“Storm from the East”
I. Rise of the Mongols
- The settings—Mongolian steppe . . . 12th-century subsistence crisis
- Chinggis (Genghis) (c. 1162–1227)—”Great Khan” (1206) . . . militarization
II. The Mongol Empire
- Ögödei (r. 1227–1241)
- Batu (r. 1224–1255)—Khanate of the Golden Horde (southern Russia)
- Hülegü (r. 1256–1265)—Il-Khan Empire of Iran
- Jagadai (r. 1227–1242)—Khanate of Central Asia
III. Khubilai Khan (reign 1260–1294)
- Rise to power
- Khubilai’s court
- Yuan administration
Yuan Society (1271–1368)
I. “A Horse and Groom in the Wind” (1280s)
- Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322)—”Eight Talents of Wuxing ” . . . Hanlin Academy
II. Chinese Society during the Yuan Period
- Economy—trade . . . agriculture . . . Grand Canal
- Social conditions—Mongols . . . Semu (“Color-Eyed”) . . . Han . . . Southerners . . . occupational groups . . . civil service examinations (1315)
- Community of learning
III. Impacts of Mongol Rule
- Foreign contacts
- Reaffirmation of the cultural tradition