Developing Advanced EO/IO Skills at a Community Oral Cancer Screening Clinic Serving South Asian Men

Volunteering at the Pacific Oral Health Centre in Surrey was a key experience in advancing my clinical therapy skills, particularly in relation to comprehensive extraoral and intraoral examinations. Working in an outreach setting that intentionally targeted South Asian men, a group with elevated risk for oral cancer, reinforced the importance of meticulous soft tissue assessment and culturally responsive communication in early detection efforts. The volume and diversity of clients allowed me to refine my head and neck examination sequence, become more systematic in my documentation, and gain confidence in recognizing when findings warranted further investigation or referral.​

A particularly impactful aspect of this experience was learning a more advanced tongue retraction method from my clinical partners. They introduced me to a tongue-flip technique, attributed locally to Dr. Murphy, that uses a tongue depressor inserted vertically toward the pterygomandibular trigone, then tucked under the tongue and levered with the elbow to gently “crank” the tongue out of the way. This manoeuvre provides a remarkably clear view of the entire floor of the mouth and posterior lateral borders of the tongue, far beyond what is visible with conventional anterior retraction alone. Incorporating this technique into my practice elevated the quality of my intraoral assessments and deepened my appreciation for peer-to-peer learning in clinical settings.

Beyond the technical skills, the outreach context itself was profoundly educational. Screening clients who may not routinely access dental care highlighted how structural and cultural factors intersect with biological risk to shape oral cancer outcomes in South Asian communities. Providing thorough EO/IO examinations, explaining what I was doing and why, and knowing that early detection could meaningfully alter someone’s prognosis reinforced my sense of responsibility as a future dental hygienist. This experience strengthened both my clinical competence and my commitment to equity-oriented, prevention-focused care for populations at higher risk of oral disease.

POHC Oral Cancer Screening Certificate

Pioneering the Dental Hygiene Role in Student Professionalism & Ethics: Building a Student-Driven Ethics Forum

I am the inaugural Dental Hygiene representative of the Student Professionalism & Ethics Association in Dentistry, UBC Chapter. In November 2024, I co-led my first event with the UBC Student Professionalism and Ethics Association, a milestone that significantly shaped my development as an ethical, person-centred leader in dental hygiene. Instead of relying on abstract scenarios, we invited learners across the Faculty of Dentistry to anonymously submit ethical dilemmas they were currently experiencing or anticipating in their education. The diversity of responses made it clear that ethical challenges are not confined to the operatory; they also emerge in academic expectations, peer dynamics, and structural realities that influence how oral health professionals relate to patients and to one another.

 

Our organizing team created an ethics event designed to bring multiple perspectives into one space. We invited a multidisciplinary panel from general practice, specialty care, advocacy, and law so each case could be explored through different professional lenses, and the conversation quickly widened from chairside dilemmas to equity, social determinants of health, and person‑centred care, showing how laws, policies, values, and patient contexts collide in practice.

Planning and facilitating the session made leadership feel concrete. I worked with the SPEA executive and faculty advisors to craft the call for submissions, shape the session flow, and build psychological safety so students could contribute without fear of judgment, then moderated the event by posing integrative questions, highlighting patients’ lived experiences, and connecting insights to expectations for socially responsive dental and dental hygiene practice.

Through this, leadership came to mean convening people, tolerating uncertainty, and guiding dialogue that keeps patients and communities at the centre, and I helped lay the foundation for an ongoing forum that supports colleagues in working through ethical dilemmas in a patient‑partnered, socially accountable way.

BC Dental Hygienists’ Authority to Prescribe Epinephrine-Containing Local Anesthetics: An Action Plan for Expansion

Developing the action plan to expand BC dental hygienists’ authority to prescribe local anesthetics containing epinephrine in DHYG 400B was a practical exercise in advocacy as defined within the Canadian dental hygiene competencies. Rather than treating advocacy as an abstract ideal, this assignment required engaging directly with policy structures, evidence, and power dynamics to support safer, more equitable care and enhanced professional autonomy.
The work began with identifying the current prohibition on prescribing epinephrine as a policy problem that prolongs wait times, limits access to effective pain management, and restricts dental hygienists’ ability to fully use their skills. Framing a proposed policy change that authorizes prescribing linked advocacy to concrete gains in client comfort, reduction of traumatic experiences, and improved access for underserved populations. This reinforced that advocacy involves critically examining how regulation shapes real client experiences, not just professional roles.

