Social Issues – Pursuing the Dream of K-pop

K-pop industry, which plays a major role in Korean economy in recent years, is blooming under global attention. Many Koreans view it as a national pride as a continuously increasing amount of people around the world want to get involved in all kinds of Korean activities because of K-pop and want to share a piece of the large pie. However, due to K-pop’s power of impact, K-pop trends also mirror a holistic image of the Korean society, especially how teenagers, who are the future of a country, choose to pursue their future.

There are a lot of people who see K-pop idols as a way of earning “quick money”, ignoring the facts of the highly competitive market, intense training and potential pain and loss in life. According to Ho, a considerable amount of parents are willing to invest heavily and support their children’s dream in becoming a “super star” on-stage, eventually bringing back not only a “luxurious” life, but also fame and social status to them after their children’s success (2012: 472-73). The parents sent their children to agency companies “as young as six years of old” to get so called “professional training” in order to satisfy their own ambition (Ho 2012: 473). These family values would have a subtle but unremovable influence on the children, and in turn affect their own dreams and pursuits.

Moreover, with the hit of “Produce” series in the past 3 years and the success of pop stars presented in the program, more youngsters are expecting these kinds of opportunities for them to be famous with imaginary characteristics “performed” to the public that are narrated by their agencies or themselves, even if they don’t have any talents or don’t practice for better performance at all. They devote themselves into this “gambling” game and picture their success in minds. The trainees start at a very young age, isolating themselves from the mainstream society (Elfving-Hwang 2018: 193). Many of them would not get a chance to experience normal school life and learn what they should have learned for basic social interactions and survival skills.

As discussed above, this would also be a part of reasons why Seungri did so many horrible and illegal dealings. He started his trainee life in his early teen, and because he was almost kicked out of Big Bang in the survival program, his ambition to prove himself became bigger. Seungri didn’t get to involve much in school, but he participated in the game among capitalists too early that he was already “fully educated” by those money games.

There were more than 91 groups debuted in 2018, not mentioning exactly how many people debuted in total (allkpop 2019). A majority of the groups are still not known to the public, and there were also a large number of trainees who spent years but ended up not debuting (referring to “Produce” series). The terrifying truth is not whether those trainees would be debuting/being famous or not; rather, hundreds or even thousands of teenagers put their futures at stake to “gamble” an uncertainty. Once they lose, they have to start from the beginning with little education backgrounds and social involvements. As a result, despite the success of K-pop today, people should consider what they really want for their future, instead of blindly following the trends and dreaming about unrealistic success.

Bibliography

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Ho, Swee Lin. “Fuel for South Korea’s ‘Global Dreams Factory’: The Desires of Parents Whose Children Dream of Becoming K-pop Stars.” Korean Observer 43, no. 3 (Autumn 2012): 471-502.

Why EXO and the former Chinese members were still uprising after the contract termination incident?

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Chun, Elaine W. “How to Drop a Name: Hybridity, purity, and the K-pop fan.” Language in Society 46, (2017): 57-76

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Wu, Shih-Hao, Tsai, Ching-Yi Daphne and Hung, Chung-Chieh. “Toward Team or Player? How Trust, Vicarious Achievement Motive, and Identification Affect Fan Loyalty.” Journal of Sport Management 26, no. 2 (2012): 177-91

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masculinity in Kpop

Since 2012, the revolutionary success of Gangnam Style by Psy has attracted the whole world’s attention towards South Korea, especially their pop culture and entertainment. In addition, Kpop idols are known for the astonishing good-looking young start with flawless images, incredible choreographed dance and undeniably catchy melody. Furthermore, the Kpop male bands have once again shown their global popularity to the world at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards where BTS has won in the fan-voted Top Social Artist Category. Thus, there is a controversy discussion raise among the public, what kinds of distinct characteristics those Kpop male bands have which differentiated them from all other music bands in the western country and receive enormous fans all around the world? Undeniably, bright hair dye, full face of makeup in a doll-like perfection skin, a sweeping highlight or kohl-lined eyes and flashy costumes are most people’s first impression about Kpop male idols. Apart from that, the ability of Kpop male idols displays their various form of masculinity is considered one of the most key factors for them to retain a wide range of fandoms. (Anderson, 2014)

According to Sun Jung who is the author of Korean Masculinities and Transcultural Consumption, in order to meet the forever changing and demanding global music market, the manufacturing of K-pop has divides the male bands into two types of classifications: hard masculinity and soft masculinity. (Anderson,2014) Kpop male bands who are categorized as hard masculinity are called Jim Seung Idol, which portrays the young male bands who has physical prowess as a “beast”. They trying to show the “dark-side” images where they all has the power to do what they want and living in a care-free lifestyle. A good example in this category is one of the BigBang’s music video- Bang Bang Bang. As in the music video, all members are wearing bold and heavy makeup and there are showing their well-toned muscular bodies and well-structured abdominals. Companies with the sign of motorcycles, fire and black leather jackets to display an image of being dangerous and impulsive male characteristics.

