Alexander, D. E. “Panic during Earthquakes and Its Urban and Cultural Contexts.” Built Environment (1978-), vol. 21, no. 2/3, 1995, pp. 171–82. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23289014. Accessed 17 May 2023.

Panic may have a significant effect on casualties during an earthquake. This paper explores several case studies wherein a fight or flight response was initiated by an earthquake, whether the response constituted panic, and the factors that led to said panic in order to develop a strategy to control its occurrence. Instigating factors of panic stem from a lack of coordination and organization during an emergency situation and a lack of clearly defined escape routes.

 

Allen, Robert B., et al. “Tree Survival and Growth Responses in the Aftermath of a Strong Earthquake.” The Journal of Ecology, vol. 108, no. 1, 2020, pp. 107-121.

This journal researches the effects of earthquakes on varying tree sizes and species. Documenting the survival and growth rate of trees prior and post an earthquake, this paper offers ecologists and landscape architects an opportunity to strategically plant trees in open spaces as nodes for emergency shelter.

 

Bora, Birce. “Why Did so Many Buildings Collapse in Turkey?” Turkey-Syria Earthquake | Al Jazeera, 13 Feb. 2023, www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/2/9/why-did-so-many-buildings-collapse-in-turkey. 

This news article addresses reasons why the earthquake in Turkey was as devastating as it was, suggesting that the government officials and contractors were made aware of building weaknesses, how infrastructural changes were needed and the cutting cost of structure and material to save money, the refusal to improve the existing building allowed the earthquake to be as devastating as it was. This article informs us the importance of infrastructure maintenance.

 

California Earthquake Authority. “Earthquake Damage, Danger, & Destruction.” August 2020, https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/Blog/2020/How-Earthquakes-Cause-Damage-Destruction. Accessed 6 May 2023.

This paper explores the different causes and contributors to damage during and following ground motions. Damage caused directly by ground motions is mainly structural, with buildings and roads being damaged. Other risk factors include landslides, tsunamis, fires, liquefaction, and fault rupture

 

Carreño, ML., Cardona, O.D. & Barbat, A.H. Urban Seismic Risk Evaluation: A Holistic Approach. Nat Hazards 40, 137–172 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-0008-8. Accessed 6 May 2023.

This paper presents a methodology in assessing how much destruction could occur in an earthquake prone area. It lays out an index with key factors which is then translated into graphs and maps. What is informative about this paper is that it not only factors in material and infrastructure elements but also the social fragility and lack of resilience in exposed communities. This paper then takes its methodology and accesses Bogota, the capital of Colombia.

 

City of Vancouver. “What to do during and after an earthquake.” https://vancouver.ca/home-property-development/during-and-after.aspx. Accessed 6 May 2023.

Important takeaways from the BC website are how to simply prepare your home and instructions on how a family should make an emergency plan plus an emergency kit. Its integral for places at at-risk zones to have an evacuation route. We can use the climate projections and impacts in bc as a base for how our maps and diagrams can be built up. Emergency kits and supply lists can function as essential for how we build shelters and grab and go’s but what seems to be critical is how to effectively share this kind of information to every household so that they can have the bare minimum.

 

Claghorn, J.,  Werthmann, C. “Shifting ground: Landslide risk mitigation through community-based landscape interventions.” Journal of Landscape Architecture, vol. 10, no. 1, 2015,  pp. 6-15, DOI: 10.1080/18626033.2015.1011419. Accessed 6 May 2023.

This paper grounds itself in Medellín, Colombia. While this paper focuses mostly on landslides, what can be inspirational is how diagrams and maps are drawn. Of the 4 pilots proposed in landslide mitigation the first one seems to be the most relevant for earthquake mitigation.

 

Costa, R et al. “Agent-based model for post-earthquake housing recovery.” Earthquake Spectra, vol. 37, no. 1, 2021, pp. 46-72. SAGE journals, https://doi.org/10.1177/8755293020944175. Accessed 5 May 2023. 

