My field staff, while I was chugging along on a motorbike squeezed between her and the driver, asked how Canadian agriculture was like.

“Where I live, it’s more varied, with different kinds of vegetables, berries. In the prairies, it’s almost all wheat and canola,” I struggled to summarize Canadian agriculture.

“Oh! The prairies! I remember studying that in high school geography,” she seemed to be very excited that she recognized what I was talking about.

.

When did I ever study anything about African geography? I can barely remember if I even heard of the world Sahara.


Rainfed agriculture

I’m not a farmer. As ashamed as I am to admit that, I really don’t have much practical experience in farming, or really, even taking care of a garden on my own. My plants inside my house have mostly struggled valiantly to survive in the past. I might not be the opposite of a green thumb, but I’m pretty close, probably.

Although I’ve spent most of my higher education learning about, and advocating for, different forms of sustainable agriculture, it was all theoretical. I’ve longed to WWOOF for at least a season, but it always ended with the (maybe valid) excuse of “I just don’t have enough time.”

Now, though, I’ve been at least doing as many field visits as possible to monitor our farmers. I’ve learned so much just asking questions about the crop cycle here and the main challenges. Most of all, it really made me re-think what it meant to be a farmer dependent on “rainfed agriculture.”

In the past, the textbooks made it sound like rainfed agriculture was ‘backwards’ or ‘inefficient,’ without really explaining the reasons. I assumed it was because of some sort of paradigm where ‘modern’ conventional agriculture was viewed as the only correct method of farming. After all, rainfed agriculture has been around for as long as humans have farmed, how inefficient can it actually be? According to my bias towards all things ‘natural,’ traditional methods must have some good uses too!

Boy, have I been wrong.

Farming here is completely dependent on the rain. The most common phrase you’ll hear is “If God gives us the rains, we will do well.” What does it really mean to be dependent on the rain? Here’re a few examples:

  • Two farmers planted their bean crops side by side; one three days before the other. There was a good rain during those three days. One farm had 100% germination while the other only had 50%. That’s half of your business, gone because of raining patterns you can’t predict.
  • A whole district had great germination for their bean plants. There was a sudden lack of rains for about a week and a half in some areas. Everyone in those areas suffered from almost-dying bean plants. Some farmers planted a few days later than others, their plants luckily survived. Those who were diligent and planted earlier, suffered losses.
  • If it rains hard now, the maize plants would do great, but the beans would be damaged from the hard rain. If it doesn’t rain hard now, the maize plants would yield less, but the beans would thrive. Which one do you wish for when you’re a farmer who has planted both?
  • If you can harvest your beans now, you want two sunny days to dry them and sell them while the price is still high. But all the other farmers with plants still growing want the rains to continue every day.
  • If it rains too hard when the beans are flowering, you lose your whole crop. If it rains too little when the beans are growing, you lose at least half your crop. You can develop irrigation systems to prevent the drying, but you can’t put tarps over 3 acres of plants to prevent heavy rain. (Unless you’re in a total controlled environment like a greenhouse.)

Farming is risky. Hence the need for seeds that are drought and flood resistant. Hence the need for irrigation systems. Hence the need for a variety of crops for insurance. Hence the need for safety margins, without assuming 100% germination and profit. Farming isn’t a normal business where everything can be controlled by hard work; not when your main input is controlled by the sky.

And really, it’s not only limited to farmers in developing countries. I just saw this article today about the potato crop in Delta (near Vancouver in Canada).


Reflecting on ten years of event organizing and volunteering

I’m 23. The first time I ever helped plan an event was in grade 7, at 12.

For some reason, I was elected class committee vice-chairperson. In Hong Kong, such positions are thrown around like a hot potato – who wants to take responsibility? I have vague memories of what our class committee actually did; probably just the staples of the Christmas party and decorating the class bulletin board. Crappy and disorganized, I’m sure we were.

In grade 9, again, I was mysteriously elected. Class chairperson this time. Everyone was avoiding eye contact with the homeroom teacher when he asked if anybody would self-nominate for the position. My head shot up when someone said my name. I could barely summon enough courage to make a short speech in front of the class. My friend told me with a giggle that her neighbour whispered into her ear, “Who’s this Tiffany? Oh whatever, everyone else is voting for her.” Plus, I was the only candidate.

A year later, I found out that my homeroom teacher had beforehand requested another student to nominate me. Goodness knows why. He had to beckon me back to the front after I mumbled my speech and ran off. He told me I had to stand properly and ask if there were any questions from my voters. Even now, I still remember to do that every time I stand in front of people and talk.

