of English will be embraced and influence learning from the home angle.\u00a0 We encourage, nag and lecture students, cheering them through oral presentations and burdening them with grammar homework. \u00a0The technology that is visible is discouraged: students text under the table or fall back on electronic translators for their translation and other applications, like video games for mental distraction.\u00a0 Once in a rare while, newer technology, such as a YouTube video, is used in lessons or presentations; otherwise, we seem to have limited ourselves to teacher emails and Microsoft Word for lesson planning and resource development.\u00a0 Our intentions are based on sound pedagogy, but we are still missing two focal elements:\u00a0 a certain kind of perceived relevance and an intrinsic desire to participate.<\/p>\n The two go hand in hand.\u00a0 If we can increase the relevance of the education, students should become more intrinsically motivated to participate. \u00a0In part, for the English, their parents have determined it is relevant whether the student agrees or not.\u00a0 This is beyond our realm of control.\u00a0 But how we teach it and how the students learn it is wholly within our control, and so we are pedagogically responsible to seek effective means of language learning.\u00a0 Blogging and online discussion forums are showing themselves to be an answer to this call (Alexander, 2006; (Arslan and \u015eahin-K\u0131z\u0131l, 2010; Downes, 2004; Fisch, 2007; Montero, Watts, and Garcia-Carbonell, 2007; Wesch, 2007), relating to students in a form similar to the social media that already engages many of them and so feels intrinsically relevant.\u00a0 So then, if we can determine that online discussion forums and blogging are also effective in terms of both teacher and classroom time management, and in terms of increasing student involvement with the target language, producing desirable results in language acquisition, it seems only prudent to implement these tools into our methods.<\/p>\n Problems on the Horizon<\/strong><\/p>\n Prior to full-fledged revolution, however, there are potential barriers of which we need to be both wary and respectful, though I do not see them as hindrances with longevity.\u00a0 Current administration is supportive of technological innovation and integration and some pioneers have already begun to implement wikis and online writing, with editing and submitting of essays done via time in the computer lab.\u00a0 My concerns lie remotely in the affluence of my students \u2013 I believe them to all have home access, but I do not know \u2013 and in both their and their parents\u2019 perceptions.<\/p>\n I am also wary of assumptions that not all N-geners are as digitally fluent as we believe them to be.\u00a0 Asking students to engage in online academia may not go smoothly without making clear distinctions between social and academic online communications.<\/p>\n With reference to audioblogging, I am currently of the opinion that this more complicated process does deserve attention (Hsu, Wang, and Comac, 2008), but it may be prohibitive in the early stages of online integration into my department\u2019s teaching practices.\u00a0 I expect many students will find it exciting and engaging; some will struggle with it (Hsu, Wang, and Comac, 2008).\u00a0 With uncertainty that mere blogging will integrate smoothly and without impediment, I hesitate to accelerate audioblogs prior to successful implementation of simpler web 2.0 practices, mindful of audioblogging\u2019s potential to distract the class away from language and content objectives and teachers away from teaching.\u00a0 The learning curve of audioblogs may increase teacher work-load beyond manageable allotments (Hsu, Wang, and Comac, 2008).<\/p>\n The Road to Proficiency<\/strong><\/p>\n With regards to affluence to the extent it permits internet accessibility at home, this is a requirement.\u00a0 While class time would be given over to the initialization of the blogging and eventually the synchronous discussion experience, enabled by either the mobile laptop cart or lab time in the computer room, keystone to my rationale is engaging students to continue the discussion beyond the classroom. Without home access, this is greatly hindered.\u00a0 A survey prior to launching the official lesson plan would answer this question and allow opportunity to explore options for students negatively affected by absence of home access.\u00a0 Provisions for these students may include allowing before and after school access to computers in the Learner Support Team (LST) room or the library.\u00a0 These students may also have solutions of their own; alternatively, I could approach administration for possible student support options such as a laptop loan for the duration of the course. Failing that, online requirements for so-affected students may need tempering according to their access.