Category Archives: Twitter

Identity performance on Twitter: A small case study

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Throughout this term, the topic of identity as projected through social media has come up multiple times, especially that of performed and constructed identities. Getting Ready, by Giusi Barbiani The topic intrigues me.  For the most part, I have observed minimal performance occurring in the posts of my Facebook friends except to small degrees. Performance that I have seen is usually just an extension of some identity they are already trying to project in real life, and so is not at all exclusive to the medium.  Or, people may post only images that project having fun and being happy.  But what other types of pictures would they show people if they were good old-fashioned sets of printed photographs?

As a way of extending my consideration in this topic, I thought it would be interesting to go and a little online stalking of some friends and family on Twitter.  I do not have a Twitter account, and rarely go on there except perhaps when led there via a feed embedded in another site.  There were three questions that I was looking at during this process:

  1. Do the posts of these individuals, whose personalities I know quite well, come across the same in their tweets?
  2. Do they project themselves differently on Twitter than on Facebook?
  3. Could the fact that I encountered their entire Twitter identity at once, rather than in bits and pieces over time, such as I have with their Facebook identities, affect any sense I might have of performance?  I can’t really answer this last question, of course, but it was a factor I thought might be worth acknowledging.

What  found out in looking at the feeds of these eight friends and family members? Nothing too shocking.  Their posts aligned pretty much perfectly with their personalities as I have known them for many years, and with what they say in real life.  Some people were perhaps more restrained than they would be in person.  I attribute this to the wider audience, or to the quasi-professional nature of a few friends’ feeds, which they use almost exclusively for networking and/or aggregation of information related to their profession.  Of course, it is quite possible that some of these individuals may have other accounts, under pseudonyms, through which they have in fact constructed an online identity.  I considered this while searching for their feeds, but decided that I should only take my cyber-stalking so far.

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Photograph: “Getting Ready” by Giusi Barbiani.  Use allowed under CC BY-NC2.0. Taken from https://www.flickr.com/photos/11590243@N05/5777362968/.

Are tweets meant to be records?

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For me, considerations of social media always seem to come back to questions around its place in archives.  One of the biggest concerns for archivists relating to social media is how exactly to go about acquiring and saving posts.  There are issues of ownership, technological concerns, and questions around what else needs to be saved beyond the actual text of posts in order for them to have any value, such as comments and links.

On some social media sites, however, people post not with the intention of creating something that they – or anyone else – will go back and look at in the future (or even the next few days for that matter).  And now there is Snapchat, which brings this presumed ephemeral nature of Twitter into actuality.  There are also scripts available that will automatically delete your tweets after a week (or whatever period of time that you designate).

This leads me to wonder whether or not such posts should ever be considered to be part of a person or organization’s permanent record.  They are often used as just a new form of conversation, after all, and we do not try to archive conversations.  Archives have always collected letters, and one could make the argument that tweets are just a (very) new form of letter writing.  Emails certainly are, but tweets are different.  They are written in a differnt way and for different reasons.

I guess the question I am getting at here is not so much about whether or not tweets could have historical value, but to what degree archivists should consider the intent behind their creation.  If they were intended to be ephemeral, should they remain so?  Of course, libraries and archives already explicitly collect ephemera (for example, the Bodleian Library’s printed ephemera collection with material dating back to 1508), so perhaps this is nothing new!

Archival Value of Social Media

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If James Joyce had had a Twitter account, would literary scholars today be interested in them?  Probably.  But would they be valuable to scholarship, or just a source personal amusement?

These are questions facing archivists today. The best strategies for managing digital archival material in general are still being debated, and a person or organization’s social media posts are just one (particularly complicated) piece of that digital puzzle. The technical means of gathering social media records is a problem in itself.  To begin with, many of these records are not even the property of the person who created them.  What you put on Twitter is actually the property of Twitter, which is why, for example, the company was able to turn over all tweets to the Library of Congress to be part of its collections.  This Twitter archives has turned out to have some problems, not surprisingly, because of its massive size (170 billion tweets as of 2013).  A single search of the entire collection can take up to 24 hours to execute.*

Going back to the question of ownership, a person can actually download the “archives” of their accounts from some social media platforms, including Facebook and Twitter. These downloads, however, completely strip away the activity of others (among other things), which means a loss of essential contextual information and, basically, the “social” and “network” aspects.  Moreover, someone would have to think to download their social media archive while still living, and before they donated material to an archives or library.  Quite frequently, it is only after a person has passed away that the donation happens. Access to an individuals social media accounts becomes rather tricky at this point.

But the question around these issues that I find most compelling is simply whether or not social media even should be considered part of person’s archives and, if so, in what way and to what extent.  This really gets at the issue of social media and identity.  In what ways do we reveal our identity through social media? Are these true identities?  If they are, in fact, actually performed identities to some degree (some people are more performative than others in their social media posts), would they still be valuable in the archival fond of a person?

My opinion is that there is really no way to know right now. My reason: there are really no tried and true methods for assessing the archival value of any personal records, whether they are on paper, on a hard drive, or in the cloud.  Archival theory is essentially based on institutional records, and the traditional ways of identifying archival value in institutional records (and therefore deciding what will be kept in the archives) do not translate all that well when dealing with personal archives (i.e., the records of an individual, family, or possible a small community).  I won’t go into much detail about this here,** except to say that if we are still trying to figure out how to appraise personal archives generally, and also still trying to figure out how to manage digital archives generally, questions around the value of and strategies for managing all of these cloud-based social media records are a long way from being answered.

* You can read more about the Library of Congress’ Twitter archive and the challenges that they are facing in managing it in LOC’s report “Update on the Twitter Archive At the Library of Congress,” available here.

** For some more in-depth reading about the appraising and managing personal archives, I suggest the following readings:

The Character of Personal Archives: Reflections on the Value of Records of Individuals, by Catherine Hobbs (Archivaria, Fall 2001)

The Appraisal of Personal Papers: A Critical Literature Review, by Riva A. Pollard (Archivaria, Fall 2001)

In Search of a Theory of Private Archives: The Foundational Writings of Jenkinson and Schellenberg Revisited, by Rob Fisher (Archivaria, Spring 2009)