Our class committee turned out to be the most fun I had in junior high. With a great group of people, we put on an interclass debate, an interclass drama competition, Christmas parties, farewell parties, hiking trips, barbequing trips… The committee members would complain loudly to everyone, but especially to me, that we had way more meetings than the other class committees. No one, though, could deny that the activities we planned were the envy of the whole grade. I was quite proud of what we had done. By the end, I wasn’t scared of standing in front of the class to give reports or drum up event attendance anymore.

I came back to Canada for grade 10. New environment, new high school culture, new life style. It took me a whole year to start getting involved in volunteering and organizing events again. Randomly, I signed up for a youth conference at UBC, featuring Simon Jackson (of Spirit Bear fame) and Dr. Jane Goodall. Super inspired is probably the only way to describe how I felt post-conference. My partner-in-crime and I started a Roots and Shoots club, the first environmental and humanitarian club at our school. Later, I also joined Grad Council, which is famous for organizing tons of fun and meaningful events for the grads. (And for the lead teachers to be slave driver-like, but I digress.)

The student advocacy and event organizing have never stopped since. I’ve been sleep deprived for the last 7 years of my life because I stepped into the world of events organizing. I distinctly remember one day in grade 12 where I had meetings from 7 am (wonder how my fellow club-mates put up with me!), at recess, at lunch, and then after school until 7 pm. I enjoyed most, if not all, hours I spent having meetings, writing schedules, getting funding, preparing agendas, and coordinating our volunteers. I thrived. I felt useful.

I truly believe that it was all this volunteering that changed my life. I studied what I did, I’ve gone to places where I’ve been, and will go to places where I want because of everything – skills, knowledge, and, dare I say, compassion – I learnt during those volunteering years.

I entered university, desperate to find my place in the world. What am I supposed to study? What should I do with my life? I entered a notoriously hard program called Science One at UBC. We were taught in an integrated style – math in biology class or the physics of chemistry. Our profs opened my mind in ways that made me overlook the crazy workload and stress levels. Yet, something was missing. I was surrounded by all these brilliant people, but there just wasn’t enough of the activism I enjoyed. Something felt lost; a purpose more than just studying those interesting subjects.

My mom brought up a project I did back for summer homework in grade 8 – the dollar project. I was watching a TV program on aid projects in China one day, and realised that it only took a miniscule (well, by Hong Kong standards) amount of money to send someone my age to school for a year. I just couldn’t understand. If only everyone gave a dollar at our school, we would be able to send so many children for education. My mom suggested it would be amazing if we could make this work at UBC. With so many students and the higher value of the Canadian dollar, you could donate to a lot of causes in the world. Help a lot of children, or animals, or the environment. You could do so much, if only you worked together!

The idea lit a fire under me. I wrote up a proposal for the UBC Dollar Project and sent it to all my fellow Science Oners. People were interested. We became an official club. We held events. We became a founding member of the UBC Global Lounge. We held successful The Briefing conferences. We won awards for being a good club. We started to be recognized. All this happened so fast. (Yet, so slow during those endless sleep-deprived-from-organizing-events-but-exams-are-looming-days.) The Dollar Project is one of the proudest things I’ve started in my life. I’m even prouder that it has continued to thrive after I had to leave.

I’ve changed so much during those years. You have to. Organizing events challenges you in ways you would never imagine. You have to be at least a bit good at everything – finances, facilitating meetings, nagging people to work (and being subtle about it), saving pennies here and there, pitching your organization, networking, or just plain pleading your friends to help you out with some last minute planning (which is probably 70% of the time on a student schedule). You learn that if you’re not good at some thing, persuade someone good to help you. You learn that if you don’t have the money to do what you want, go find funding. Nothing’s impossible. We held events with $100 budgets. It might not have been great events, but we tried. And they led to better events the next time we tried. You learn to juggle everything at once. Multitasking is a way of life, not a choice when you’re an organizer. But you also learn to be focused on one task at a time while multitasking, or else you’ll never get anything done. You learn that events only come together because of team work. Even if someone volunteers to take a few photos or write a 100 word blurb, don’t turn them away. Their help is needed and valued. You learn that stress is useful, only if you can control it. Being flexible doesn’t mean you don’t plan. Hope for the best and plan for the worst. Anything else that happens needs to be dealt with but not dwelled on…

I never really realised how useful all these soft skills were until I went on exchange in my second-to-last year at UBC. I landed in a rural Tanzanian village, given the task of troubleshooting for a, mostly failed, dairy goat project for orphans. I researched and researched. Eventually coming to the conclusion that the money evaporated because nobody knew how to project manage. I started giving them small suggestions, which turned out to all come from the lessons learnt during my volunteering years. It struck me that all my worries of not having enough knowledge about development theories and practices didn’t really matter in the end. I was still doing what I loved and did best – organizing – half way around the world, in a remote village.