A full recovery from a M7.3 earthquake in Vancouver will take over 3 years. This paper outlines the model used to calculate this recovery time, elaborating on socioeconomic factors, labor, loans, and more. Overall, this acts as a summary of what the state of habitation will be in after an earthquake in Vancouver, from which can be inferred the support that will be needed for residents. The author states that this recovery time could be decreased by retrofitting buildings, shortening loan times, and increasing the workforce.

 

Director of Risk & Emergency Management. “Post-Earthquake Report.” 4 April 2023. https://council.vancouver.ca/010410/rr2.htm

Report following the 3.2 MwR earthquake in the Puget sound of February 28, 2001. The report notes the major cause of injury being due to falling masonry, there was minor structural cracking, a failure of gas mains, and disruption to telephone lines. Telecommunications were disrupted for 2 hours, there was no reported disruption to water or sewage, and no disruption to emergency services. The damage was estimated at over $2 billion.

 

French, Emily L., et al. “Designing Public Open Space to Support Seismic Resilience: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 34, 2019, pp. 1-10.

Supported by the Landscape Architecture Canada Foundation, this research paper provides an in-depth understanding of how open spaces and civic building can help post an earthquake disaster. It provides key research groups and actionable design decisions that may help designers build their own counteractive design project.

 

Government of British Columbia. “Get prepared for a landslide.” https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/emergency-management/preparedbc/know-your-hazards/landslides. Accessed 6 May 2023.

The government of Canada, specifically the British Columbia, highlights key and simple things anyone can do to better prepare their homes in case of an earthquake emergency. With several pages on how to prepare emergency kits, evacuation routes, and survival gears, the key infographics, key information in varying languages and simple maps are there but there seems to be a need to increase traffic and knowledge distribution so more people are made aware.

 

Ibraham, Y., Sumunar, D. R. S. “Analysis of earthquake resistant house characteristics as optimization of earthquake victims.” IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science,  vol. 271, no. 1, July 2019, DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/271/1/012036. Accessed 6 May 2023.

The focus of this paper is in Indonesia which is prone to earthquakes. The generality of this paper maybe useful for those that are interested in understanding an earthquake’s effect especially in the global context as the buildings, climate and urban landscape is vastly different to Vancouver.

 

LIN II, RONG-GONG. “Your Instinct May Be to Run Outside during an Earthquake. Here’s Why You Shouldn’t.” Los Angeles Times, 8 July 2019, www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-earthquake-outside-inside-20190708-story.html.

This publication articulates the dangers of running outside a building during an earthquake. The leading action during an earthquake is for one to hide under a sturdy cover and hold until the buildings stop shaking.

 

Lu, Xinzheng, et al. “Experimental Study on Earthquake-Induced Falling Debris of Exterior Infill Walls and its Impact to Pedestrian Evacuation.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 43, 2020, pp. 101372.

This paper studies the effect of an Earthquake on a wall composed of infill blocks. Building a contraption to test the tilting angles, the findings demonstrate that so long as the infill walls do not tilt – no matter how damaged they are – they should not just detach from the building. The paper also further elaborates on how much debris can be allowed on the road before it makes pedestrian walking severely difficult.

 

Masuda, N. “Disaster refuge and relief urban park system in Japan.” Landscape Architecture Frontiers, vol. 2, no. 4, Higher Education Press Limited Company, August 2014, pp. 52+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A454485946/AONE?u=anon~dc2d1535&sid=googleScholar&xid=3e2b017e. Accessed 6 May 2023.

This paper is really relevant in earthquake and open space research. It makes a strong argument in how parks play a supportive role in earthquake disaster mitigation. Situated deeply in the Japanese context, the research paper begins with a brief historical description of how disastrous earthquakes have been in Japanese history and ends with a practical presentation of how resourceful parks are.

