Security Studies

Pipe Down, Will Ya?

The Kinder Morgan proposed new Trans Mountain pipeline poses major environmental, health, and economic risks to British Columbia and should not be allowed to continue.

Since 1953, the Trans Mountain pipeline owned by the BC Gas Company was originally built to provide British Columbia oil and natural gas from Edmonton, travelling through Burnaby. In 2005, an American company, Kinder Morgan purchased the BC Gas Company, and began using the pipeline not only to carry conventional crude oil from Alberta, but also a new eroding oil, diluted bitumen. The Kinder Morgan proposal is to expand the existing Trans Mountain pipeline by creating a dual-line pipeline, to increase the amount of oil being transported to 890,000 barrels per day, from the current 300,000. The current route of the pipeline is through numerous communities such as Burnaby, Kamloops, and Sumas, as well as through 15 First Nations communities and other towns. Construction for land surveys have began in Burnaby and involve drilling into the territory, which has lead to constant protests from environmental and community interests groups about the dangerous risks of the proposed pipeline.

The dilute bitumen that the Kinder Morgan pipeline proposes to carry especially is a high security risk. Diluted bitumen is understood to hold highly unstable substances including benzene, which is a known poison. When in salt water, diluted bitumen sinks and mixes with sediments. According to a report conducted by Environment Canada, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans and Natural Resources Canada, conventional clean up methods for spills have a “limited effect” on cleaning diluted bitumen. One litre of spilled oil is able to contaminate a million litres of groundwater, as well as leach toxic substances. Diluted bitumen can only be piped properly under high temperatures and pressures, further increasing the risk of pipeline failures. The risk of a major oil spill carrying an extremely volatile substance is a major risk, given the route of the current pipeline.

The current Trans Mountain pipeline not only runs under numerous towns and communities, but also directly under several schools such as Stoney Creek Community School and Lyndhurst Elementary in Burnaby. In addition, the pipeline runs under residential neighbourhoods, close to BC’s coastal waters, and by aquifers supplying drinking water to both Abbotsford and Chilliwack. The exposure of families and children to diluted bitumen would be disastrous, and especially distressing if a leak were to happen by a major water source.

The major risk of the proposed Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline is primarily in the probability of major oil leaks or spillage. Unfortunately, Kinder Morgan has a history of oil leakages and spills, responsible for over seventy spills along the pipeline route since spill reporting in 1961. Oil leaks and spills are a high probability as there are no fail-proof methods to transport oil or diluted bitumen over water. Just last year, in June of 2013, two leaks were discovered on the Kinder Morgan Pipeline, two weeks apart, spilling up to 4000 litres of oil.

In spite of all the major environmental and health risks, expansion of the pipeline does promise some economic benefits. The building of a pipeline and the ensuing tanker traffic would increase some jobs during pipeline construction. The Trans Mountain website projects an increase of $18.5 billion in federal taxes, and an addition of $23.2 million in annual property taxes, “for local governments and reserves along the route”. However, of BC’s overall tax revenues expected for the year, the Trans Mountain pipeline would only contribute 0.7% of corporate tax revenues. In addition, in the event of an oil spill, any economic gain would be quickly erased. Following the 2010 BP Oil spill of more than 200 million gallons of crude oil, significantly hurting the tourism industry. Given the huge fishing industry in British Columbia, a spill would be an economic disaster.

Numerous environmental groups and concerned citizens have protested against the Kinder Morgan pipeline, with even renowned environmentalist David Suzuki taking a stand with his grandson. First Nations groups have protested the construction as well, including Stewart Phillip, the grand chief of the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs for infringing upon traditionally Aboriginal territory.

The Kinder Morgan proposed new Trans Mountain pipeline not only conducts major environmental, health, and economic risks to British Columbia, but also infringes on First Nations and familial communities, posing high risks for citizens with few benefits, and prioritizing minimal economic gain for major ecological losses. As such, construction should not be allowed to continue.

Movie Review: Shadow Company:

Despite the security aid private security firms can provide in conflicts, the services they provide are neither moral nor ethical and they should not be recognized as legitimate businesses.

In Shadow Company, the term mercenary is debated. It is historically defined as those who fight for money, dissociated from moral or political control, and fundamentally selling their military skills. Mercenaries engage in conflict for their own personal gain, neglectful of any moral obligations. Due to the negative connotation of that term, military companies try to distinguish themselves from that term by claiming they are legitimate businesses that provide security. However, private security firms are not moral or ethical because they are fundamentally mercenaries, providing their services through force in order to earn money, neglectful of any moral or ethical borders.

