Big Oil Attempting to Seismic Blast Clyde River into Permanent Food Shortage

The Indigenous people of the Canadian Arctic, the Inuit, live on land under jurisdiction of the Canadian government. Although they can be completely self-sufficient in their nomadic way of life, the heavy European influence during WWII forced these communities to settle in towns, stripping them of their culture. Mass agriculture is impossible in the Arctic, so any threat to the wildlife or ecosystem is a threat to the Inuit. The hamlet of Clyde River is among one of the many communities suffering from one of the highest food insecurity rates in North America – 68% of the Inuit population does not have consistent access to food, despite most communities having a Northern Store. However, the prices are marked up as high as 400% during certain times of year. The Inuit are lucky to have the wildlife to help sustain their food supply, as they respect the wildlife and treat them properly, but need to fight to keep it. Below is a video by AsapSCIENCE that describes the current state of Clyde River:

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When the Canadian government forced the people of Clyde River and other Inuit communities to live on government land, they lost their rights to fight Big Oil and its next step in the search for oil and gas deposits in the form of seismic blasting. Seismic blasting affects the wildlife because marine mammals use sound in nearly every part of their lives – communicating, mating and reproducing, raising young, hunting prey and hiding from or fighting predators, for example. In one study, catch rates of cod and haddock decreased 40 to 80% for thousands of miles, after seismic surveys. Seismic blasting, high pressure blasts of compressed air shot under water to survey up to 100 km deep into the sea floor to search for oil deposits, is the loudest noise in the ocean, the dynamite-like blasts are louder than underwater volcanoes and earthquakes and can be heard for many kilometers under water. Some species, for example Bowhead whales, cease communication when noise reaches 170 dB, and seismic blasting can reach >400 dB.

Visual representation of seismic blasting, from http://bit.ly/2dmUncH

Seismic blasting is occurring along the East Coast of USA,  and many have voted against it, including big organizations like Oceana.  The blasts sound every ten seconds, all day for days to weeks at a time, surveying the ocean floor for oil deposits the same way as in the Arctic. Greenpeace is petitioning to save Canada’s Arctic and prevent Big Oil from beginning a 5-year seismic blasting plan that is scheduled to begin in summer 2017 and blast every ten seconds, 24 hours a day, for the majority of each year.

Clyde River supporters protesting the National Energy Board approval of seismic testing in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait in July 2014. From http://bit.ly/1LonlGE

Clyde River supporters protesting the National Energy Board approval of seismic testing in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait in July 2014. From http://bit.ly/1LonlGE

Clyde River, backed by Greenpeace and others, has a hearing on November 30th in the Supreme Court of Canada against Big Oil. Sign the petition to stop seismic blasting, save our marine wildlife, and support Inuit communities, who need our help now more than ever:  http://arctic-home.greenpeace.org/en-ca/

Toughest Animal on Earth

What is the toughest animal on earth?

Perhaps the camel that can weather the dry and arid deserts of the Sahara, or the polar bear that can survive year-long frigid temperatures of the Arctic? Maybe the African elephant weighing in at 14,000 pounds?

But the award for the most resilient animal has to go to the moss piglet – a microscopic critter who can survive even in the vacuum of space.

Moss piglets, or tardigrades, are not new to the scientific community. However, their tenacity has fascinated biologists for centuries. A recent study in September published in Nature Communications have shown that we may even be able to use their DNA to help our cells withstand harmful radiation. Understanding what makes these little guys so tough may one day help our survival in space as well.

A tardigrade (Credit: Eye of Science/SPL)

A moss piglet (Credit: Eye of Science/SPL)

So what exactly is a tardigrade?

Tardigrades are tiny creatures not much larger than a millimeter in length. Also known as ‘water bears’, these animals lumber lazily around in their aqueous natural habitat like bears out of hibernation. At first glance, their plump round bodies, four pairs of stumpy legs, and slow gait make them unlikely contestants in a race of hardiness. However, their ability to thrive in the harshest of environments is astonishing.