Building on this foundation, applying the Bowe, Ball, and Gold framework shifted my focus from the issue itself to the broader policy environment. Analyzing the interests and authority of the Ministry of Health, BCCOHP, CPBC, CDHA, oral health professionals, and the public highlighted that advocacy is relational and political, requiring engagement with both supporters and skeptics. Recognizing dentists’ mixed reactions and potential misconceptions about dental hygiene education underscored the need for respectful, evidence‑informed dialogue as part of advocacy practice.

Change theory then provided the structure to move from analysis to action. Using Kotter’s 8‑step model, the plan integrated urgency‑building, coalition development, and a shared vision focused on improved outcomes and increased autonomy. Designing strategies such as a tailored email to regulators, an electronic petition, and use of CDHA platforms and social media demonstrated how SMART objectives, grassroots mobilization, and communication through multiple channels can generate short‑term wins and sustain momentum.

Finally, critiquing the strengths and limitations of these strategies deepened my understanding of responsible advocacy. Reflecting on feasibility, digital access, and the need for enhanced pharmacology education and continuing competency emphasized that advocating for scope expansion must be paired with commitments to safety, accountability, and equity. Through this assignment, I came to see myself as a dental hygienist‑advocate who can use policy analysis, evidence, and coalition‑building to influence regulatory change and advance oral health for British Columbians.​

Expanding BC Dental Hygienists’ Authority to Prescribe Local Anesthetics Containing Epinephrine: An Action Plan

References

  1. British Columbia College of Oral Health Professionals. Interpretive guidance for dentist-prescribing of Schedule I drugs (including epinephrine and chlorhexidine) for administration by a dental hygienist [Internet]. Vancouver (BC): British Columbia College of Oral Health Professionals; 2022 [cited 2024 Sep 29]. Available from: https://portal.oralhealthbc.ca/practice-resources/professional-practice/standards-and-guidelines/prescribing-schedule1drugs-for-administration-by-DH
  2. Kanji Z, Sunell S, Boschma G, Imai P, Craig BJ. A discourse on dental hygiene education in Canada. Int J Dent Hyg [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2024 Sep 29];9:242–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2010.00495.x.
  3. McFarlane R. 400 helper for S Sunnels doc 2023_2024 [unpublished lecture note]. Lecture presented at the University of British Columbia: [cited 2024 Nov 9]; Vancouver.
    BC Regulations. Dental hygienists regulation [Internet]. Victoria (BC): King’s Printer; 2022 [cited 2024 Nov 9]. Available from: https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/276_2008
  4. British Columbia College of Oral Health Professionals. Practice standards and policies [Internet]. Vancouver (BC): British Columbia College of Oral Health Professionals; 2023 [cited 2024 Sep 29]. Available from: https://oralhealthbc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/02.02.001-Practice-Standards-and-Practice-Standard-Policies.pdf
  5. Mishler SK, Inglehart MR, McComas MJ, Murdoch-Kinch CA, Kinney JS. General dentists’ perceptions of dental hygienists’ professional role: A survey. J Dent Hyg [Internet]. 2018 Feb [cited 2024 Nov 9];92(1):30-9. Available from: https://jdh.adha.org/content/92/1/3
  6. Laig, RBD. Abocejo, FT. Change management process in a mining company: kotter’s 8-step change model [PDF]; 2020 [cited 2024 Nov 25]. doi: 10.31039/jomeino.2021.5.3.3. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ferdinand-Abocejo/publication/354614425_Change_Management_Process_in_a_Mining_Company_Kotter’s_8-Step_Change_Model/links/615093f2f8c9c51a8af65225/Change-Management-Process-in-a-Mining-Company-Kotters-8-Step-Change-Model.pdf
  7. Lakshman, Shradha (Student at University of British Columbia Faculty of Dentistry in Dental Hygiene Degree Programme). Conversation with: Carrie Krekoski (Clinical Assistant Professor at University of British Columbia, RDH, BDSc, MEd). 2024 Nov 27.
  8. Pugh J. Autonomy, rationality, and contemporary bioethics [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2020. Chapter 6, Informed consent, autonomy, and beliefs;  [cited 2024 Nov 9]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556864/
  9. Tamire T, Tesfaw A. The practice of obtaining informed consent for elective surgery and anesthesia from patients’ perspective: an institutional based cross-sectional study. Clin Ethics [Internet]. 2022 Mar [cited 2024 Nov 9];17(1):57-62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477750921994281