Guest speaker Alan Bell, president of Global Risk Holdings views private military companies as legitimate businesses, and praises their benefits. Bell states the function of his private military company is to protect nouns (people, places, and things), and work in hostile environments. They are listed as providing consulting services and protection services. The necessity of private security firms is explained as everything is franchised out, including Special Forces. He credits this to countries wanting to take command and hiring outside forces to do the work that they may not want to send their people to do. However, Shadow Company shows the disadvantages of these outside forces. Private military companies work for whoever pays, and uses force to achieve their ends. They are very different from legitimate soldiers, as soldiers fighting for a country have legitimized force to do things that normal citizens don’t normally do or get involved it. There is no immediate social justification for these “businesses” that are basically mercenary companies.

Bell states the role of members of his PMC to be primarily defensive, provide vehicular protection, secure facilities and prison, but not shoot weapons unless they’re being attacked. But Bell admits that many private military company workers are not obeying those rules, in part to poor training.  While Bell’s company claims to only hire well-experienced employees and properly train them, there are numerous private contracting security companies that do not. For instance, the military company Blackwater, which has changed its name numerous times and faced charges of killing civilians.

A private military firm may try to seem like a business, as they do provide services and have clients. Their services are not all force-involved as well, as they do advising and consulting. However, their primary services are military and forceful, and their employees are trained in shooting and military skills rather than conventional business skills like strong customer service or office experience. Employees have no moral qualms, as they do their job to get paid, ignorant of any ethical or moral conflicts. The documentary Shadow Company also points out that employees that make double the pay they do working in the legitimate military.  The workers of private military firms are fundamentally mercenaries that are selling their military skills for money. Shadow Company explains the three groups of people who choose to enter that sort of business: people who miss the excitement and danger, people who leave the military to join private military work, and people who view it as nothing more than a new career. Companies hire based on experience, so they could be hiring former officers or mass murderers. In less developed countries, firms don’t even try to guise their work as legitimate, and hire children and inexperienced people to work.

Bell explains the legitimacy of Globe Risk Holdings, as his employees do complete research as well before entering a possible hostile environment, to understand the cultural environment. For instance, in Iran there is a lack of female rights, and so if a military contractor wished to get information from a household he would have to speak to the man of a household rather than just any female. In addition, Bell defends his company as he says he will not send employees to Somalia or Syria because they are comprised of war towns, and there is no functional government there. However, countries he has operated in such as Africa, Sierra Leona, and Liberia have arguably dysfunctional governments as well.  Additionally, if the primary roles of private military companies are to defend and protect, war towns and government-less countries would likely be places where defense and protection would be most needed.

It must be recognized that private military companies require war and conflict in order to have business. It is what that occupation requires, and where they will show up. While some companies may have limits on the clients they will work for or the areas they will occupy, it still remains that fundamentally, all these military firms do sell military services for money, and are morally unafraid to use force or weaponry in their claimed provisions of defense and protection.

The packaging of mercenary companies as private military firms or companies does not change the type of military services and force that they provide. Their services involve neglecting any moral or ethical guidelines in their pursuit of payment for militant type security. As such, private military firms should not be considered legitimate businesses or condoned.

Uganda Military Support Hurts More Than Helps South Sudan

The agreement of the Uganda government to buy weapons and military hardware for the South Sudan government only serves to extend civil warfare and disadvantages citizens, and should thus cease.

Uganda recently signed an agreement with South Sudan’s government to buy military weapons to support the Sudan government. There is civil conflict between the state military and rebel accounts, for the South Sudan President Salva Kiir and the ex-vice president Riek Machar, who was accused of plotting a coup against the government. The current South Sudan Defense Minister Kuol Manyang Juuk claims that the additional arms are meant to “bolster security” and not supposed to violate the present cease-fire between the rebel and governmental army. On the other hand, the rebel spokesperson James Gatdet Dak describes the agreement between the Sudan government and Uganda as a Ugandan effort to encourage war.