<\/p>\n Student perceptions (Hsu, H.-Y., Wang, S.-K., Comac, L. (2008) and parental perceptions will be interesting to follow.\u00a0 I suspect students will range from excited-and-anxious-to-engage to tentative-but-willing.\u00a0 Parents of our students tend to expect homework, which they may see online participation as eventually, but I suspect they at first will be apprehensive and suspicious of their child\u2019s time spent online.\u00a0 This is a valid concern.\u00a0 Hedging traditional views of and preferences for top-down teaching, the best approach will likely follow what has been best so far:\u00a0 diplomatic communication outlining rationale and benefits.\u00a0 In our multi-lingual environment, this can be more involved than one might otherwise expect, but with first reviewing the plan with our multi-cultural workers then employing their expertise and connections with the families, with print communication from us, the teachers, explaining technological requirements at home, expected time commitments, online behavior and security issues, parental cooperation is ultimately hoped for.<\/p>\n Regarding security issues, I and my teacher colleagues will need to select a learning platform for the discussion forum and blogs that will provide the security required by British Columbia law for minors.\u00a0 As examples, both Moodle and WordPress can be configured to meet requirements.\u00a0 We will also need to ensure students are educated with regards to using discretion and being ethical and considerate in communicating in an academic forum.\u00a0 Critical evaluation and thinking often continues to be a struggle at the high school level, so as in the classroom these will be ongoing objectives for instruction, review, guidance and discussion.\u00a0 Parental observance will assist in this to the extent that parents monitor their children\u2019s online activity, but diligence on our part as teachers will be required.\u00a0 Many of our students are in homestay situations, often retreating to their rooms unsupervised.\u00a0 This is beyond our control, but ensuring homestay parents, guardians and custodians are included in preparatory communications will assist in ensuring student privacy and security.\u00a0 Par for the course includes ongoing communication as requested by parents or as dictated by student activity.<\/p>\n Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n Done right, with the literature duly considered and appropriately applied to this educational context, our commitment to incorporating blogging and online discussion forums into our plans should prove fruitful in terms of expediting language acquisition for our students.\u00a0 With evidence of solid progress in students\u2019 writing, both student and parental approval is expected to ensue.<\/p>\n References<\/p>\n Alexander, B. (2006).\u00a0 Web 2.0: A new wave of innovation for teaching and learning?\u00a0 EDUCAUSE Review, 41<\/em>(2), 33-44.\u00a0\u00a0 Retrieved from http:\/\/www.educause.edu\/ir\/library\/pdf\/ERM0621.pdf<\/a> <\/strong><\/p>\n Arslan, R.\u015e. and \u015eahin-K\u0131z\u0131l, A. (2010).\u00a0 How can the use of blog software facilitate the writing process of English language learners?\u00a0 Computer Assisted Language Learning 23<\/em>(3), 183 \u2013 197.\u00a0 doi: 10.1080\/09588221.2010.486575.<\/p>\n Downes, S. (2004).\u00a0\u00a0 Educational blogging.\u00a0\u00a0 EDUCAUSE Review, 5 <\/em>(38).\u00a0\u00a0 Retrieved from http:\/\/net.educause.edu\/ir\/library\/pdf\/ERM0450.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n Fisch, K. (2007).\u00a0 Blogging: in their own words.\u00a0 The Fischbowl<\/em>.\u00a0\u00a0 Retrieved from http:\/\/thefischbowl.blogspot.com\/2007\/06\/blogging-in-their-own-words.html<\/a><\/p>\n Hsu, H.-Y., Wang, S.-K., Comac, L. (2008).\u00a0 Using audioblogs to assist English-language learning: an investigation into student perception.<\/a> Computer Assisted Language Learning, 21<\/em>(2), 181-198. doi: 10.1080\/09588220801943775. Retrieved from http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/09588220801943775<\/a><\/p>\n Mabrito, M., Medley, R.\u00a0 (2008).\u00a0 Why Professor Johnny can\u2019t read: Understanding the Net generation\u2019s texts.\u00a0\u00a0 Innovate.\u00a04<\/em>(6).\u00a0\u00a0 Retrieved from hhttp:\/\/www.innovateonline.info\/pdf\/vol4_issue6\/Why_Professor_Johnny_Can’t_Read-__Understanding_the_Net_Generation’s_Texts.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n Montero B., Watts F., Garcia-Carbonell A. (2007).\u00a0 Discussion forum interactions: Text and context. \u00a0System<\/em>,\u00a035<\/em>(4),\u00a0566-582.\u00a0 doi:10.1016\/j.system.2007.04.002<\/a><\/p>\n Tapscott, D. (2004). \u00a0The net generation and the school. Custom Course Materials ETEC 532<\/em>.\u00a0 (Reprinted from Milken Family Foundation.)<\/em> http:\/\/www.mff.org\/edtech\/article.taf?_function=detail&Content_uid1=109<\/a>.<\/p>\n