Movement of tardigrades (Credit: Craig Smith from YouTube)

Tardigrades commonly live on moist mosses and lichens feeding on plant cells and bacteria. But scientists have collected them from the deepest seas of Mexico to the highest mountains of  the Himalayas.

The tardigrade’s unique ability to survive in extreme environments has prompted scientists to test them to their limits.

In 1998, Japanese researchers put tardigrades to the test by crushing them under 600 megapascals (MPa) of pressure. This pressure is six times greater than the water pressure in the deepest part of the ocean in the Mariana Trench, and the tiny water bears were still able to subsist. To put things in perspective, the strongest human free divers have only been known to survive 3 MPa of pressure.

In 2007, tardigrades became unwilling astronauts as they were shot into space. Far from their native environment, the water bears were left naked in outer space without oxygen, exposing them to hard vacuum and deadly solar radiation. After 10 days, a few tardigrades still managed to survive.

What is their secret to survival?

When taken out of water and dried out, tardigrades enter a state of suspended animation and curl up into a tight ball called a “tun”. In this state, the tardigrade reduces its metabolism by 99.99 percent and produces a mixture of molecules that prevent it from freezing and also encases it in a matrix of biological glass.

A tardigrade in its tun state (Credit: Eye of Science/SPL)

This combination of survival mechanisms is the key to the tardigrade’s resilience. In this dormant state, they have been show to survive for up to 10 years without water. Not even temperatures near absolute zero can crack their shell.

So the next time you are asked to name the toughest animal on Earth, forget the elephant and remember the tardigrade!

Justin Tao

A New Era of Drone-based Communication

In 2008, the second-generation Ipod touch was released and it amazed me.

When I first tried it out, I not only saw that one could play games, listen to music and watch movies on a touch-screen device, but what truly shocked me was its ability to send emails! I just couldn’t believe that a small handheld device allowed me to message my friends online without having any relation to a desktop computer. It felt like a whole new way to communicate.

Since then, the world has seen many more technological advances, but one of the latest continues to further both knowledge and communication with remote parts of the world.

A group of workers at Facebook have created an airplane-like drone named Aquila that plans to use solar power as a means to stay in the air for months. On June 28th 2016, the drone was first flown for a 90-minute period using battery power. A video depicting Aquila’s first test flight can be seen below:

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(Video Source: “Aquila’s First Flight” by Facebook on Youtube)

The company’s goal is to deliver internet connection to all people living on the earth, no matter how wealthy or isolated they may or may not be.

However, there are still many steps to complete before this milestone is reached. Solar panels have not yet been added to the model used in the test flight, and the team of scientists working on this project also have to determine an effective way to store battery power for extended periods of time. Furthermore, the team needs to find a way to reduce the price of the drone due to both physical (i.e. building the product and materials) and worker (i.e. maintenance and supervision) fees. Lastly, the drone has to be durable enough to withstand damage it may encounter in the air.

Apart from all of this, it is also uncertain how accepting Governments around the world will be to the idea of internet access delivered via Facebook drone. Clearly there are still many obstacles to overcome before Aquila will be ready, but if we consider the basic idea behind it, there is a lot of potential.

This concept could provide many new opportunities and experiences for individuals everywhere. People will have access to material available on the internet that they could never receive before. They can learn new information, teach themselves new skills and communicate with others whom they have yet to encounter. How would young children obtaining this access for the first time feel? Probably completely overwhelmed by all the new knowledge and opportunities that could change their lives.

Just like my astonishment towards email on the Ipod touch, I will continue to be amazed by new methods that make communication more accessible; and Aquila is a great step towards this.

Kayleigh B.

Finding Dory! And Save Them!

This summer, there was another pixar cartoon movie”Finding Dory”. There are a lot of cute animals in the movie. But the movie itself actually have negative impact to the nature. you may ask why?