On the opposite side, the most debating and common classification masculinity types are soft masculinity which also being called as flower boys – Kkot mi name idols which translated to good looking men like flowers. Male idols in this category always display the image of being sweet, cute and gentle. Moreover, they have played on gender possibilities by erasing the boundaries surrounding gender roles. One good example is Shines ‘s Music video- Hello. As in the music video, each member are dressed in bright colours and wearing cute accessories in their customer’s as well as having a big sweet smile on their pretty faces. Their makeup and hairstyle also became soft as well as their gestures, as they have done a lot of aegyo which display their ideas of loving affection towards female partners. However, there is less social accepted for this type of masculinity as in most western country, as there are strict distinctions between female/male and feminine/masculine . Thus, those male idols has  received a lot of prejudice from being too feminized and thought as “emasculation” by Western standards as they deems taking care of one’s appearance as feminine.

In addition, the most impressing thing about Kpop male bands is they are able to switch seamlessly between two different classifications of masculinity as one of consider thrilling and powering where other is considered feminine. The success of the Kpop also provides them a great opportunity to show the world how do the male idols create a new norm of masculinity and their distinct characteristics that attract incredible fandoms globally.

Reference:

Anderson, C. (2014). That’s my man! Overlapping masculinities in Korean popular music. In
Y. Kuwahara (Ed.),The Korean wave: Korean popular culture in global context (pp. 117-131). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan
“Flowerboys and the Appeal of ‘Soft Masculinity’ in South Korea.” BBC News, BBC, 5 Sept. 2018, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42499809.

 

Sexual Objectification of Women in K-pop Reinforces Gender Roles on Both Men and Women

Gender roles are perceptions and beliefs of what is acceptable of being a woman or a man (Planned Parenthhoodn.d). Gender roles create the stereotypes of judging women or men based on their behaviours, personality characteristics and physical appearances (Cliffs Notes n.d). Ideal female gender characteristics are demonstrated through presenting women as submissive, sexually manipulative and innocent to meet the expectations of a male-dominate society (Lin and Rudolf 2017: 28).

Gender attitudes are also positively correlated with K-pop consumptions (Lin and Rudolf 2017: 27). Sex suggestive choreographies and music videos, such as Hyuna’s Red; and clothing that exposes body parts, such as legs and breasts, have become prevalent among female idols (Lin and Rudolf 2017: 30). Those sexy choreographies and costumes are a clear indication of gender attitudes for female idols in Korea, as most of the female groups are targeting male audiences. They are showing their sexual coercion through their choreographies, facial expressions and ideal feminine body parts to empower men sexually and physically, which is considerably one of the major gender differences in Korean society. Female idols are packaged this way to attract and retain male audiences. Some choreographies and costumes are specifically designed to reveal body parts that are appealing to male audiences (Lin and Rudolf 2017: 30), which shows how female idols are treated as objects to actualize their financial values. As we saw during the lecture, women in commercials are used as tools to sell products with their bodies.

Sexual objectification of women in K-pop signals what is acceptable and favorable of being a woman not only to men but also to women. Sexual objectification gives men more opportunities to feel powerful whereas gives women an ideal image of what makes them more attractive to men. Sexual objectification provides women a contemporary approach to show superiority to other women as sexy women are considered more attractive by men; and female idols are offering women a perfect model of how women should shape their body parts and behave in order to look appealing to men. Although many may think this gives women a sense of empowerment or openness to sexual desire (Lin and Rudolf 2017: 31), sexual objectification is still based on how men perceive women as sexually attractive rather than what women think that are comfortable for them. The desire of having a perfect body or behaving in a certain way like female idols indicates how K-pop is influencing women to be sexually submissive and manipulative so they can feel more confident about how their images are perceived in a male-dominate society. Some women do not like to show certain parts of their bodies due to lack of confidence, because they are considered less attractive to men than women with perfect body images, which implies K-pop is reinforcing gender attitudes on young women both directly and indirectly. Women Female idols are actively promoting their perfect images, but at the same time they are also indirectly imposing the idea of sexual objectification without unveiling the real intention behind certain choreographies and behaviours.

