What’s happening?

The Environmental Justice Foundation works in Sierra Leone making use of community surveillance and affordable technology to help combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing by foreign vessels.

 (Copyright Christian Aslund photography)

What’s the problem?

IUU fishing is a huge problem worldwide. Here are 7 facts to get you clued up!

• A recent study of 54 countries and the high seas estimates that the total value of current global illegal and unreported fishing losses are between US$10 billion and US$23.5 billion annually, though these values are known to be a largely underestimated.
• West African waters are estimated to have the highest levels of IUU fishing in the world with a total estimated catches being 40% higher than reported catches.
• In Sierra Leone, 70% of the population lives below poverty line and 46% are undernourished (Fish provides 64% of the animal protein consumed).
• The fishing sector provides employment for 230,000 people, a significant proportion of the 6.2 million population.
• An estimated US$29 million worth of fish is lost annually to piracy.
• To put things into perspective, one large trawler can catch as much as 250 tonnes of fish in on day, roughly what 50 pirogues (artisanal fishing canoe) can catch in a year.
• Because most of these trawlers are foreign, the citizens of Sierra Leone only see an estimated 2% of the wealth generated from these fisheries

A brief history of modern pirate fishing (Pew, 2013)

What they’re doing!

Catching pirate scallywags in 4 easy steps…

• Pirate activity observed by local fisher
• A picture is taken with GPS information and is sent to EJF
• EJF dispatch their vessel and collect further evidence
• Determine a course of action alongside the office based team
  • Track pirate vessel and predict likely destination
  • Contact potential ports and warn of the illegal catch
  • Contact the flag state of the vessel to inform of the IUU activity
  • Collect enforcement personnel for direct prosecution

Taking the fight to the pirates (EJF, 2012)

How has this helped?

The EJF’s work in Sierra Leone has been a major success. There has been a huge reduction in the number of vessels illegally fishing in their waters along with the information collected leading to rejected imports of fish into the EU. They have also managed to use their information to pressure South Korea into putting forward legislation in their parliament to allow for better monitoring of their vessels. The project has also uncovered instances of horrendous living and employment conditions on the IUU vessels. Unfortunately the illegal vessels have moved into neighbouring waters such as Guinea where there is little to no monitoring.

5 ways that pirates have walked the plank…

• Since 2010 when the regulations came into place in Europe there have been 56 rejections by Spain out of 124,000 total consignments with the EJF’s help
• There have been over 200 reports of IUU vessels off the coast of Sierra Leone since 2010
• The project has also brought about improved and widespread information sharing
• Ten vessels have been caught on camera or filmed illegally fishing in the EEZ (Economic Exclusion Zone) of Sierra Leone, from this over US$500,000 in fines have been collected
• This has helped to collate a list of  vessels fishing illegally in the waters off West Africa. This list is now used by the European Union (EU) and other member states of the Sub Regional Fisheries Commission to watch out for specific vessels from certain flag states.

 (Copyright Christian Aslund photography)

What are the impacts?

Impacts across the Seven seas

The work of the EJF has resulted in a series of laws to come into place in the EU to help prevent IUU fishing. These include catch certificates that have to detail where and when the fish was caught. The EJF’s work has led to South Korea pushing laws through parliament and a memorandum of understanding between the government and the EJF to better monitor its overseas vessels. Panama has also been warned about the need to better monitor its fleets and one of their vessels was fined US$200,000 for transshipping illegally.

X marks the spot: impacts in Sierra Leone 

According to self-reports, local communities have reported increased catches of certain species and increased sightings of sharks, an indication of an improved ecosystem health. From January 2012 to January 2013, there were no reports to EJF of illegal trawlers and local fishers reported an increase in fish catch and fish size. “Fishermen feel safe to go out again, and they are seeing larger catches and larger individual fish”-Steve Trent. Also, due to the reduction in foreign vessels, artisanal fishing communities have reported an increase in their ability to fish and consequently better job security. Artisanal fishers now have increased access to preferred fishing grounds. These grounds are also becoming more productive as there is less habitat destruction due to bottom trawling.

Where does EJF sail from here?

With the community onboard with EJFs work, they are increasing their scope to encompass fisheries management. They are encouraging local fishers to partake in citizen science. The sizes of fish, locations of catch and the total number caught are now being increasingly recorded. Such data allows for greater management strategies to be implemented. With full community engagement and decision making, EJF hope to establish a Marine Protected Area in Sierra Leone for long term protection. Additionally, the successes of the project and ease of replication mean that Liberia, Ghana and the Ivory Coast could soon deploy community surveillance to reduce pirate fishing within their waters.

Replacing the Jolly Roger for IMO numbers

One way to track illegal fishing vessels would be to force them to have International Maritime Organization numbers (IMO) These numbers stay with the vessel for life regardless of flag state, owner, appearance and use. It would prevent issues in finding illegal vessels that change their appearance during IUU fishing. It would cost around US$5 million a year to have a global database of fishing vessels. Forcing Vessels to have an active VMS (Vessel monitoring system), which constantly sends location, speed and direction information for tracking, at all times would allow for better monitoring and tracking of vessels.