 

Moya, Luis, et al. “Statistical Analysis of Earthquake Debris Extent from Wood-Frame Buildings and its use in Road Networks in Japan.” Earthquake Spectra, vol. 36, no. 1, 2020, pp. 209-231.

A concise statistical analysis of the effects an earthquake had on wood-frame buildings in Japan. Focused on Residential homes, the study uses Lidar to study an home pre and post an earthquake to gauge the potential range debris can fall from the exterior facades of a wood framed building. With clear illustrations of how Lidar works, images from collapsed homes, and a series of data collected to present its findings, this paper contains relevant information to begin understanding the effect of Earthquakes on a particular type of building.

 

Pablo, C. “Danger of liquefaction at False Creek Flats site of new St. Paul’s Hospital flagged by City of Vancouver.” The Georgia Straight, October 2019, https://www.straight.com/news/1314401/danger-liquefaction-false-creek-flats-site-new-st-pauls-hospital-flagged-city-vancouver. Accessed 6 May 2023.

This news article is focused on the land directly under the new St. Paul’s Hospital location. Discussing the possibility and danger of liquefaction and how susceptible the hospital may be if an Earthquake were to occur, this paper offers the general population an introductory understanding of the uncertainty in Vancouver’s land and soil.

 

Potangaroa, Regan. “The Management of Portable Toilets in the Eastern Suburbs of Christchurch After the February 22, 2011 Earthquake.” Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, no. 2, 2011, pp. 35-48.

A detailed report documenting the severity of the 2011 earthquake in Christchurch and how it crippled the plumbing system around Christchurch. Providing a timeline and how the ‘port-a-loos’ were distributed, this article should serve as inspiration for other urban planners in case of emergency.

 

Sahabi, Ali. “Are Your Building’s Balconies Safe?” Optimum Seismic, 8 Feb. 2022, www.optimumseismic.com/balcony-laws/are-your-buildings-balconies-safe/.

This public blog articulates an often overlooked building failure – balcony collapsing. Advocating for stricter maintenance and more thorough regulations, balconies and other types of external facade additions will be the first things to separate from a building. They tend to be the most fatal for those seeking open shelter.

 

Scawthorn, C. “Fire following earthquake in the Vancouver region.” Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction, no. 67, 2020, Toronto, pp. 74. www.iclr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Vancouver-fire-following-earthquake-E.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2023.

This paper is an assessment of the fire risk in the Metro Vancouver area, a risk that could cost up to $10 billion.  It outlines the fire suppressing strategies that Vancouver already has in place, the instances in which the city is especially fire-prone, and proposed interferences to mitigate the risk. Other helpful information includes relevant infrastructure (eg. water supply, emergency infrastructure, energy services), and the epicentres and magnitudes of five earthquake events on Vancouver’s horizon.

 

Shapira, Stav, Limor Aharonson-Daniel, and Yaron Bar-Dayan. “Anticipated Behavioral Response Patterns to an Earthquake: The Role of Personal and Household Characteristics, Risk Perception, Previous Experience and Preparedness.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 31, 2018, pp. 1-8.

This paper focuses on the possible human reactions during a disaster. While the paper takes its survey in Israel the conclusion can be informative in how one develops disaster routes and the open spaces where people can run to. It acknowledges that while there may not be a definitive ‘appropriate’ reaction to an earthquake, certain factors like age, gender, class, education and proximity to family may affect people’s reaction.

 

Shimpo, Naomi, Andreas Wesener, and Wendy McWilliam. “How Community Gardens may Contribute to Community Resilience Following an Earthquake.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 38, 2019, pp. 124-132.

This journal makes a compelling argument to how open spaces like shared community gardens can help alleviate post traumatic stress post an earthquake. Offering communal activities, it has shown to be especially helpful to those older than 50. Having a space to direct one to outside of their interior space, Christchurch and its numerous parks and community gardens can be an influence for how people in Vancouver view community gardens post earthquake disaster.