Female idols are demonstrating sexual objectification and gender roles through the production of K-pop music that allows men to feel sexually empowered. Female idols are also presented as sexually submissive so they can retain more audiences which eventually should be able to benefit them and their agencies financially. Sexual objectification in the K-pop industry promotes gender attitudes to women to further emphasize gender roles in Korean society.

Bibliography

“Gender Roles.” Cliffs Notes. https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/sex-and-gender/gender-roles (accessed 11/06/2019)

Lin, Xi and Rudolf, Robert. “Does K-pop Reinforce Gender Inequalities? Empirical Evidence from a New Data Set.” Asian Women 33, no. 4 (2017): 27-54

“What Are Gender Roles and Stereotypes?” Planned Parenthhood. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sexual-orientation-gender/gender-gender-identity/what-are-gender-roles-and-stereotypes (accessed 11/06/2019)

What I learned from Cover Video — Jasmine Chen

When I first looked at the requirement for this video project, I thought it would be extremely complicated, especially for people like me with little musical and video production background. Producing this short cover video required us to put a lot of effort, which wouldn’t work without any of us in the team. My first lesson was Teamwork, which played a crucial role throughout our video production process. To illustrate, if we didn’t have a great team in support, we wouldn’t even come to an agreement so quickly on the song for reproduction. Moreover, as our team chose to sing ourselves accompanied with musical instruments, the music part was already a big work, not mentioning all other language barriers, actings and dance moves we had to take over. All of us had to practice hard and prepare well, and we should clearly know our own responsibilities. I was really grateful for such a nice team that I have, and I felt that I became much closer with our team members and our friendship connection was tightened. Similarly, fandom also connects a group of people like us who bring their love and hope to show them through channels like Youtube. There would be a larger community in the media world so that they could find conformity in which many of them could not in the cruel reality.

Another lesson was the video production process. Despite of the fact that I participated in some video projects before, and tried different positions such as directing, filming and editing, this cover video provided me with a totally fresh experience. I understood that in order to make a perfect video for K-pop idols, a team with hundreds of stuffs need to be involved behind the scenes and work hard to make idols “lit” on the stage. The stage is not only about a group of pretty idols, but also the “blood, sweat and tears” of all people working hard behind.

Learning from Cover Video – Ka Yu Choi

From the process of producing a cover video of “Spring Day” by BTS, I learnt more about the power of K-Pop and fandom. It is proved that the Korean Wave has been spreading all over the world for a while as we can see K-Pop stars performing in other countries very frequently. But the question is, how?

The signature of K-Pop is that people can easily sing along the short, catchy and repeated English and/or Korean phrases. Even our group are all foreigners who neither speak Korean nor dance well, we chose to do both singing and dancing of “Spring Day” as it is fairly slow and easy to learn. The background music is also easily played by ourselves with piano and guitar without having to practice for a long period of time. I found that it is not very difficult to cover a song, given that it is not expected to be a professional piece of work produced in studios. Our cover video is not perfect, there might be some pronunciation mistakes and the dance moves are definitely not smooth enough. However, I am certain that our passion about K-Pop motivates us to perform the best we can.

YouTube as the main media to promote K-pop, has provided an interactive platform for fans to accumulate K-Pop knowledge. I learnt the choreography through various fan-made videos such as the mirrored version of the dance practise from BTS and the dance tutorial video that taught the moves step by step. Besides, there are many videos that explain the music video and the meaning of the song in different languages. Today, I have gained a better understanding about the song through these resources and in the future, I might be the one who distribute the information about many other songs.

I realized the main reason for K-Pop to bloom is that the hybridity of the music itself attracts a wide range of audience and the support from fandom is significant that gets everyone to participate in a simple way.

What I’ve learned about making this cover video… – Man Ting Poon

This is the first time that we technically make up a “MV” and all of us are satisfied with the final version!  I didn’t know most of the members before this project so I’ve learned about the importance of cooperation. During the song recording, we used the earphone and passed back and forth to the one who was responsible to sing that part super quietly. Since we were not following the same speed as the original version and adding musical instruments like piano and guitar as the background music, we had to find our beat and match with everything cooperatively. Besides, as all of us are not professional dancers, we were not asking for perfect posture but only being able to do it in sync. We have then developed tacit understanding with each other in a short period of time through the meetings.