 (Copyright EJF)

Set sail on your own journey to bring pirates to justice with this fun webapp

Check out ARRRRRR twitter handles for more treasure…

@jeremymayer5 – Jeremy Mayer is an international student from Africa at the University of British Columbia majoring in Ecology, Conservation and Human Sustainability.

@Toby_Buttress – Toby Buttress is an exchange student from the University of East Anglia focusing upon the Plant Sciences.

@evaisabellaa – Eva Regehr is a Vancouverite studying Behavioural Neuroscience with a minor in Biology at the University of British Columbia.

References

Agnew, D.J., Pearce, J., Pramod, G., Peatman, T., Watson, R., Beddington, J.R., & Pitcher, T.J. (2009) Estimating the worldwide extent of illegal fishing. PLoS One, 4, 4570

Attwood, R. (2013) Less Trawlers, Bigger Catches.  https://www.globalgiving.co.uk/projects/save-the-sea-grassroots-training-in-sierra-leone/updates/?subid=34259 (Accessed 17 November 2014)

Environmental Justice Foundation (2012) Pirate fishing exposed.  http://ejfoundation.org/sites/default/files/public/Pirate%20Fishing%20Exposed.pdf (Accessed 13 November 2014)

Environmental Justice Foundation (2014) Illegal unreported and unregulated fishing in sherbro river, Sierra Leone.http://ejatlas.org/conflict/illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-iuu-fishing-in-sherbro-river-sierra-leone (Accessed 03 November 2014)

Howard, B.C. (2014) West Africans Fight Pirate Fishing With Cell Phones.http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/west-africa-pirate-fishing-cell-phones-monitoring-ejf/ (Accessed 17 November 2014)

NEPAD (2012) Empowering Communities in Fighting Illegal Fishing on Sierra Leone’s Coast – Renewed Hope for NEPAD as the Agency Looks Back at Its Impact in the Last Decade.  http://www.nepad.org/system/files/newsletter/2012/11/nepad_newsletter_october_2012_pdf_16894.pdf (Accessed 16 November 2014)

Petrossian, G.A. (2014) Pirate Fishing Exposed: The Fight Against Illegal Fishing in West Africa and the EU. The British Journal of Criminology, 54, 73-90

The World Bank (2013) Protecting West African Fisheries.  http://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2013/03/28/protecting-west-african-fisheries (Accessed 02 November 2014)

When most of us think of farming in the ocean, we think about ocean aquaculture ( the farming of fishes in the ocean for human consumption) but there is another up an coming form of farming that uses the ocean. Ocean wind farms! these are large scale arrays of turbines that are set out at sea as this is where there is plenty of space and also where most places get constant and regular wind. This video explains what offshore wind farms are and their use and potential in the north sea.

The creation of offshore wind farms is filled with controversy. There are many potential risks and just as many benefits. the most immediate benefit that will come to my and your mind is that of the generation of electricity. But this isn’t all! In this blog i will endeavor to open your minds to the wide range of benefits while highlighting some concerns.

The biggest ecological concern comes from the construction phase of the wind farms (Snyder and Kaiser 2009). during this time there is high levels of noise that are created that may interfere with the echo-locators of certain fish and predators. The operating noise has the potential to affect migration of certain eel species as outlined in Andersson et al. 2012 paper on the endangered silver eel. though that study resulted in the conclusion that the wind farms do not directly affect the eel migration which leads us to believe that the ecological impacts may not be as bad as we think. similarly the effects due to noise are minimal after construction is completed.

One of the mostly unseen positives of offshore wind farm arrays is that they can help in protecting ocean ecosystems and species. this is due to the fact that they are normally made into no-trawling zones as there are underwater cables that could be cut. This is especially important in areas of the north sea where bottom trawling has decimated the ocean floor. This decimation has destroyed habitats, which is another thing that the turbine farms create. Their underwater structures provide surfaces for organisms to live on or between (Atrill 2012). Atrill talks about how the creation of offshore wind farms creates about 2.5 times the area it destroys. the wind farms create areas for filter feeders to settle upon which in turn attracts other fish. One area that was monitored resulted in a 60-fold increase in food biomass for fish. Along these same lines there is the potential for aquaculture of oysters and other marine organisms in between and on the wind farms. Germany is considering doing this which would both benefit the environment and provide food (Buck et al. 2004). A final quirky benefit is shown in this video:

Are offshore wind farms worth it? You decide and feel free to comment your opinions.

Andersson, M.,  I. Lagenfelt and P. Sigray. 2012. Do ocean-based wind farms alter the migration pattern in the endangered european silver eel (Anguilla anguilla) due to noise disturbance? Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Accessed at: doi 10.1007/978-1-4419-7311-5_90

Atrill, M. 2012. Marine renewable energy: necessary for safeguarding the marine environment? Friends of the Earth. Accessed at: http://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/marine_renewable_energy.pdf

Buck, B., G. Krause, and H Rosenthal. 2004. Extensive open aquaculture development within wind farms in Germany: the prospect of offshore co-management and legal constraints. Ocean and Coastal Management 47:95-122.

Snyder, B and M. Kaiser. 2009. Ecological and economic cost-benefit analysis of offshore wind energy. Renewable energy 34:1567-1578.