This is not the first time Uganda has aided South Sudanese government in civil conflict. In December of 2013, Uganda also dispatched troops to President Kiir against Machar’s rebel army, which resulted in continued conflict. There is a precedent there, which demonstrates the lack of benefit for the state through continued military assistance. This military support from non-state actors such as Uganda undermine the South Sudan state through the provision of means used to extend disagreement between the South Sudan government and rebel opposition.

The continued provision of military aid from neighbouring countries only serves to extend the conflict. Uganda’s military support to the South Sudan government is also for the sake of economic and political self-interests, as a neighbouring country. Such political turmoil in South Sudan would allow Uganda more authority in the region as their contributions to the failing country increase. Meanwhile, an approximated 1.5 million people have been displaced from the conflicts, with more than 10,000 people killed from conflict. Nongovernmental organizations such as Oxfam have denounced the continued warfare, as it can lead to potential famine in South Sudan. While government militia and rebel groups fight for territorial control, meanwhile civilians are suffering in the state.

President Kiir has control over several towns and oil rich regions, but rebel militia still control territory. There have been numerous attempts to negotiate regional peace. The United States organized a cease-fire deal in May that quickly failed, and East African mediators also failed to organize the two sides to consent to power-sharing governmental authority. In September 2014, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Samantha Power warned that continued warfare could lead to the United Nations imposing sanctions on South Sudan. The sanctions would serve to further cripple the internally conflicting state economically as well.

Overall, the Uganda government (and all other state governments) should stop providing military support towards the Sudanese civil conflicts. Such government supports serve to fuel reason for continued conflict, which meanwhile displaces and harms citizens, and non-state military support should cease.

The Reign of Social Media Influence: Hong Kong Occupy Movement Protests

In this current age of technology, social media is the ultimate weapon for protestors. It is the use of social media that enables the successful spread knowledge of the Hong Kong pro-democracy Occupy Movement worldwide, gaining international attention and increasing support, as well as successfully mobilizing citizens.

In 1997, the British Commonwealth relinquished control of Hong Kong, allowing China to take charge. However, as a crucial economic port for China, Hong Kong was allowed to remain semi-autonomous, as compared to the freedom-restricted mainland China. The framework is popularly known as the “one country, two systems” model. During the handover period between Beijing and London, there was an agreement to allow “universal suffrage for chief executive elections”, beginning in 2017. On August 31, Beijing announced that voters would indeed be able to select their leader (chief executive) in 2017, but that citizens would only be able to vote from China-approved candidates, namely only the fiercely loyal to China’s Communist reign would have the opportunity of appointment. Outraged citizens took charge, and by September 22, students at more than 20 universities and colleges initiated a boycott of classes and peaceful pro-democracy protests. Social media such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook have enabled protesters to gain attention internationally, with countries such as the United States and United Kingdom criticizing China’s anti-democratic announcement.

Hong Kong protestors have been keeping the rest of the world well-informed through social media. Photos of the vast amount of protestors have gained public attention, with the phrases “Occupy Central” (the pro-democracy group) and “Umbrella Revolution” (as all the protestors have umbrellas to use as barricades, and weather protectors) have taken the Twitter sphere by storm, with more than 1.3 million tweets spreading about Hong Kong protests since September 26. The Chinese government is aggressively focused on censoring all media accessible to Chinese mainlanders to prevent any support or knowledge about the Hong Kong protests, and fundamentally to maintain governmental power. The government has gone so far as to block universal information spreading applications such as Instagram, Facebook, and Youtube. Clever internet users just use alternate applications and continue to spread word of the protests.

On September 29, Hong Kong police tried to disperse crowds through the use of tear gas, pepper spray, and baton charges, although the protesters had been peaceful. Once news of this spread to social media, the international world was aghast. The United States Secretary of State John Kerry commented, urging the Chinese government to show restraint towards the pro-democracy protesters. In addition, the British deputy prime minister  also expressed concerns about protester-riot police conflicts. The use of social media effectively spread the message of government oppression, and Hong Kong police ceased their attacks. This must be credited in large part to social media, which allowed the world to see

International supporters of the cause continue to spread, with petitions for the ousting of China-approved chief executive C.Y. Leung, and yellow ribbons sprouting up, as yellow is the identifying colour of Hong Kong’s pro-democracy movement. It is this effective and strategic use of social media to show the rest of the world what is happening in Hong Kong. In a predominantly pro-democratic world, this utilization of social media is what allows for increased support for the cause, as well as demonstrates the high degree of influence that social media has, particularly in the international world.

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