Secondly, I’ve also learned about the importance of practice. I found a hard time practicing the dance and Korean pronunciations. Dancing and singing foreign language were the biggest challenges for me that I had to pause every five seconds of choreography tutorial video to learn about the posture and listened to pronunciation tutorial video over 100 times to remember the lyrics. Although practice has proven that mission impossible can also be completed with time and effort investment, being talented is very important as a celebrity as well because he/she has to master the skills ASAP to perform in front of the world. It is actually an extreme tense job, especially the very popular ones that you have to live under the spotlight all the time without much private time and sometimes even have to live in people’s opinions and expectations.

At last, I would like to say thank you to this course as it gives us chances of creating something we would not do otherwise (including imagine ourselves being superstars) and thank you for all the contributions that every member has made. (fingerheart<3)

Cover Video Essay – Wendy Luo

When I was still a little girl, being able to make a music video is always my dream. Finally, I got this opportunity to work with the other five members to do a cover video of BTS-Spring Day. As other members, I was both hesitant and a little unsure of how to plan the music video and do all the things due to our lack of related experience and none of us are Korea. However, no matter how hard it is. I sincerely believe in and appreciate dedication and commitment.

Moreover, great effort is required to establish a trusting relationship between each member, as no one could make good music video independently. In order to produce a great cover video, we have to split up the role within the group which will maximize each individual’s strength. My main responsibility is directing the music video. This is the first time for me  to realize how complex and details require behind the scenes. In addition, I have to come up with a storyline that fits our music, and I have to discuss frequently with my team members to find the most suitable character that fits our video based on each individual’s characteristics. At the same time, I learned that comprise is the key for successful teamwork, as each of us has to commuciate with each other in order to choose the best options for the group. In addition, interested and happy learning is always a concern, thus I always making sure that we have a positive and active attitude which can enhance the efficiency of our working process. In the end, I found myself really enjoying my self through the process of exploring my potential and using my enthusiasm for Kpop music to produce something we all product of as a team.

Perhaps most of all, I also have a better understanding of what it means of kpop This is not just a word that we use in fandom, rather it is a process that demands enthusiasm, persistence and teamwork.

 

Cover Video Essay-Kehan Wan

As a non-Korean speaker, I found it to be very difficult to master the rap, especially the pronunciation. I struggled with pronouncing the words correctly while following the rhythm of the song. Although the recording was successful, I do not think it is hundred percent cohesive, because what I did was to “rap” those syllables without knowing the meaning of each single character.

Many K-pop groups had released songs in different languages, and they probably did not have a chance to listen to the demo as many times as we did. There are K-pop idols whose pronunciations are similar to native speakers, so they must have put a lot of effort to learn how to do it well. There are also many groups that sing in another language, but still rap Korean. I think it is because they want to keep the cohesiveness of the song, so when a speaker of that language hears that song, they would not be bothered or get distracted by the pronunciation. I did not understand this before doing this project, but now I can see the reason behind it.

As for the cover songs, I think many fans have chosen to cover the songs in another language is because they do not speak Korean, so it will be easier for them to sing in their own language. Additionally, rewriting the lyrics could help the cover singers to be able to express their feelings through the songs, because they understand what they are singing, which was a problem I had when I was doing the song cover. We all enjoyed the practice and recording, and we also felt the satisfaction when the video was successfully filmed. Therefore, I think that is another reason why many fans are willing to spend time learning the songs or even writing their own lyrics.

Overall, I think this project was a valuable experience for me to learn more about how cover videos are made and understand K-pop and fandom a bit more.

Learning From Cover Video-Vinci Chan

At first, I was really excited to make a cover video because I really like K-pop idol stars. I thought it would be easy that we just need to practice the lyrics and choreography that we choose and take some beautiful scenes, but I was wrong. None of our group member is Korean nor has learnt dancing before. That means we have to learn everything by ourselves online. We shared learning videos in our group chat, and we all practiced before the shooting day. However, it still took us hours on the shooting day and recording day to practice together and make our dancing and singing consistent.

Through this cover video, I understand that why the Korean entertaining industry need the trainee system. The trainee system assure that the idol stars debut with skills, so they learn faster when they get a new song and guarantee the quality of their performance. “Practice makes perfect” is true. When we spent hours to practice together, we did improved a lot. We keeping dancing again and again, and we knew that we were doing better than the previous one.

In addition, I understand the importance of a good music video. It is about what the producer want to show to the audience. We wanted to show how lonely we were when we left our friends, so when we edited the video, we adjusted the speed of some scenes to make a feeling of loneliness. When filming, I had an imagination of the scenes in my mind first, and I tried to attain it and show it to the audience. As I have no filming experience, I need to tried from different angles and distances, and check which one is the best. Therefore, I learn that when we see a good music video, it should be credited to the filming and post-production team, not just the idols we see in the music video.