Motivational Interviewing as a Lens on Evidence‑Informed Professionalism in Dental Hygiene Practice

My third‑year case presentation illustrates growing professionalism through evidence‑based decision making and skilled motivational interviewing (MI) with a client who had uncontrolled hypertension.

Recognizing white coat hypertension as a stress‑related, clinically significant condition, I treated repeatedly extreme readings as warranting referral and investigation, even when some faculty suspected simple anxiety, and I collaborated with her physician to advocate for a cardiac workup, aligning with Canadian dental hygiene competencies around professionalism and client safety. Across eight appointments, I used MI (ruler/box tools, open questions, reflective listening) to explore her fears about healthcare encounters and support her in weighing the pros and cons of trialing stress‑management strategies, consistent with evidence that MI is an effective, patient‑centred approach for facilitating oral‑health behaviour change.

Follow‑up confirmed uncontrolled white coat hypertension, which is associated with heightened stress reactivity and increased long‑term cardiovascular risk, underscoring why episodic spikes should not be dismissed. Because she felt heard and supported, the client later re‑engaged with the healthcare system and clinicians diagnosed colon cancer at a treatable stage, reinforcing how ethical, evidence‑informed dental hygiene care can influence systemic health outcomes. This experience strengthened my commitment to continuous learning, integrating emerging systemic‑health evidence into dental assessments, and using MI routinely to create psychologically safe spaces where clients are more likely to disclose concerns and act on referrals.

AD Case Presentation

References

    1. Miller WR, Rose GS. Toward a theory of motivational interviewing [Internet]. Am Psychol. 2009 Sep [cited 2025 Dec 03];64(6):527‑37. doi:10.1037/a0016830. PMID:19739882; PMCID:PMC2759607. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016830
    2. Rogers CR. A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client‑centered framework [Internet]. In: Koch S, editor. Psychology: The study of a science. Vol. 3. Formulations of the person and the social contexts. New York: McGraw‑Hill; 1959 [cited 2025 Dec 03]. p.184‑256. Available from: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Psychology:+The+study+of+a+science.+Vol.+3.+Formulations+of+the+person+and+the+social+co
    3. Rubak S, Sandbaek A, Lauritzen T, Christensen B. Motivational interviewing: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. Br J Gen Pract. 2005 Apr;55(513):305‑12. PMID:15826439; PMCID:PMC1463134. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1463134/
    4. Huang Y, Huang W, Mai W, Cai X, An D, Liu Z, et al. White-coat hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and total mortality [Internet]. J Hypertens. 2017 Apr [cited 2025 Dec 03];35(4):677‑688. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001226. PMID:28253216; PMCID:PMC5338886. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28253216/
    5. Lantelme P, Milon H, Gharib C, Gayet C, Fortrat JO, Cottet‑Emard JM, et al. White coat effect and reactivity to stress: cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system responses [Internet]. Hypertension. 1998 Apr [cited 2025 Dec 03];31(4):1021‑9. Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.HYP.31.4.1021

UGM New West: What One Escalated Visit Taught Me About Professional Standards

During my rotation at UGM New Westminster (Sept–Dec 2025), a routine assessment with a client experiencing housing insecurity escalated when he became triggered by a standard question about a lip lesion. Although he had consented to care and initially appeared comfortable, his affect shifted quickly after I suggested the lesion might be related to lip biting rather than chafing from gnawing on gloves in cold weather, and he ultimately chose to leave the operatory. Reflecting afterward, I reflected on the BCCOHP Professional Standards, and how to prioritize the client’s interests, provide safe and competent care, communicate effectively, and uphold informed consent by staying calm, apologizing, halting treatment, and respecting his decision to stop care. The CDHA Code of Ethics and trauma‑informed resources from BCDHA emphasize non‑judgmental, individualized care for clients facing homelessness, substance use, or other structural vulnerabilities, as well as careful wording, attention to body language, and readiness to modify or stop procedures when distress appears. Debriefing with my instructor helped me identify concrete strategies, such as slowing assessments, explicitly checking in about comfort and potential triggers, using collaborative language, and planning alternatives if a client becomes dysregulated, which I captured in a SOAP note and have since integrated into my philosophy of practice. This experience reinforced that professionalism in BC dental hygiene practice is an ongoing, reflective process grounded in empathy, ethical judgment, and accountability to regulatory and ethical standards, not just technical skill.