 

Song, Yu, Kefan Xie, and Wei Su. “Mechanism and Strategies of Post-Earthquake Evacuation Based on Cellular Automata Model.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 34, 2019, pp. 220-231.

Using an improved cellular automata model, this research paper speculates on evacuation time from a generic building and what is the likelihood of a stampede occurring. Using different architecture factors to better improve the simulations, the data allows the researchers to propose some simple solutions to better help earthquake mitigations.

 

Stripajova, S., Pazak, P., Vodicka, J., Trendafiloski, G. “The basin effect and liquefaction in the catastrophe models – Vancouver region.” ResearchGate, DOI:10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-21355. Accessed 6 May 2023.

The presence of alluvial-fan soil, like that found in the Fraser River delta, is an aggravating factor of liquefaction due to its ability to prolong earthquake ground motions, as well as its high moisture content. This paper presents a case study located in the Vancouver region of the quantification of the basin effect and liquefaction for a specific scenario Mw 7.5 Strait of Georgia crustal earthquake. It includes maps of liquefaction susceptibility, and a probability of liquefaction occurrence.

 

Tung, D. “Is Vancouver ready for the big one?” The University of British Columbia Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, https://www.grad.ubc.ca/about-us/initiatives-plans-reports/vancouver-ready-big-one. Accessed 6 May 2023.

A very technical and rigorous paper examining the structure of tall towers during an earthquake. The hypothetical tall building is examined through the connected podium floors.

 

Vikander, Tessa, and Sarah Berman. “What a Worst-Case Scenario Earthquake Would Look like in Vancouver.” ​What a Worst-Case Scenario Earthquake Would Look Like in Vancouver, 5 Sept. 2016, www.vice.com/en/article/bn3ajz/what-a-worst-case-scenario-earthquake-would-look-like-in-vancouver. 

This article provides a general understanding of the possible devastation a 7.3 quake could have on Vancouver. With a brief comparison of Vancouver to neighbouring West Coast cities in North America, the biggest concern this paper concludes is how devastating an earthquake will have on the older buildings in the West End. Predicating worst-case scenarios, this article hoped to inform the public of a possible disaster.

 

Walker, B.B., Schuurman, N., Swanlund, D. et al. “GIS-based multicriteria evaluation for earthquake response: a case study of expert opinion in Vancouver, Canada.” Natural Hazards, 105, 2075–2091 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04390-1. Accessed 5 May 2023.

By setting a perimeter and using the MCE Framework (multicriteria evaluation) this paper was able to generate maps and data evaluating Vancouver’s earthquake response. The GIS-based MCE maps demonstrate which areas, paths and zones are in Vancouver’s Earthquake response priority.

 

Xing, L., Mao, Y., Liu, Y., Wei, X. “Using Multiscenario Assessment Framework to Measure Access to Urban Parks for Refuge in Reference to Survival Justice.” Journal of Urban Planning and Development, vol. 147, no. 2, American Society of Civil Engineers, June 2021, https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29UP.1943-5444.0000666. Accessed 6 May 2023.

This paper explores visible and invisible barriers to accessibility of parks for residents during disaster events. Researchers use Wuhan, China as a case study for this comprehensive evaluation.

 

Yao, F., Lusi, z., Mingqi, S., Qi, M. “Discussion on the construction of disaster prevention green infrastructure network planning.” NCEECE, 2015, Atlantis Press, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi_y5KltOH-AhWdMzQIHX5-BNAQFnoECBAQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantis-press.com%2Farticle%2F25847083.pdf&usg=AOvVaw02G1cXbNctQ3wc60t9LkyW. Accessed 6 May 2023.

This short paper introduces the destructive history of earthquakes in Japan. After the ‘Great Kanto’ Earthquake in 1923, Japan looked for different ideas and practices to help mitigate future disasters. The park systems in Chicago played an interesting inspiration, encouraging different levels and how green space systems can strengthen urban spaces in emergency scenarios.