Addicted to development work, I came back to east Africa after graduating, as soon as I could find a small salary to support myself. Every job I’ve had, my organizing skills have assisted me more than my knowledge. Knowledge you can learn, but skills you have to bring. My academic education helped me understand how I wanted to work in this world, but it’s my volunteering-learnt soft skills that have allowed me to actually put my desires into practice.

Ever since I’ve started working with different development actors, I’ve always wondered: how does this country function when the vast majority of its graduates lack any kind of team building and organizational skills? Most people I’ve talked to had never organized an event in their life. School work is individualized and lack opportunities for working in a team. How can there be good leaders and good followers when nobody has had the chance to develop those skills?

With all the buzz around youth-led development these days, you would think it’s just another development trend, probably discarded in a few years. It’s, however, one trend that I truly believe in. Yes, youth add a different perspective. Yes, future policies have to be designed with youth in mind because they are the ones most affected. The main reason, however, for me to support youth-led development is that youth need more opportunities to learn organizing skills. They need skills to put their thoughts and desires into action. Just voicing your perspectives and waiting for those adults to make it happen for you is so old school. It doesn’t work. It’s about time youth got the tools to make things move, on their own. That, to me, is what youth-led development is about.


Work really isn’t about work. It’s about managing human relationships.

Now why do they pretend work is only work in school all through my education?

I’m in a bit of a crazy situation at work right now. It’s all about how to get through this with a good balance in my human relationships.


I realised that I really need to record my experiences working here better.

I came here because I wanted to gain working experience before going to grad school.

I don’t learn from my experiences unless I reflect on and record them.

Therefore, I need to reflect and record more to achieve what I set out to do…

But sometimes, I just get home so tired that writing a 5 minutes, nay, 2 minutes entry seems too much.


I had my own “field cred” moment today.

We invited someone from the headquarters of the trading company we work with/are a part of to do some training for our farmers the past few days. He’s one of the biggest heads in the country. He’s also super nice and supportive of our part of the company’s work. Unlike certain people at the office where I work at.

The past two days, I think I surprised him quite a bit when I told him I travelled everywhere with a hired motorbike (bodaboda) or a public minibus (taxis), even after dark.

He, in turn, surprised me by taking a public minibus (taxi) to our workshop today.

He claims it’s because the roads yesterday were too bad and would damage his car.

Secretly, I think he really just wanted to try it out. He seemed quite positive about the experience too. Plus he took a taxi back to the hotel also.

I’m pleasantly surprised that he, at his age and position, is so willing to try out the local transport. And the local food. He really is down-to-earth.

I mentioned this to my Ugandan colleague. “It’s so nice that he doesn’t think he’s too good to try out the local way of life,” she agreed.

I think I would like to be like that, as long as I live.


I’ve been feeling so tired these days. Work is, of course, long hours as everything’s still in a semi-but-better mess. I come home from work, muster the energy to make dinner (mostly by the sheer fact that I love cooking and it’s the best way for me to de-stress), pass out involuntarily on the bed after eating, wake up for a few minutes in the wee hours of the night to brush my teeth etc, and sleep until morning, dangerously close to the time to start work. I’ve been sleeping, on average, maybe 9 to 10 hours every night but I’m always drained. I didn’t think too much of it but just started taking multi-vitamins. I’ve also been strangely hungry all the time these days.

Well, according to my supervisor. It’s really time I de-wormed myself.

Apparently, every time she comes here, even for a bit, she gets some kind of strange parasite. And she’s been living in east Africa for a looong time. It’s something about the eastern Uganda water and climate, I guess (I’m joking).


Another kind of field cred

Normally, when I think about field cred, it’s about one-upping each other on “exotic” and dangerous situations with fellow expats. It’s not an activity I particularly enjoy, although I must admit I like listening to all the stories. Generally, though, the one-upping just becomes ridiculous; I lose interest quickly when it becomes a bitching-fest.

Recently, I realised that “field cred” also works with my field officers. They’re Ugandan and have lived in the rural areas and the capital. They’ve seen the country in high times and low times. It’s not so much their own field cred that they seem to care about (although I’m sure the one-upping probably happens amongst them also), but mine.

As I have no transport right now, I use “public means” (a semi-Ugandan English word that I think is endearing), i.e. taxis (buses) and bodabodas (motorcycles). Taxis take a long time and bodabodas are a bit dangerous. When I tell my field officers this, they’re always surprised. I can’t help but detect an undertone of approval when they ask “Really? You use public means?” It’s as if I had passed some sort of test because I take similar methods of transportation.

Same goes for eating Ugandan food, for walking in the field all day long, for dancing to local music.