De-identified reconstructed learning reflection (SOAP note)

References

  1. Canadian Dental Hygienists Association. Code of Ethics [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): CDHA; [date unknown] [cited 2025 Dec 03]. Available from: https://files.cdha.ca/Profession/Resources/Code_of_Ethics_EN_web.pdf 
  2. Oral Health BC. BCCOHP Professional Standards for the Oral Health Team [Internet]. Vancouver (BC): Oral Health BC; 2025 Jun [cited 2025 Dec 03]. Available from: https://oralhealthbc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/BCCOHP-Professional-Standards-for-the-Oral-Health-Team.pdf 
  3. Canadian Dental Hygienists Association. Trauma Informed Oral Health Care [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): CDHA; [date unknown] [cited 2025 Dec 03]. Available from: https://www.cdha.ca/cdha/CDHA/Education/Webinars/Trauma_Informed_Oral_Health_Care.aspx 
  4. Oral Health BC. Principle 4 – Standards [Internet]. Vancouver (BC): Oral Health BC; [date unknown] [cited 2025 Dec 03]. Available from: https://oralhealthbc.ca/principle-4-standards/
  5. Dental Tribune Canada. Supporting dental professionals in offering trauma-informed services [Internet]. [place unknown]: Dental Tribune Canada; [date unknown] [cited 2025 Dec 03]. Available from: https://ca.dental-tribune.com/news/supporting-dental-professionals-in-offering-trauma-informed-services/

2023/2024 Patchwork Summary Reflection

The topic that I have chosen for my patchwork reflection is teamwork within my practice environment. To maintain confidentiality, all names of instructors, peers, and clients mentioned will be replaced by pseudonyms. The 5th Edition of the Darby and Walsh Dental Hygiene Theory and Practice textbook explores the collaborative practice model, wherein dental hygienists, dentists, and/or other healthcare professionals work as equals in a clinical setting to treat clients holistically and effectively.1 In my reflections spanning the last 7 months, a recurring theme has emerged regarding the significance of interprofessional relationships and the mutual exchange of knowledge and services. I have developed a strong reliance on my peers within my cohort, as well as upperclassmen and faculty, for both academic and professional support. The clinic support has proven to be immensely beneficial, notably during the assessment phase of our client treatments. Furthermore, I am often able to find a classmate possessing the knowledge or expertise I lack to assist me with treatment methods, Axium charting, Romexis documentation, PPE, chitting from dispensary, impression cast pouring and trimming advice or other resources. Following the opening of our practices in late January, we established a spreadsheet within the Microsoft Teams Year 2 folder to manage radiation exposure requests, as second-year students are not yet authorised to perform exposures independently. The “TBC: On The Run” modules supplied as resources within Professor Novak’s Behavioral Sciences Canvas course shell provided valuable insights into interprofessional practices, teamwork, workplace professionalism, and a range of other topics that expanded my horizons in dental hygiene as I began accepting new clients into my practice. This includes, but is not limited to, an introduction to interprofessional curriculum and education via the Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative (CIHC) framework, funded by Health Canada.2,3 One of the first clients I took on, whom I will refer to as Erika Mustermann, was a more complex case for which many referrals were made. Mrs Mustermann’s furcation was initially classified as class I, then reclassified as class III. It was later determined to be a class II furcation on the cusp of evolving into a class III as it possessed characteristics of both classes, and thus would be technically correctly charted in either class. This experience presented valuable learning opportunities, facilitated by the diverse perspectives of my instructors whom I regularly consult for guidance on techniques, demonstrations, and general inquiries. Additionally, the client’s referral necessitated a preliminary prosthodontist consultation on-site, as well as radiographs taken and interpreted by a dentist on the floor. During these clinic sessions, I also encountered technical challenges in the operatories, requiring multiple calls to Clinic IT for assistance. Upon fulfilment of chart audit requirements following the client’s departure, I further recognized the collaborative effort that resulted in the completion of her hygiene care. This included significant contributions from the prosthodontist, dentist, my upperclassmen, assisting instructors who provided guidance and support for improvement, dispensary staff, clinic IT personnel, and other team members. To surmise the above reflection, I’ve learned over the course of the 2023/2024 academic year and 2nd term in particular, that the fostering of robust interprofessional relationships is integral to maintaining a cohesive team framework, which is paramount in the delivery of comprehensive client-centred care.

