Injuries

The proper use of prong and choke chain collars are challenging to learn as a result they are not suited to novice dog owners (Stafford, 2007). Collars can be incorrectly sized and fitted in addition to being very easy to misuse. Irresponsible use of the collars can lead to physical injuries caused by the collars puncturing the skin.

Punctured skin caused by the use of a prong collar 

Physiological Damage and Death

A choke chain in particular can be a problematic for even the most responsible dog owners and trainers because there is no way to control how much a choke chain will tighten, which can ultimately lead to strangulation. These collars can cause mechanical or ischemical damage to the esophagus, larynx, thyroid, and trachea (Brammeier et al. 2006). For years there has been data connecting the use of these tools to neck sprains, degenerative arthritis, nerve damage, which can affect a variety of canine functions such as voice and swallowing ability, and injuries to the blood vessels in the eyes (Overall 2007). Severe forms of punishment using a choke collars as a form of decipline is a severe health risk that can be fatal (Grohmann et al. 2013).

A case of glaucoma. When choke collars are compressed around a dog’s neck from the force of a lead, the blood pressure in the eyes increases (intraocular pressure): this the primary cause of glaucoma

Pain

The pain a dog experiences when a collar is compressed around their neck from pulling on a lead can result in redirected aggression and the dog may become anxious and fearful. Pain is the primary eliciting stimulus for aggression (Johson 1972).