Here are some stories,nemo fish is actually belong to the clownfish family. And every year, over 1 million of them was taken from the ocean. After the last ocean movie”finding nemo” in 2003, what people didn’t expect is an 40%  increase of the nemo fish in the pet fish market and aquarium trade. And, this is not the end of the bad news, they are really vulnerable to extinction for several reasons: First, the clownfish are dependent on stinging sea anemones, which thrive on only healthy coral reefs, to hide from the predators. But, due to rising temperature, the coral dies. And this makes the clownfish have less place to live. Second, the carbon dioxide make the see water more acidic, and this will block the signal that lead the clownfish back  to home. And the commercial aquarium trade makes their situation even worse, as 90% of the commercial aquarium fish comes from the ocean.

Therefore, there are some scientists actually start a program called “ Saving Nemo Conservation Fund“. They are trying an alternative to collecting wild clownfish from the ocean. Nursery breeding is an easy way to prevent overcollection of clownfish in the wild. And for the 7 out of 28 species of clownfish are bred in Australia . Unfortunately, none of the ten host anemone species are bred in captivity for aquariums.

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So, how about Dory? Well, it turns out dory is not as lucky as nemo, as they are  currently unable to be bred in captivity. So,if you see a Royal Blue Tang, as known as Dory, in an aquarium shop it will have to come from the wild.

 

 

A “Buggy” Superfood

Imagine yourself going to the kitchen one morning for a nice cup of milk to power you through the day. That milk would have probably came from dairy cows. Now, imagine yourself drinking cockroach milk! Sounds weird doesn’t it. However, study has shown that the Pacific Beetle Cockroach could be the one milking our next superfood of the future.2532080739_0f2f1346ce_n

The Pacific Beetle cockroach,unlike other cockroaches that lay eggs, gives birth to live offspring. It also produces “milk” to feed its offspring. The white liquid substance that its babies are fed with contain highly nutritious protein crystals. Cockroach milk is now considered one of the world’s most nutritious substances, with nutrients four times as much as cow’s milk and three times as much as buffalo’s milk.

Image source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/364017582364139694/

Image source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/364017582364139694/

As seen in the video above, a liquid substance containing tiny protein crystal particles are being produced and ejected by the cockroach. One single crystal is said to contain four times the energy compared to regular cow’s milk.

Scientists are hopeful of producing protein shakes out of the protein crystals. However, does this mean that we will be able to just buy cockroach milk protein shakes off the counter? Unfortunately, that will not be the case. While cockroach milk is highly nutritious, it is rather difficult to gather as we are not able to milk the cockroaches like we do with cows. Scientist are trying to resolve this problem by duplicating the genes responsible for producing the protein crystals, meaning, we will be drinking bioengineered cockroach milk.

Being able to produce cockroach milk in large quantities could also help the environment greatly as it means we will have alternatives to cow milk and almond milk. Cows are known for creating greenhouse gases and growing crops such as almond and soy beans require quite a lot of water. We will no longer need as many diary cows, meaning that less methane gas will be produced. Less almonds and soy beans will be needed therefore less water will be used. Cockroach milk does not require any water and does not produce any substances that may harm our environment. That means if cockroach milk is successful , we will not only be benefiting ourselves but our environment as well.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsRfXi6DfLc

However, in a time where people are supporting all natural foods, would a protein shake labeled “bioengineered” really be that evolutionary? While there are already several superfoods on the market that are made from insects, such as Cricket Protein Powder, none of these have yet been labeled “bioengineered”. The fact that Cockroach milk is the first superfood that is bioengineered will make it revolutionary, however, whether it will be fit for regular consumption is one of the biggest questions right now for consumers. Perhaps in the future, not only would we be drinking cockroach milk, we may also be enjoying other foods made from cockroach milk such as ice cream and yogurt.

Delia Ma

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