References

  1. Bowen D, Pieren J. Section I: Conceptual Foundations. In: Darby and Walsh Dental Hygiene: Theory and Practice. 5th ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier; 2020. p. 6–7.
  2. Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative. A National Interprofessional Competency Framework [Internet]. Health Canada; 2010 [cited 2024 Mar 17]. Available from: [https://health.ubc.ca/sites/health.ubc.ca/files/documents/CIHC_IPCompetencies_Feb1210.pdf].
  3. Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative. CIHC National Competency Framework Quick Reference Guide | Guide de référence rapide du Référentiel national de compétences du CPIS [PDF] (Anglais) [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2024 Mar 17]. Available from: [https://www.cihc-cpis.com/publications1.html].

[1] Bowen D, Pieren J. Section I: Conceptual Foundations. In: Darby and Walsh Dental Hygiene: Theory and Practice. 5th ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier; 2020. p. 6–7.

[2] Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative. A National Interprofessional Competency Framework [Internet]. Health Canada; 2010 [cited 2024 Mar 17]. Available from: [https://health.ubc.ca/sites/health.ubc.ca/files/documents/CIHC_IPCompetencies_Feb1210.pdf].

 

[3] Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative. CIHC National Competency Framework Quick Reference Guide | Guide de référence rapide du Référentiel national de compétences du CPIS [PDF] (Anglais) [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2024 Mar 17]. Available from: [https://www.cihc-cpis.com/publications1.html].

IPE 2023/2024 Reflection

The IPE sessions I’ve attended have demonstrated the pivotal role interprofessional ethics play in fostering a holistic approach to oral healthcare. The cultivation of resilience, as emphasized in the dedicated module, has been particularly enlightening. Through scenarios and discussions, the module underscored the significance of maintaining professional boundaries, upholding patient confidentiality, and demonstrating empathy amidst the stigmas and challenges in healthcare.

The aforementioned module illustrated a myriad of ways in which knowledge can be acquired, some of which do not adhere to eurocentric standards associated with visiting a physician or basing one’s beliefs on science. I particularly appreciated the use of the word ‘activate’ instead of the word ‘trigger’, which is often used in a clinical context when discussing signs and symptoms of mental illness. I am committed to becoming more comfortable in my own skin and to challenging myself to overcome the stigma of acknowledging my intersectionality and the vulnerability that comes with it.

The Foundations of Ethical Practice module provided a comprehensive understanding of the ethical considerations within healthcare, including the dental hygiene profession. It established a solid framework for ethical decision-making via an emphasis on principles and competencies that are shared amongst healthcare professions, such as confidentiality and non-maleficence. The group activities and case studies prompted critical thinking and allowed me to hone my skills through the navigation of complex ethical dilemmas in a diverse group setting.

To conclude, the IPE modules have empowered me to approach patient care with a heightened sense of responsibility and ethical awareness. As I progress in my dental hygiene journey, these insights will continue to contribute to the delivery of client-centered, ethical oral healthcare. Attached below are examples of documentation from the sessions, including case studies, rationales and reflections.

