Author Archives: Justin Tao

Psychology of the Return Policy

It’s the first week of November, and you’re eager to get a head start on crossing off items on the holiday shopping list. After a productive day at Pacific Centre, you leave the mall with half a dozen bags grinning from ear to ear. However, as you sprawl your day’s haul on the mattress, thoughts of doubt begin to rise. Did I really need that second pair of leather boots? Or that tacky sweater I will wear once to a Christmas party, then never again?

Courtesy of Jason Yormark / Rock Your Ugly Christmas Sweater

Credit: Jason Yormark / Rock Your Ugly Christmas Sweater

You quickly double-check to see how long you have to decide. Printed at the bottom of the wrinkled receipt is “90-days for a full refund or exchange”. You breathe a sigh of relief and thank the store for their generous returns policy and decide to make up your mind later.

However, you may be surprised to find out retailers are not being generous just out of the goodness of their hearts and your reaction may be exactly what they wanted.

To get a better understanding on how return policies could affect consumer behavior, researchers from the University of Texas recently conducted a study by reviewing five key elements in return policy: time, money, effort, scope and exchange. Surprisingly, the study found that businesses actually benefit from giving ample time for returns. Counter-intuitive as it may be, retailers with more lenient return policies actually result in more sales and less returns.

Why is that?

UT Dallas doctoral candidate Ryan Freling, who conducted this research, said that this is perhaps a result of what is known as the “endowment effect”. The longer a customer has a product in their hands, the more emotionally attached they are to it. If customers don’t feel pressured to make a decision for taking it right back to the store, they more likely to keep it.

Similarly, I have noticed that when I make a questionable purchase at a store with a strict returns policy, I am very likely to second-guess my purchase. However, buying a similar item from a more flexible company like Costco, which offers almost unlimited time for returns, I am more likely to never return the product at all.

Credit: GoToVan / Flickr

With the holiday shopping season fast approaching, whether it’s the tacky sweater from grandma or an impulse shoe purchase, we are all guilty of returning some unwanted merchandise. Besides being more careful with what you buy, it is a good idea to always check the retailer’s return policy and do not remove tags until you’re sure you’re going to keep it. If you decide to return your purchase, just be sure bring your receipt and don’t delay.

Justin Tao

Toughest Animal on Earth

What is the toughest animal on earth?

Perhaps the camel that can weather the dry and arid deserts of the Sahara, or the polar bear that can survive year-long frigid temperatures of the Arctic? Maybe the African elephant weighing in at 14,000 pounds?

But the award for the most resilient animal has to go to the moss piglet – a microscopic critter who can survive even in the vacuum of space.

Moss piglets, or tardigrades, are not new to the scientific community. However, their tenacity has fascinated biologists for centuries. A recent study in September published in Nature Communications have shown that we may even be able to use their DNA to help our cells withstand harmful radiation. Understanding what makes these little guys so tough may one day help our survival in space as well.

A tardigrade (Credit: Eye of Science/SPL)

A moss piglet (Credit: Eye of Science/SPL)

So what exactly is a tardigrade?

Tardigrades are tiny creatures not much larger than a millimeter in length. Also known as ‘water bears’, these animals lumber lazily around in their aqueous natural habitat like bears out of hibernation. At first glance, their plump round bodies, four pairs of stumpy legs, and slow gait make them unlikely contestants in a race of hardiness. However, their ability to thrive in the harshest of environments is astonishing.

Movement of tardigrades (Credit: Craig Smith from YouTube)

Tardigrades commonly live on moist mosses and lichens feeding on plant cells and bacteria. But scientists have collected them from the deepest seas of Mexico to the highest mountains of  the Himalayas.

The tardigrade’s unique ability to survive in extreme environments has prompted scientists to test them to their limits.

In 1998, Japanese researchers put tardigrades to the test by crushing them under 600 megapascals (MPa) of pressure. This pressure is six times greater than the water pressure in the deepest part of the ocean in the Mariana Trench, and the tiny water bears were still able to subsist. To put things in perspective, the strongest human free divers have only been known to survive 3 MPa of pressure.

In 2007, tardigrades became unwilling astronauts as they were shot into space. Far from their native environment, the water bears were left naked in outer space without oxygen, exposing them to hard vacuum and deadly solar radiation. After 10 days, a few tardigrades still managed to survive.

What is their secret to survival?

When taken out of water and dried out, tardigrades enter a state of suspended animation and curl up into a tight ball called a “tun”. In this state, the tardigrade reduces its metabolism by 99.99 percent and produces a mixture of molecules that prevent it from freezing and also encases it in a matrix of biological glass.

A tardigrade in its tun state (Credit: Eye of Science/SPL)

This combination of survival mechanisms is the key to the tardigrade’s resilience. In this dormant state, they have been show to survive for up to 10 years without water. Not even temperatures near absolute zero can crack their shell.

So the next time you are asked to name the toughest animal on Earth, forget the elephant and remember the tardigrade!

Justin Tao