In a way that’s hard to articulate, I understand. My field officers have probably worked with other expats in the past; after all, aid money is everywhere. Their expat colleagues, however, probably always came and went with a private SUV, stayed at hotels, and ate “western food.” Although these actions would garner respect by showing off your status, they would hardly help you understand a bit more of how a normal person lives here. Not that how I live is representative at all. But at least I’ve tried. At least I’ve waited in a taxi for 2 hours. At least I’ve sweated in the field for hours. In a strange way, I think my field officers appreciate my attempts at living a more normal life. And in a way, they respect me for that.

It may use a bit more of my time, but I enjoy (well when I’m in a normal mood) taking the taxis. I enjoy the food (I just discovered groundnut sauce with bamboo shoots. Forgive me, but OMG). I love going to the field. If I wanted to live like I do at home, why didn’t I just stay at home?

***I’ve actually met an expat who’s never had Tanzanian/Ugandan food. Never taken public transport. And never really engage with Tanzanians/Ugandans. I’m quite perplexed as to how that is even possible.


A Farmer

One of the farm leaders I work with is a big shot.

She’s an old, old lady. Short and chubby. The first time I met her, she was wearing a fluffy, pink sweater and a wool hat covering her ears. The outer rims of her eyes are sky blue.

Everyone from my company suspects she stole over 1000 to 2000 bags of fertilizer from her group members. And she’s probably still stealing, after being taken to the police and detained. Of course, even if she’s guilty and there’s evidence, we doubt anything would actually happen to her.

Everyone’s scared of this frail-looking grandmother. Some farmers started to make complaints that she stole fertilizer from them. The very next morning, she called a meeting, and no more complaints could be found. Whenever she stands and speaks, there’s hush silence. No one dares contradict her.

She used to be the head guard at the regional prison for over 20 years. Rumour has it that she sold all the prisoners’ food for her own gain. She wasn’t convicted.

Whenever the President of Uganda comes by this region, he has to go to her house to greet her. The latest news is that the President invited her to Sweden for his party. She has all the plane tickets and hotel reservations to prove it.

Trying to get her removed from our scheme is practically impossible.

Who ever said farmers are powerless? Everyone’s a farmer in this part of the country. Including the politicians, the big business people, even the elite in the capital often own land and hire people to farm it for them. If you have an image of all farmers as poor, marginalized, oppressed, with tattered clothes and no shoes, scrub it clean from your brain this instant.


some thoughts

Sorry I haven’t posted in a while.

Here are some thoughts I’ve had recently.

I really want to take a soil management for agriculture class. I want to know how to conserve soil, how to know what kind of crops are good to plant where, how to build up the organic matter. A focus on soil quality is the basis of all kinds of sustainable farming practices. No soil, no food. It would also help me a lot in the field to be able to communicate with my field advisors. It always amazes me how much the soil can change from farm to farm (keeping in mind these farms are very small, 1 or 2 acres, compared to in Canada). It even changes from corner to corner of the farm and the crops perform really differently.

I want to do an internship on an organic farm to learn actually how to farm. I need to learn if I want to continue to work with agriculture, food security, food systems, economics and policies of food. There’s no way I can work in such areas without actually knowing, at least a bit, of actual farming. Plus, I think I would love the hard, but rewarding, work. Maybe when I return home, I would take a season off and volunteer at a farm. But I’m hoping it’s going to be a ‘progressive’ farm where they experiment with methods of farming that works with the environment.

The other day, I had to deliver some chemicals for spraying bean and soya crop (to control the aphids). It smelled horrible. And on the box it said “Handle with care. Harmful to marine environments.” Or something to that extent. It really struck me that the agriculture I’m helping promote isn’t the best for human or environmental health. At the same time, I’m so conflicted. I’m an environmentalist, but I also understand that no one who can’t get enough food in their stomach or get their children into schools would put the environment as their first priority. As the system is currently set up this way, the bank would never lend to high risk agriculture (that’s not fertilizer and pesticide controlled). The farmers are also super happy because the fertilizer really does make the crops grow beautifully (I’m guessing especially because the soil is still healthy; the farmers had never been able to afford large amounts of fertilizer before). Are we to deny these farmers the opportunities that farmers in the developed countries have had? Organic/biodynamic/conservation/etc farming requires a lot of knowledge; it can’t be simplified to input packages (3 bags of fertilizer, 3 bags of seeds, 1 pesticide spray) like we do. How can we provide all that training to so many farmers? Plus, organic farmers have a high risk of crop failure. One season of bad crop can cripple many of the farmers we work with. (Of course, there are some really rich people who actually work in Kampala but farm as a side business). Are we to deny them of the chemicals that will ensure they have a good crop?

I enjoy management work, but I love being in the field. I love understanding “irrational” thinking. Every time I finally understand why a farmer does something a certain way, I feel like my world has widen. It’s not just with the farmers, but with people from different cultures or backgrounds. Or really, just people, as we’re all so different.


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