 

SL_UBCH_IC_Professionalism_Assignment-1

UBCH_IC_EthicsQ2_SL

UBCH_IC_EthicsQ1_MakeupAssignment_2022

DHYG 110 Self-Reflection Paper 2022/23

DHYG 110 Self-Reflection Paper

            I have been interested in the field of dentistry since I was a child, having sought dental treatment from dentists, dental hygienists, orthodontists, and periodontists. I participated in two internships over the course of this past year with a dentist and orthodontist, accumulating over 100 hours thus far. They allowed me to develop and hone valuable competencies such as relationship building and critical thinking skills while learning about equipment and interacting with patients or other dental professionals and staff. I chose to do an internship at my local dental office following an interview with the head dentist at this clinic, who mentored me for the months that I worked with her. I decided on dental hygiene as a profession because although I was initially interested in dentistry, I interacted much more with the hygienists I worked alongside during my dental internships. Consequently, I learned significantly more about their work environment and their contribution to society. It was there that I began to view dentistry and dental hygiene as both a science and an art simultaneously and discovered my passion for it. Later that year, I wrote a paper on the history of dental restoratives, wherein I cited a few studies regarding a potential breakthrough material called Tideglusib. Tideglusib is a GSK-3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) inhibitor that may constitute a pharmacological treatment for dental caries (1) in addition to being used as a treatment for neuropsychiatric, neurological, neuroplastic, inflammatory diseases, and cancers (2).The drug has created significant controversy, given the ethical dilemma surrounding the use of a potentially tumorigenic drug in treatment, hence the ongoing experiments and investigations. The studies I reviewed while researching for my paper were what urged me to apply for dental hygiene at UBC. It is my hope that through my participation in this program, I may one day see my name on research papers that will contribute a fresh perspective to the scientific community.

            Concerning my communication style, I strive to be assertive, sans aggression. I highly value my classmates’ opinions and I ensure everyone feels heard. I am currently refining my patience, particularly in the context of my interactions with others. An example of this would be allowing there to be silence so someone can build the courage to say something, instead of answering to fill the silence. Initially, I did this to act as an ice breaker for my more introverted friends who felt awkward speaking, but I have since realised it does not necessarily help everyone and can be perceived as arrogant. In moderation, however, this technique is beneficial. As a dental hygiene practitioner, I will be working as part of a team and a collective. I must be mindful of others’ preferences.

            I relate to others through mutual interests, such as books, television shows, or music. Our cohort enjoys several group chats where we bond through knowing we are not alone in our confusion, and that we can always lean on each other. Despite being one of the youngest people in our class, I feel welcomed and embraced. We suffer together, and we celebrate together. 

            I am influenced by those around me. I am easily swayed and can occasionally be susceptible to peer pressure, so it is crucial that I surround myself with responsible — but not necessarily like-minded — individuals. I prize variety in my friend groups, to prevent becoming stuck in an echo chamber. From back home, my partner continues to encourage me, in conjunction with my best friends and our families. I am grateful and blessed to have such a strong network. 

            Having written many papers conforming to the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program curriculum, I feel my academic writing abilities are adequate. As for my self-reflection process, I am constantly evaluating what I bring to the table and assessing my shortcomings. Critique and constructive self-criticism are essential to a healthy growth mindset, enabling one to become a better teammate, professional, and leader. Through the composition of this paper, I have demonstrated the following core competencies from the Canadian Competencies for Baccalaureate Dental Hygiene Programs document (3).

1.  Professionalism: I exercised self-management and self-regulation in the process of writing this self-reflection paper by blocking out time for planning, composition, and redaction. 

2. Communication: I displayed this competency through the act of conveying information clearly and concisely.  

3. Research Use: I cited reliable scientific information to support information that was not uniquely my own.

REFERENCES

1. Neves, V. C., Babb, R., Chandrasekaran, D., and Sharpe, P. T. (2017). Promotion of Natural Tooth Repair by Small Molecule GSK3 Antagonists. Sci. Rep. 7:39654. doi: 10.1038/srep39654 
 
2. Hostiuc, S., Perlea, P., Marinescu, M., Dogaroiu, C., and Drima, E. (2019). GSK-3 Inhibitors and Tooth Repair: An Ethical Analysis. Front. Pharmacol. 9:1495. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01495
 
3. Canadian Dental Hygiene Association (2015). Canadian Competencies for Baccalaureate Dental Hygiene Programs. CDHA. https://secure.dentistry.ubc.ca/intranet/academicprograms/hygiene/CDHA_Canadian_Competencies_for_Baccalaureate_Dental_Hygiene_Programs-Adapted_for_UBC_DHDP.pdf